| swellengrebel oration: mathematical models in the epidemiology and control of malaria. | | 1976 | 941237 |
| identifications of members of the anopheles gambiae complex from mauritius. | | 1976 | 1006766 |
| anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the mahaweli project, sri lanka. | a study on adult anopheline ecology and malaria vector incrimination was carried out from 1986 to 1989 during irrigation development in an area of the mahaweli project in eastern sri lanka. eleven potential vector species were collected resting indoors or by using human or bovid bait, and from light trap catches. overall, anopheles vagus (donitz), an. annularis (van der wulp), and an. subpictus (grassi) were the most prevalent, and an. culicifacies (giles) and an. barbirostris (van der wulp) wer ... | 1991 | 1877717 |
| [impact of the use of larvivorous fish poecilia reticulata on the transmission of malaria in fir of comoros]. | field tests were conducted in the grande comore island, federal islamic republic of comoros, in order to evaluate the potential of the larvivorous fish poecilia reticulata for the control of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. due to the high permeability of soil, anopheles breeding sites in all island occurs only in the man-made water reservoirs. the study was carried out from november 1987 to november 1988 within a framework of a malaria and filariasis control programme, supported by who ... | 1991 | 1952700 |
| [preliminary study on malaria transmission at the end of the rainy season in mahitsy near tananarive]. | this survey carried out from march to june 1989, demonstrated the important part of an. funestus in malaria transmission, in mahisty, a village near the malagasy capital city. end of march, the number of an. funestus bites reached 6 per man per night, and only 0.75 for an. gambiae s.l. in march a mean of 23 an. funestus per room were found as indoor resting mosquitoes. one indoor resting an. funestus, caught in june, was positive against p. vivax by elisa. observed of 52 indoor-resting an. funes ... | 1990 | 2078087 |
| [malaria vectors and their role in transmission, in manarintsoa in the highland plateaux of madagascar from 1988 to 1990]. | to evaluate the factors determining malaria transmission level, entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted from october 1988 to february 1990 in manarintsoa, in the central highland plateaux of madagascar. mosquitoes were collected during 928 man-nights of captures, in pit shelters and in indoors resting sites. the malaria vectors were an. arabiensis and an. funestus, with no evidence of the presence of an. gambiae s.s. the vectors were mainly exophilic and zoophilic. the index of ... | 1990 | 2078088 |
| the anopheles gambiae complex in the federal islamic republic of comoros (indian ocean): some cytogenetic and biometric data. | samples of adult females of the anopheles gambiae complex from thirteen localities of three islands of the comoro archipelago (anjouan, grande comore and moheli) were identified by analysis of ovarian polytene chromosomes as an. gambiae s.s. the samples showed only the inversion polymorphism 2la, the mean frequency of the inverted arrangement being 38%. a significantly higher frequency of the inverted arrangement 2la was observed in the localities with a lower annual rainfall. similarities betwe ... | 1990 | 2132451 |
| [ecological factors in the renewed outbreak of malaria in madagascar]. | the new epidemic of malaria which spread on the madagascar high plateau in 1986-1987 is due to the combination of several factors (some of which are analysed by the authors, especially those related to anopheles, parasite and man). the authors compare the situations on the high plateau and on st mary island, on the east madagascar coast, where the malaria is stable. concerning the vector, the most interesting fact is the come-back of anopheles funestus on the high plateau from which it had disap ... | 1990 | 2208464 |
| [transmission cycles of the west-nile virus in madagascar, indian ocean]. | virological, serological and entomological research conducted in madagascar since 1975, reveal the wide-spread presence of west-nile virus on the island. this arbovirus has been isolated from humans, parrots and egrets. vectors belong to the genus culex (e.g. cx. decens, cx. quinquefasciatus, cx. antennatus, cx. univittatus), however the virus has also been isolated from aedes and anopheles. serological tests carried out on over 1,600 human and almost 1,000 animal sera, revealed that human being ... | 1989 | 2575365 |
| larval survey of surface water-breeding mosquitoes during irrigation development in the mahaweli project, sri lanka. | a survey of ground water-breeding mosquitoes was done during 1986-1987 in an area undergoing irrigation development in the mahaweli project of sri lanka. forty-nine species were collected during the 12-mo phase of humans settlement and infrastructure construction, and 42 species during the succeeding 12-mo period under irrigated rice culture. development resulted in the elimination of some preexisting breeding habitats, the modification of others, and the creation of new habits. the overall chan ... | 1990 | 1977912 |
