| dermatophilosis in camels (camelus dromedarius linnaeus, 1758) in kenya. | natural dermatophilosis (caused by dermatophilus congolensis van saceghem, 1915) has only recently been described in camels (camelus dromedarius). further work has shown that the disease is actually widespread. at the ol maisor farm where it was first diagnosed (in the laikipia district of northern kenya), detailed investigations have revealed that thirty camels (ten calves and twenty adult animals) were infected. the signs varied from mild to more than 50% skin involvement. patches of wool on t ... | 1992 | 1305855 |
| epidemiology of fasciolosis on a ranch in the central rift valley, kenya. | | 1990 | 2371752 |
| rift valley fever in kenya: the presence of antibody to the virus in camels (camelus dromedarius). | five hundred and seventy-one camel sera collected after an epizootic of rift valley fever were examined for antibody to the virus. clinical disease had not been observed in cattle and sheep in the ecosystems shared with the camels. positive sera with high titres of serum neutralizing antibody were found in 22% of camels at one of the seven sampling sites. | 1985 | 3989285 |
| a pathogenic theilerial syndrome of cattle in the narok district of kenya. i. transmission studies. | | 1972 | 4210443 |
| a pathogenic theilerial syndrome of cattle in the narok district of kenya. ii. serological studies. | | 1972 | 4210444 |
| molecular examination of the sympatry and distribution of sheep and camel strains of echinococcus granulosus in kenya. | previous studies have shown that camel and sheep strains of the cystic hydatid parasite echinococcus granulosus occur in kenya. we examined 208 larval isolates and 40 worm samples of e. granulosus from various hosts in kenya using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a segment of ribosomal dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. this was in an effort to determine whether additional strains of e. granulosus occur in kenya, to examine the level of genetic heterogeneity with ... | 1993 | 8097619 |
| variations in the prevalence of antibody to brucella infection in cattle by farm, area and district in kenya. | variations in the sero-prevalence of antibody to brucella infection by cow, farm and area factors were investigated for three contrasting districts in kenya: samburu, an arid and pastoral area: kiambu, a tropical highland area; and kilifi, a typical tropical coastal area. cattle were selected by a two-stage cluster sampling procedure and visited once between august 1991 and 1992. schall's algorithm, a statistical model suitable for multi-level analysis was used. using this model, older age, free ... | 1997 | 9042033 |
| assessing infections at multiple levels of aggregation. | the patterns of sero-prevalence of antibodies to four infectious diseases, representing a broad range of pathogens (bacteria: brucellosis; mycoplasma: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; viruses: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; protozoa: trypanosomosis) were investigated at three levels of organization (farm, area and district). three contrasting districts in kenya were compared: an arid and pastoral area (samburu); a tropical highland area (kiambu), and a tropical coastal area (kilifi). cattl ... | 1997 | 9234402 |
| serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in africa. | two hundred and eighty one serum samples collected from free-ranging black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros, in the republic of south africa (rsa), namibia, and kenya from 1987-97, were examined for antibody to 16 different infectious agents. positive antibody titers were detected against akabane (59.8%), bluetongue (55%), african horse sickness (27.9%), epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (19.4%), parainfluenza type 3 (25.3%), bovine herpes virus 1 (3.1%), equine ... | 2000 | 10813614 |
| distribution and abundance of patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in laikipia, kenya, 1979-2004. | patas monkeys may be especially vulnerable to local extinction because they live in relatively small, female-philopatric groups at low densities and are strongly polygynous. we assessed a patas monkey population in kenya's 9,700 km(2) laikipia district over 25 years, using data collected in 1979-1981 and 1992-2004. the data were based on intensive observations of three study groups, "on the ground" counts, and surveys of laikipia residents. in 1979-1981, a minimum of 415 patas monkeys lived in 1 ... | 2007 | 17397045 |
| blood-feeding patterns of culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in mwea rice scheme, kenya. | studies were conducted in mwea rice scheme, kenya during the period april 2005 and january 2007 to determine the host-feeding pattern of culicine mosquitoes. mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors and tested for human, bovine, goat, and donkey blood meals by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. a total of 1,714 blood-engorged samples comprising culex quinquefasciatus say (96.1%), culex annulioris theobald (1.8%), culex poicilipes theobald (0.9%), aedes cuminsi theobald (1.0%), aedes tay ... | 2008 | 18297310 |
| molecular evidence of the camel strain (g6 genotype) of echinococcus granulosus in humans from turkana, kenya. | cystic echinococcosis (ce) is a zoonotic helminthic disease, which is widely distributed throughout the world. although g1 is the echinococcus granulosus genotype most commonly involved in ce in humans, the prevalence of infection with other genotypes, such as g6, may be higher than previously thought. we performed molecular analysis to identify which e. granulosus genotypes are the causative agents of ce in humans in kenya's turkana district. during a hydatid control programme in 1993-1994, 71 ... | 2010 | 19786289 |