| [the maintenance of malaria eradication in reunion island (1979-1990)]. | malaria, which first occurred in reunion in 1868, was eradicated from the island in 1979, as a result of eradication campaigns conducted since 1949. reunion is now in a state of "anophelism without malaria". however, relations with nearby countries with a high malaria potential (madagascar, comoros) are responsible for a regular increase in the number of annual cases of imported malaria. this increase, associated with the appearance of chloroquine-resistance in the indian ocean area, illustrates ... | 1991 | 1958106 |
| infectious reservoir of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of sri lanka. | the infectious reservoir of plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum in a malaria endemic region in sri lanka was defined in a population of 3,625 by directly feeding mosquitoes on a sample of infected individuals during a period of 17 months. the malaria case incidence in this population was concurrently monitored. p. vivax gametocyte densities were highest in the youngest age groups, and decreased steadily with increasing age. however, the infectivity per gametocyte appeared to be lower in the young ... | 1991 | 1951856 |
| clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. | the occurrence of malaria infections due to plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum was monitored in a population of 3,023 people living in six contiguous villages in kataragama, an area of endemic malaria in southern sri lanka, over a period of 17 months. the annual incidence of malaria in this population during the study period was 25.8%. malaria attacks were clustered, occurring more frequently than expected in certain individuals and housing groups and less frequently than expected in others. in ... | 1991 | 1867350 |
| plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission indices in a highland village of the ikopa river valley near antananarivo, madagascar. | data are reported from a malaria survey carried out in june 1991 in the small village of ankadimbazinba, near miantso, about 45 km north-west of antananarivo (madagascar). the objective was to evaluate the level of transmission of p. falciparum by entomological, parasitological and serological indices. all indices were found consistent with the description of a focus of hyperendemic transmission dependent on the presence of an. funestus at high density, corresponding to more than 50 females per ... | 1991 | 1844515 |
| [antibody levels against circumsporozoitic protein of plasmodium falciparum and their use as epidemiological indicators of malaria transmission in fir of comoros]. | epidemiological survey on prevalence of plasmodium falciparum anti-circumsporozoite antibodies (ab-cs) was carried out in 21 villages of comoros fir, at the beginning of 1988 rainy season. evaluation of anopheline indoor resting densities was also carried out at the same time. frequencies of antibody-positive subjects vary considerably in the different villages, according to the anopheles gambiae and a. funestus densities per room, which are determined by ecological factors. ab-cs prevalence var ... | 1991 | 1789679 |
| a mathematical model for plasmodium vivax malaria transmission: estimation of the impact of transmission-blocking immunity in an endemic area. | we have developed a multi-state mathematical model to describe the transmission of plasmodium vivax malaria; the model accommodates variable transmission-blocking/enhancing immunity during the course of a blood infection, a short memory for boosting immunity, and relapses. using the model, we simulated the incidence of human malaria, sporozoite rates in the vector population, and the level of transmission-blocking immunity for the infected population over a period of time. field data from an epi ... | 1991 | 1786621 |
| anopheles (cellia) jamesii: a potential natural vector of bancroftian filariasis in sri lanka. | | 1991 | 1780997 |
| transmission and epidemiology of newly transmitted falciparum malaria in the central highland plateaux of madagascar. | the recent reappearance of plasmodium falciparum in the central highland plateaux of madagascar has led to an important increase in both morbidity and mortality in the population. to understand the phenomena that originated this outbreak, and to evaluate the clinical and biological reactions of the population, we conducted entomological surveys during the whole malaria transmission season of 1988. in parallel, 41 individuals presenting with a malaria attack in january were given a curative antim ... | 1991 | 1746977 |
| genetic complexity of plasmodium vivax parasites in individual human infections analyzed with monoclonal antibodies against variant epitopes on a single parasite protein. | monoclonal antibodies against variant epitopes of a highly polymorphic protein (pv200) in schizonts of plasmodium vivax have been used to analyze the variety of genetically distinct populations of parasites present in the peripheral blood of individual p. vivax infections in sri lanka. in 9 out of 10 isolates of freshly drawn p. vivax infected blood from different individuals, parasites of only 1 pv200 serotype was found within each individual infection, even though parasites were serotypically ... | 1990 | 1690521 |
| [longitudinal study on malaria transmission and biology of vectors in the island of sainte marie, on the east coast of madagascar, from 1988 to 1990]. | a 17-month longitudinal malaria survey was carried out in sainte marie island, on the east coast of madagascar, from november 1988 to march 1990. during 706 man-nights of captures, 46401 mosquitoes belonging to 32 species were caught. sporozoïte rates were calculated by elisa. the malaria vectors were anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, an. funestus and an. mascarensis. an. gambiae was the main vector. it was highly anthropophilic and partially exophilic. transmission by this species mainly occurre ... | 1991 | 1688287 |
| survey of adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) during irrigation development in the mahaweli project, sri lanka. | a survey of adult mosquitoes was done during 1986-1987 in an area undergoing irrigation development in the mahaweli project of sri lanka. the study encompassed two 12-mo phases of settlement and irrigation, respectively. diurnal human bait catches yielded 1,427 female mosquitoes in 27 species. nocturnal collections (human bait, cdc light traps, indoor resting catches) produced a total of 30,491 females in 67 species. comparisons with an earlier survey in the predevelopment forest showed that the ... | 1991 | 1678784 |
| anopheles culicifacies (diptera: culicidae): ddt resistance in sri lanka prior to and after cessation of ddt spraying. | | 1985 | 4045932 |
| seroepidemiological evidence of eradication of malaria from mauritius. | | 1973 | 4125305 |
| is anopheles mascarensis a new malaria vector in madagascar? | anopheles mascarensis de meillon, 1947, a mosquito that is native to madagascar, is reported for the first time to act as a vector of plasmodium falciparum malaria. from september 1989 to march 1990, 2, 499 an. mascarensis specimens from different regions of madagascar were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using monoclonal antibodies against the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of the four human species of plasmodium. the salivary glands of 237 specimens were also dissected. ... | 1992 | 1536380 |
| malaria transmission by anopheles subpictus (diptera: culicidae) in a new irrigation project in sri lanka. | indoor resting anopheles subpictus in a new irrigation scheme in sri lanka were investigated during 1989-1990 for malaria infection by dissection and elisa, and human feeding rates by elisa analysis of blood meals. indoor resting abundance was 22.3 females per house per 15-min catch in april-june 1989, 2.2 in november-december 1989, and 7.5 in april-june 1990. elisa-based malaria infection rates (plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum combined) were 1.4% during april-june and 3.2% during november-de ... | 1992 | 1495065 |
| malaria transmission and vector biology on sainte marie island, madagascar. | a 17-mo longitudinal malaria survey (november 1988-march 1990) was carried out on sainte marie island, an area on the east coast of madagascar which is frequently visited by tourists. during 706 man-nights of capture, 46,401 mosquitoes belonging to 32 species were caught. sporozoite rates were determined by elisa and incriminated anopheles gambiae giles s.s., an. funestus giles, and an. mascarensis de meillon as vectors of malaria. an. gambiae, the main vector, was highly anthropophilic but larg ... | 1992 | 1495029 |
| a new species of the anopheles funestus complex (diptera: culicidae) from zanzibar, united republic of tanzania. | | 1968 | 5302338 |
| malaria transmission at a new irrigation project in sri lanka: the emergence of anopheles annularis as a major vector. | malaria transmission was studied in a newly irrigated area of the mahaweli project in the dry zone of sri lanka. observations were performed for a three-month period following the northeast monsoon. parasitemia in the population varied from 20.2% in february to 7% in may, and infection was due to both plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. night catches of mosquitoes collected with human bait included a high proportion of anopheles annularis. mosquitoes containing sporozoites in the salivary glands ... | 1992 | 1449195 |
| high seasonal malaria transmission rates in the intermediate rainfall zone of sri lanka. | malaria transmission was studied at nikawehera, a long-established farming village, located in the intermediate rainfall zone of sri lanka. observations were made over a 12-month period (october-september) that included the main rainy season which occurred during the north-east monsoon in november-january. anolpheles culicifacies, the recognized vector of malaria in sri lanka, was the predominant anopheline mosquito collected by human night baiting at nikawehera. high entomological inoculation r ... | 1992 | 1304700 |
| malaria and its control in sri lanka. | | 1981 | 6764384 |