| an assessment of the regional and national socio-economic impacts of the 2007 rift valley fever outbreak in kenya. | although rift valley fever (rvf) has significant impacts on human health and livestock production, it can also induce significant (and often overlooked) economic losses among various stakeholders in the marketing chain. this work assesses and quantifies the multi-dimensional socio-economic impacts of the 2007 rvf outbreak in kenya based on a rapid assessment of livestock value chains in the northeast part of the country and a national macroeconomic analysis. although study results show negative ... | 2010 | 20682906 |
| assessment of the california mastitis test usage in smallholder dairy herds and risk of violative antimicrobial residues. | this study evaluated how predictive the california mastitis test (cmt) is for sub-clinical mastitis under tropical smallholder dairy production conditions in kenya. it intended to establish whether the cmt usage could be contributing to misdiagnosis and consequent mistreatment with animal drugs resulting in residue problems. milk samples (n = 239) were aseptically collected from lactating cows in the rift valley of kenya and tested using the cmt, somatic cell counts (scc) and bacterial culture. ... | 2004 | 15028880 |
| a study of cystic echinococcosis in slaughter animals in three selected areas of northern turkana, kenya. | in an attempt to establish the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis, a study was conducted in slaughter animals in three divisions of northern turkana, kenya. a total of 5752 goats, 588 sheep, 381 cattle and 70 camels were examined at slaughter. echinococcus granulosus metacestodes were found in 19.4% of the cattle, 3.6% of sheep, 4.5% of goats and 61.4% of camels. the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in cattle, sheep and goats was higher in lokichogio than in either kakuma or central division ... | 2002 | 11779657 |
| climate-disease connections: rift valley fever in kenya. | all known rift valley fever(rvf) outbreaks in kenya from 1950 to 1998 followed periods of abnormally high rainfall. on an interannual scale, periods of above normal rainfall in east africa are associated with the warm phase of the el niño/southern oscillation (enso) phenomenon. anomalous rainfall floods mosquito-breeding habitats called dambos, which contain transovarially infected mosquito eggs. the eggs hatch aedes mosquitoes that transmit the rvf virus preferentially to livestock and to human ... | 2001 | 11426274 |
| prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in kenya: a preliminary survey. | a preliminary survey on the prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in kenya based on field and farm visits, clinical and post mortem examinations and histopathological examination of tissues and biopsies, showed that goats are the most affected, followed by cattle, while sheep were unaffected. caprine besnoitiosis occurred in a continuous belt in 5 of the 8 provinces in kenya stretching from the coast, eastern, north eastern, nairobi and the rift valley provinces. mandera, in the north ... | 1999 | 10855837 |
| a comparison of different models for assessing variations in the sero-prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis by farm, area and district in kenya. | the relative variability of the sero-prevalence of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) due to cow, farm, and agroecological area levels were investigated for three contrasting districts in kenya: samburu, an arid and pastoral area; kiambu, a tropical highland area; and kilifi, a typical tropical coastal area. cattle were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and visited once between august 1991 and 1992. data on animal, farm, and area factors were analyzed using schall's algor ... | 1997 | 9443329 |
| genetic and environmental trends in a large commercial jersey herd in the central rift valley, kenya. | records from a large commercial jersey herd covering the period 1980 to 1993 were used to estimate genetic and environmental trends in production traits, fertility traits and age at first calving. the farm is located in the upper midland agroecological zone of the central rift valley in kenya. the estimated annual genetic trends were 0.8 kg (milk yield), 0.003% (butterfat per cent), 0.09 kg (butter fat yield), 0 d (calving interval), -0.001 (number of services per conception), 0.22% (conception ... | 1997 | 9203313 |
| seroepidemiological survey of taenia saginata cysticercosis in kenya. | a sero-epidemiological study of taenia saginata cysticercosis was carried out to determine the prevalence and distribution of the infection in three provinces of kenya. serum samples and meat inspection records were collected from cattle at slaughter at export and district abattoirs. cattle origin and the presence of t. saginata cysticerci were noted as was the prevalence of other helminths such as echinococcus granulosus and fasciola gigantica. serum samples were screened for circulating parasi ... | 1996 | 8888551 |
| host blood meals and chromosomal inversion polymorphism in anopheles arabiensis in the baringo district of kenya. | studies were carried out in the villages of kapkuikui and maji-ndege in the loboi area of baringo district, kenya, to obtain baseline data on species identification of the anopheles gambiae group, their feeding and resting behavior, and their frequencies of chromosomal inversions. this was carried out towards predicting the effect of introducing permethrin-impregnated cloths or other intervention measures. in this study, anopheles arabiensis was identified as the only species of the an. gambiae ... | 1994 | 7707055 |