| use of larvivorous fish for vector control in the malvides republic. | the paper reports on the use of three larvivorous fishes in the maldives republic: poecilia reticulata (poeciliidae), mollienesia sphenops (cyprinodontidae) and for the first time kuhlia taeniurus (kuhliidae), a sea fish adapted to life in wells, which are the only sources of water supply (with the exception of a few rain-water cisterns). the approximately 20 000 wells are the main and all-year-round breeding places for both anophelines and culicines. due to this type of breeding places, maldive ... | 1975 | 1216337 |
| [prevention of reintroduction of malaria in reunion in 1972-1973]. | on the island of the reunion, malaria was eradicated; however the situation remains precarious because of the presence there of a very effective vector and also because of the frequent trips in neighbouring countries in particular madagascar. the fight against the reintroduction of this formerly prevalent disease requires strict control of travellers as well as the detection and rapid treatment of imported cases. ever on a small island with a strong sanitary organization; this vigilance can be d ... | 1976 | 1037089 |
| [entomological results of the malaria program of the pasteur institute in the malagasy highland plateaux in 1987-1988]. | an entomological survey carried out between october 1987 and july 1988 in manarintsoa, a village 30 km west of antananarivo, shows that an. gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are both vectors of malaria. the sporozoite rate was estimated at 0.71%, and the annual risk about 2 infectious bites per person. in all, more than 16,000 mosquitoes, belonging to at least 15 species, were caught over a period of 294 nights. | 1989 | 2576719 |
| [the importance of anopheles funestus in the transmission of malaria in the hamlet of mahitsy, in tananarive, madagascar]. | this survey carried out in 1989, confirms the part played by an. funestus in the transmission of malaria, in some villages of the malagasy highlands. | 1990 | 2350839 |
| [historical epidemiology of malaria in the archipelago of the mascarenes (indian ocean)]. | the mascarenes islands (mauritius, rodrigues and reunion) have been for the last few centuries a place of rest and convalescence for sailors, soldiers and inhabitants of the other regions of the indian ocean affected by "intermittent fevers". in the middle of the nineteenth century a severe and deadly malaria epidemic occurred first in mauritius and then in reunion island. it took a century to bring the disease under control, but this has in no way diminished the risk of its re-introduction. com ... | 1990 | 2291690 |
| malaria transmission and vector biology in manarintsoa, high plateaux of madagascar. | to evaluate the factors which determine the transmission level of falciparum malaria, entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted from october 1988 to february 1990 in manarintsoa in the central highland plateaux of madagascar. mosquitoes were collected for 928 man-nights in pit shelters and indoor resting sites. malaria vectors were anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus, with no evidence of the presence of an. gambiae sensu stricto. vectors were mainly exophilic and zoophilic. the ... | 1990 | 2202220 |
| characteristics of malaria transmission in kataragama, sri lanka: a focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. | parasitological and entomological parameters of malaria transmission were monitored for 17 months in 3,625 residents in a plasmodium vivax malaria endemic region in southern sri lanka; the study area consisted of 7 contiguous villages where routine national malaria control operations were being conducted. malaria was monitored in every resident; fever patients were screened and 4 periodical mass blood surveys were conducted. an annual malaria incidence rate of 23.1% was reported during the perio ... | 1990 | 2184688 |
| pesticide selection pressure on anopheles subpictus in sri lanka: comparison with two other sri lankan anophelines. | adult anopheles subpictus from sri lanka show a broad spectrum of resistance towards organophosphate insecticides but not to carbamates in contrast to the broad resistance to organophosphates and carbamates reported earlier for an. nigerrimus. in both species the frequency of resistance to malathion and fenitrothion increased between 1980 and 1987, despite the ban on agricultural use of these two compounds and the restriction of malathion to indoor residual spraying in malaria control since 1977 ... | 1989 | 2617615 |
| [a one-year collection of culicidae in illuminated traps in the park around the pasteur institute of madagascar in tananarive]. | culicidae captures by light traps have been done, during one year and at regular intervals in the madagascar pasteur institute's park in tananarive. 3,350 individuals representing twenty species have been caught. results show a great specific wealth, inter and intraspecific variations in space and time and this, particularly in relation with rain. culex quinquefasciatus is in a widely commanding position. the madagascar pasteur institute's park can be considered, by number of present species, as ... | 1987 | 2897833 |
| field trials of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and bacillus sphaericus (strain 2362) formulations against anopheles arabiensis in the central highlands of madagascar. | malaria is highly endemic and unstable in the central highlands plateau of madagascar. the infection is seasonally transmitted by anopheles funestus and an. arabiensis. the latter species is abundant especially in rice-growing areas. the field efficacies of commercial formulations of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and b. sphaericus (strain 2362) were assessed against an. arabiensis in 5 types of larval habitats. the granular formulation of b. thuringiensis (vectobac gr) provided very good control i ... | 1993 | 8245944 |
| changes in malaria vector prevalence in sri lanka: the need for local surveillance. | | 1993 | 8477493 |
| [study of culicidae in firaisam-pokontany of ambohimanjaka in the environs of tananarive: results of a longitudinal study, in particular on the vectorial transmission of malaria]. | | 1988 | 2907400 |
| [malaria in the islands of the comoro archipelago. historical and geophysical aspects. epidemiologic considerations]. | located on the maritime road to india, important harbour during slavery period, comoro archipelago was therefore free of malaria in the xviith century in spite of the presence of infected persons. in the xixth century, malaria became endemic in mayotte, mohéli and anjouan but only at the beginning of the xxth century in grande comore. the origin of vectors and main parasite, p. falciparum, are african. after quite a "natural" evolution, the situation is the same in these islands (continual high ... | 1988 | 3071431 |
| modulation of human malaria transmission by anti-gamete transmission blocking immunity. | natural plasmodium vivax malaria infections in man evoke anti-gamete transmission blocking antibodies which influence the infectivity of malaria patients to the vector mosquito. in this study, entomological, immunological and parasitological data obtained through the monitoring of an epidemic of human vivax malaria in sri lanka were used in a mathematical simulation to assess the effect of naturally induced transmission blocking immunity on malaria transmission. a mathematical model to describe ... | 1988 | 3076711 |
| reappearance of anopheles funestus as a malaria vector in the antananarivo region, madagascar. | | 1988 | 3256124 |
| pesticide resistance mechanisms produced by field selection pressures on anopheles nigerrimus and a. culicifacies in sri lanka. | in sri lanka, anopheles nigerrimus is resistant to a range of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides at both the larval and adult stages. biochemical studies indicate that an alteration in acetylcholinesterase is the basis of resistance rather than increased metabolic breakdown of the insecticides. in contrast, a. culicifacies is resistant only to malathion and closely related compounds containing a carboxylate ester bond. agricultural pesticides are the sole source of selection pressure for ... | 1986 | 3492309 |
| genetical investigations on zoophilic and exophilic anopheles arabiensis from antananarivo area (madagascar). | the presence of markedly zoophilic and exophilic anopheles arabiensis at alasora, near antananarivo, madagascar, is confirmed. this population of an. arabiensis appears clearly different in its feeding and resting behaviour when compared to those from continental africa, which, especially in west africa, show rather high degrees of anthropophily and endophily. genetical observations were carried out on material from alasora including polytene chromosome studies, multilocus genetic analysis and c ... | 1987 | 3508514 |
| [isolation of two african arboviruses from endemic mosquitoes in madagascar]. | the authors report the isolation of two african arboviruses, ard 28542 and mmp 158, from malagasy endemic culicidae, anopheles mascarensis and aedes ambreensis. these isolations prove therefore, that viruses unknown to madagascar to this day can reach these island and fit with the local natural environment, which is remarkable for its high degree of endemicity. the eventuality of introducing pathogenic viruses by the same way is discussed. | 1986 | 3769120 |
| chromosomal and electrophoretic identification of a sample of anopheles gambiae group (diptera: culicidae) from the island of grand comoros, indian ocean. | | 1986 | 3795236 |
| factors affecting selection for multiple resistance in anopheles nigerrimus in sri lanka. | adult resting habits and breeding habits of anopheles nigerrimus in sri lanka were investigated. this species is primarily exophilic, in contrast to endophilic an. culicifacies in the same areas. an. nigerrimus larvae were found in all habitat types sampled, in particular paddy fields where a large quantity of agricultural pesticides is used. this species was shown to be resistant to a range of insecticides including a number of organophosphates and carbamates. the adult resting behaviour preclu ... | 1986 | 3810798 |
| survey of peridomestic mosquito species of jaffna peninsula in sri lanka. | surveys of mosquitos in sri lanka have generally been confined to the south. a recent study in jaffna peninsula in northern sri lanka reported on the biology of peridomestic mosquito species. the present survey indicates the predominant species to be armigeres durhami (edwaards) and armigeres subalbatus (coquillett). aedes albopictus (skuse), ae. aegypti (linnaeus) and ae. novalbopictus barraud were recorded only occasionally during the survey. sampling of ponds in the jaffna peninsula recorded ... | 1991 | 1687931 |