| an ecological interdependence of diet and disease? a study of infection in one tribe consuming two different diets. | the nature and incidence of infections were studied in two groups of turkana living in the same area but eating different diets; one consumed milk only and the other a combination of fish and milk. the only apparent and significant nutritional difference between the two groups was mild iron deficiency in the milk drinkers. episodes of fever, symptomatic infection with malaria and brucellosis, molluscum contagiosum and common warts, episodes of diarrhea, and serological evidence of infection with ... | 1980 | 7355850 |
| an active intermediate host role for man in the life cycle of echinococcus granulosus in turkana, kenya. | hydatid material removed at operation from 97 turkana was compared for fertility and viability with hydatid material removed from camels, cattle, sheep, and goats. the results showed that the human material was extremely fertile and viable, as was material from the camels, goats, and sheep. cattle cysts were invariably sterile, and the protoscoleces, when present, were comparatively less viable. the high incidence and fertility of hydatid cysts in the turkana, together with the lack of burial cu ... | 1983 | 6837848 |
| hydatid disease in the turkana district of kenya, iv. the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs, and observations on the role of the dog in the lifestyle of the turkana. | the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the turkana district of kenya was 39.4% of 695 examined. of these, 98 (35.8%) had heavy echinococcus worm burdens (10(3)-5 x 10(4) ), while 54 (19.7%) and 122 (44.5%) had medium (201-1000) and light (1-200) burdens. the possible sources of these infections are discussed. the prevalence rate differed in various parts of the district, ranging from 63.5% in the northwest, where the highest incidence of human hydatidosis also occurs, to nil along ... | 1985 | 3985706 |
| rainfall and epizootic rift valley fever. | epizootic rift valley fever (rvf) has occurred in kenya four times over the last 30 years. widespread, frequent, and persistent rainfall has been a feature of these epizootic periods. a composite statistic, based upon measurements of these rainfall characteristics, is positive during periods of epizootic rift valley fever. the heavy rainfall raises the level of the water table in certain areas, flooding the grassland depressions (dambos) that are the habitat of the immature forms of certain grou ... | 1985 | 3879206 |
| hydatid disease: research and control in turkana, kenya. 1. epidemiological observations. | a brief account is given of the geographical features of the turkana area and of the events which led to the discovery that this part of kenya had the highest incidence of clinically recognized hydatid disease in man anywhere in the world. observations were made on the distribution of the disease following an aerial survey designed to determine the distribution of the people. it was found that the highest incidence of 198 surgical cases per 100,000 people per annum was in the north-western area ... | 1986 | 3787676 |
| the occurrence of ephemeral fever in kenya, 1968-1988. | ephemeral fever occurs in kenya in epidemics which have been associated with periods of unusually heavy and prolonged rainfall. the epidemics persist for 2-3 years and involve most of the country. they occur in the same years as epizootics of rift valley fever, which is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus infection. sporadic outbreaks of the disease have been associated with local heavy rains; though one outbreak occurred during a dry period. culicoides spp. were generally present in large numbers at t ... | 1990 | 2353443 |
| observations on rinderpest in kenya, 1986-1989. | rinderpest was confirmed in kenya in 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989. three epidemiologically distinct events appear to have occurred: repeated outbreaks in west pokot district related to cross-border movement of stock, an outbreak in marsabit district in 1987 (thought to have been caused by illegal movement of cattle, possibly in vehicles, from countries further north) and a series of related outbreaks in and near nairobi between 1988 and 1989 due to the unauthorized movement from abattoirs and holdi ... | 1992 | 1472724 |
| rift valley fever virus activity in east africa in 1989. | | 1992 | 1355315 |
| observations on the epidemiology of rift valley fever in kenya. | the epizootic range of rift valley fever in kenya is defined from the results of virus isolations during epizootics, and form an extensive serological survey of cattle which were exposed during an epizootic. a study of the sera from a wide range of wild bovidae sampled immediately after the epizootic, showed that they did not act as reservoir or amplifying hosts for rvf. virus isolation attempts from a variety of rodents proved negative. rift valley fever did not persist between epizootics by pr ... | 1975 | 1058243 |
| epidemiological assessment of the rift valley fever outbreak in kenya and tanzania in 2006 and 2007. | to capture lessons from the 2007 rift valley fever (rvf) outbreak, epidemiological studies were carried out in kenya and tanzania. somali pastoralists proved to be adept at recognizing symptoms of rvf and risk factors such as heavy rainfall and mosquito swarms. sandik, which means "bloody nose," was used by somalis to denote disease consistent with rvf. somalis reported that sandik was previously seen in 1997/98, the period of the last rvf epidemic. pastoralists communicated valuable epidemiolog ... | 2010 | 20682908 |