| correspondence ot the editor: anopheles gambiae complex in mauritius. | | 1974 | 4460315 |
| [compared receptivity of species a and b of the anopheles gambiae to plasmodium falciparum in madagascar]. | | 1972 | 4575357 |
| anopheles elegans, a natural vector of simian malaria in ceylon. | | 1971 | 5003560 |
| duration of attack measures in a malaria-eradication program. | | 1968 | 5637019 |
| assessment of the consequences of the house-spraying of malathion on the interruption of malaria transmission. | marked female anopheles culicifacies were released into an enclosed palm-leaf hut at dusk and survivors recovered the following drawn by hand on several occasions before and after spraying with the insecticide malathion. pre-spray releases yielded only 25-50% recovery which was thought to be due to concealment of resting mosquitoes in the palm-leaf. a mortality of 100% was recorded for over 2 months after spraying the insecticide but after 71 days small numbers of live recoveries were found. the ... | 1983 | 6668635 |
| [historical epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in southwest islands of the indian ocean]. | bancroftian filariasis arose in the south-west indian ocean islands with human settlements. during the xixe century, most of the islands were infected but the prevalence and clinical features of the disease were different from an island to an other. the vectors are cx. quinquefasciatus, an. gambiae, an. arabiensis, an. funestus. even if culex are proven vectors most of the transmission is due to anophelines. the introduction of the parasite was followed by an explosion of the diseases with drama ... | 1994 | 7827525 |
| [human diseases transmitted by culicidae in southwest indian ocean islands]. | south-west indian ocean islands were inhabited at the beginning and free from all kind of vector. in madagascar, mayotte, moheli and anjouan, malaria vectors were carried by the first settlements. according to epidemics, the anopheles arrived in 1867 in mauritius, 1869 in la reunion and 1920 in grande comore. rodrigues, saint-brandon and the seychelles are still free from malaria vectors in the coastal part of madagascarcar and in comores archipelago, malaria is stable with a permanent transmiss ... | 1998 | 9559180 |
| evolution of malaria in africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. | different malarial situations in africa within the past 40 years are discussed in order to evaluate the impact of climatic and human factors on the disease. north of the equator, more droughts and lower rainfall have been recorded since 1972; and in eastern and southern africa, there have been alternating dry and wet periods in relation to el niño. since 1955, the increase in human population from 125 to 450 million has resulted in both expansion of land cultivation and urbanization. in stable m ... | 1998 | 9673911 |
| characteristics of malaria vector breeding habitats in sri lanka: relevance for environmental management. | in and around a village in the anuradhapura district of sri lanka anopheline larvae were sampled from july 1994 to april 1996 in all surface water bodies. samples positive for anopheles culicifacies, the established vector of malaria in sri lanka, and for an. barbirostris, an. vagus, and an. varuna, potential secondary vectors, were characterized by site, exposure to sunlight, substratum, turbidity of the water, presence of vegetation, and presence of fauna. availability of pools of stagnant wat ... | 1998 | 9740294 |
| postirrigation breeding patterns of surface water mosquitoes in the mahaweli project, sri lanka, and comparisons with preceding developmental phases. | a 2-yr (1988-1989) survey of mosquitoes breeding in surface water was done in an area of the mahaweli project of sri lanka that underwent irrigation development and human settlement during the preceding 3 yr. in total, 78,649 immatures of 42 species were collected during the survey. species of medical importance in the area were anopheles annularis van der wulp, an. culicifacies giles, an. jamesii theobald, an. nigerrimus giles, an. subpictus grassi, an. vagus doenitz, an. varuna iyengar, manson ... | 1994 | 7932596 |
| population dynamics of anophelines in a malathion treated village in the intermediate zone of sri lanka. | as part of research programme on malaria transmission in sri lanka, a study was made of man-biting anophelines at nikawehera, a village on the border of the intermediate and dry rainfall zones. weekly mosquito collections by night human bait (nhb) were performed inside and outside four fixed stations from october 1992 till march 1993. houses in the village were treated with malathion by the anti-malaria campaign in october and at the end of january 1993. an. culicifacies and an. tesselatus were ... | 1994 | 7944653 |