| rift valley fever outbreak in livestock in kenya, 2006-2007. | we analyzed the extent of livestock involvement in the latest rift valley fever (rvf) outbreak in kenya that started in december 2006 and continued until june 2007. when compared with previous rvf outbreaks in the country, the 2006-07 outbreak was the most extensive in cattle, sheep, goats, and camels affecting thousands of animals in 29 of 69 administrative districts across six of the eight provinces. this contrasted with the distribution of approximately 700 human rvf cases in the country, whe ... | 2010 | 20682907 |
| a survey of bovine cysticercosis/human taeniosis in northern turkana district, kenya. | bovine cysticercosis is a zoonosis that is mainly of socioeconomic and public health importance. a survey of this disease was carried out in northern turkana district, kenya to estimate the prevalence through both serology and meat inspection, to determine the prevalence of the adult tapeworm in the human definitive host, and to determine risk factors for cattle seropositivity. this information is of public health importance and will be of use in assessing economic losses due to downgrading, ref ... | 2009 | 19329200 |
| grass competition suppresses savanna tree growth across multiple demographic stages. | savanna ecosystems, defined by the codominance of trees and grasses, cover one-fifth of the world's land surface and are of great socioeconomic and biological importance. yet, the fundamental question of how trees and grasses coexist to maintain the savanna state remains poorly understood. many models have been put forward to explain tree-grass coexistence, but nearly all have assumed that grasses do not limit tree growth and demography beyond the sapling stage. this assumption, however, has rar ... | 2009 | 19323216 |
| multiple virus lineages sharing recent common ancestry were associated with a large rift valley fever outbreak among livestock in kenya during 2006-2007. | rift valley fever (rvf) virus historically has caused widespread and extensive outbreaks of severe human and livestock disease throughout africa, madagascar, and the arabian peninsula. following unusually heavy rainfall during the late autumn of 2006, reports of human and animal illness consistent with rvf virus infection emerged across semiarid regions of the garissa district of northeastern kenya and southern somalia. following initial rvf virus laboratory confirmation, a high-throughput rvf d ... | 2008 | 18786992 |
| savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: bottom-up vs. top-down effects. | herbivores choose their habitats both to maximize forage intake and to minimize their risk of predation. for african savanna herbivores, the available habitats range in woody cover from open areas with few trees to dense, almost-closed woodlands. this variation in woody cover or density can have a number of consequences for herbaceous species composition, cover, and productivity, as well as for ease of predator detection and avoidance. here, we consider two alternative possibilities: first, that ... | 2008 | 18724733 |
| population sub-structuring among trypanosoma evansi stocks. | to investigate the population genetic structure of trypanosoma evansi from domesticated animals, we have analysed 112 stocks from camels, buffaloes, cattle and horses using the tandemly repeated coding sequence (morf2) and minisatellite markers 292 and cysteine-rich acidic integral membrane protein (cram). we recorded a total of six alleles at the morf2 locus, seven at 292 and 12 at the cram loci. nei's genetic distance showed reduced allelic diversity between buffaloes and cattle stocks (1.2) a ... | 2007 | 17587054 |
| production objectives and breeding goals of sahiwal cattle keepers in kenya and implications for a breeding programme. | the sahiwal breed has been used for upgrading the east african zebu (eaz) for improved milk production and growth performance in the southern rangelands of kenya. main users of this breed are maasai pastoralists. until now, there has been no deliberate effort to understand why these pastoralists specifically prefer to keep sahiwal genetic resources as well as which traits are considered important by them and what is the underlying reason for this. however, this information is regarded vital for ... | 2011 | 21796425 |
| the prevalence and economic importance of bovine fasciolosis in kenya--an analysis of abattoir data. | a retrospective study covering a period of 10 years (1990-1999) was carried out using post mortem meat inspection records at the veterinary department headquarters at kabete to determine the prevalence and economic importance of bovine fasciolosis in kenya. meat inspection records from abattoirs in 38 districts distributed over seven out of the eight provinces of kenya were examined. prevalence of fasciolosis was calculated as the number of cattle found to be infected with fasciola, expressed as ... | 2002 | 12625377 |
| effects of economic downturns on mortality of wild african elephants. | declines in economic activity and associated changes in human livelihood strategies can increase threats of species overexploitation. this is exemplified by the effects of economic crises, which often drive intensification of subsistence poaching and greater reliance on natural resources. whereas development theory links natural resource use to social-economic conditions, few empirical studies of the effect of economic downturns on wild animal species have been conducted. i assessed the relation ... | 2011 | 21790785 |