| population dynamics of anthropophilic mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon season in the malaria epidemic zone of sri lanka. | mosquito-borne diseases are a major health problem in sri lanka. human biting mosquitoes were collected during the night (18.00-06.00 hours) at nikawehera village, in the malaria endemic intermediate rainfall zone of the country. collections were made at monthly intervals in the period october 1991 to april 1992, which included the main rainy season due to the northeast monsoon (october-january). thirteen anopheles, eleven culex, three aedes, three mansonia and one armigeres species were identif ... | 1994 | 7949318 |
| [epidemiological malaria surveillance in 3 villages of the madagascar highlands]. | results of the epidemiological surveillance of falciparum malaria carried out since 1987 in three villages of the malagasy highlands are reported. they clearly show the unsteady endemo-epidemic characteristic of the disease with highly variable transmission levels according to foci. at manarintsoa, a south-western village 20km away from the capital, the disease has now fully disappeared after the ravage of 1986. but it might reappear with new imported cases and by lack of antivectorial measures. ... | 1993 | 8192540 |
| [epidemiological stratification of malaria in madagascar]. | madagascar is considered as a sub-region of the afrotropical geographical region in spite of the high endemicity of 95% of the invertebrates. nevertheless the three malaria vectors an. gambiae s.s., an. arabiensis and an. funestus are quite similar to those of the continental africa. this support the hypothesis of their recent introduction. plasmodium falciparum is the dominant parasite but the prevalence of p. vivax is not negligible. it is linked to the asian component of the human population. ... | 1993 | 8192542 |
| [study of the impact of deltamethrin impregnated curtains on malaria morbidity in ankazobe of the madagascar highlands]. | | 1995 | 8649245 |
| [history of insular malaria in the southwestern indian ocean: an eco-epidemiologic approach]. | madagascar has been isolated from the african continent since the mesozoic era. the archipelago in this region emerged from volcanism during the early and the beginning of the late cenozoic era. consequently, during the prehistoric period, these islands were populated by only birds. parasites and their vectors have been imported. in madagascar (with the exception of the highlands) and in certain comoro islands, their implantation in a favorable biotope was contemporary with the coming of humans. ... | 1995 | 8784538 |
| [malaria in mayotte: past, present and future]. | discovered as a form of intermittent fevers in 1852 and confirmed by blin in 1905, malaria has had a large impact on the mortality and the morbidity of the population living in mayotte until 1976. an evolutionary analysis of the disease shows two distinct periods. the first period between 1792 and 1974 concerns the date of introduction of malaria to the island and the limited actions of the fight against malaria led by different organizations. the second period from 1976, when the program was es ... | 1995 | 8784540 |
| [epidemiology and control of malaria in the federal islamic republic of comoros]. | malaria constitutes a major public health problem in the federal islamic republic of comoros. this problem is relatively recent from the historical point of view of the archipelago. it represents 15 to 30% of the hospitalization cases and 15 to 20% of the registered deaths in the pediatric services. the epidemiological data collected show that the characteristics of malaria transmission continue for the stable type; however, the epidemiological situation varies from one island to another. the pr ... | 1995 | 8784541 |
| [vector control in the epidemics of the madagascar highlands]. | the plateau, or more precisely the highlands, cover most of the central part of madagascar with an altitude higher than 1,000 m. there the climate is tropical with a wet and hot season, from october through april coincident with further outbreaks of malaria. this alternates with a dry season from may through september when the temperature is not favorable to the development of the vectors and the extrinsic cycle of the parasite. the malaria is unstable. the short season of transmission is someti ... | 1995 | 8784547 |
| [control of malaria re-emergence in reunion]. | réunion is currently posed with the operational problem of the last phase of the struggle against malaria, that is the consolidation and the maintenance of the state of cradication. the native parasite was eliminated, but the risk of resurgence of malaria remains on the island. this risk is even increasing from year to year because of the following: 1) the regular increase of the number of travellers originating from countries with malaria and consequently, the increase in the number of imported ... | 1995 | 8784548 |
| insecticide cross-resistance spectra and underlying resistance mechanisms of sri lankan anopheline vectors of malaria. | present status of insecticide resistance was investigated in two major vectors of malaria; an. culicifacies and an. subpictus, collected from a high malaria transmission area in sri lanka during 1996/1998. adult and larval bioassays were carried out to obtain log-probit mortality lines for malathion, propoxur, permethrin and chlorpyrifos. respective ld50 values were 4.45%, 0.002%, 0.16% and 0.001% for an. culicifacies and 0.66%, 0.004%, 0.004% and 0.04% for an. subpictus. adults were also tested ... | 1999 | 10774652 |
| [entomological surveillance in mauritius]. | the entomological surveillance is an essential link in the fight against malaria in mauritius. because of the large number of malaria-infected travellers in mauritius and the presence of the vector anopheles arabiensis, the risk of local transmission is very real. the medical entomology division together with the malaria control unit and the health appointees exert a rigorous entomological surveillance of malaria. field agents make entomological investigations of pilot villages and around the ha ... | 1995 | 8784549 |
| [malaria: research perspectives in medical entomology in madagascar]. | the entomological studies on malaria in madagascar had especially concerned the behavior of vectors in relation to insecticides. the cessation of spraying within the homes and the absence of chloroquine allowed a re-emergence of malaria on the plateau in the 1980's. this phenomenon pointed out the heterogeneity of the transmission on the island. it was necessary to define the entomological characteristics of the four principal facies of transmission in madagascar. these studies provided the serv ... | 1995 | 8784550 |
| [anopheles funestus and rice agriculture in the madagascar highlands]. | an exhaustive study of the potential habitats of anopheles funestus was led during 1992 in ankazobe on the plateau of madagascar, 95 km northwest of the capital tananarive. the rice fields provide more than 90% of the positive habitats versus less than 10% for the nonhuman biotopes. larva are especially abundant on the surfaces of the rice during grain head formation and maturation. the dense vegetation coverage provides them with shade and protection against predators. after harvesting, the fol ... | 1995 | 8784552 |
| age-related prevalence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antibody in an hyperendemic area of madagascar, and its relationship with parasite prevalence. | an epidemiologic survey on malaria endemicity levels, including entomologic, parasitologic, and immunologic indicators, was carried out in a village of the madagascar highlands (analaroa) at the end of the 1990-1991 rainy season. the results indicate that malaria is hyperendemic and anopheles funestus is the main vector in the area. the prevalence of parasitemia decreased with age from a maximum level of about 60% in children less than five years of age to a minimum of about 16% among those more ... | 1996 | 8842115 |
| anopheles subpictus complex: distribution of sibling species in sri lanka. | to determine the sibling species composition of an. subpictus complex in sri lanka polytene chromosomes of ovarian nurse cells were examined. samples of an. subpictus s.l. were collected from 65 of the 73 health areas surveyed. of 3095 ovaries collected 869 polytene chromosomes preparation were identified as sibling species a and 77 b. species b was present only in coastal localities of the island whereas species a was found both in coastal and inland areas with predominance in inland areas. thi ... | 1996 | 8952168 |
| malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in sri lanka. | to determine the levels of malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism among mosquitoes in sri lanka. | 2001 | 11731814 |
| cytotaxonomical examination for sibling species in the taxon anopheles culicifacies giles in sri lanka. | ovarian polytene chromosomes of anopheles culicifacies collected from different climatic and eco-epidemiological localities were examined to study the composition and distribution of sibling species in sri lanka. during the study period 4328 ovaries were prepared for examination, of which 1937 were suitable for the reading of polytene chromosomes. among these 458 specimens were identified as belonging to species b based on diagnostic inversion on x-chromosome and 1479 definitively were identifie ... | 1996 | 8952171 |
| anopheline (diptera:culicidae) breeding in a traditional tank-based village ecosystem in north central sri lanka. | a 13-mo survey of immature anopheline mosquitoes breeding in surface water habitats was done at mahameegaswewa village within the huruluwewa watershed in north central sri lanka as part of a multidisciplinary study on malaria epidemiology. the watershed is representative of the ancient small tank-based irrigation network that still forms an important component of the rice production system in the low elevation dry zone. in total, 3,818 immatures representing 12 species were obtained from 2,940 s ... | 1997 | 9151492 |
| [the impact of curtains impregnated with deltamethrin on the vectors and morbidity of malaria: results in ankazobe, on the plateaus of madagascar]. | to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated curtains on malaria morbidity in a low transmission area, we studied volunteer families in the village of ankazobe in the madagascar highlands from february 1993 to june 1994. after randomization, we provided 46 houses having 244 inhabitants with impregnated curtains (i) and 45 others having 257 inhabitants with nonimpregnated curtains (ni) as controls. we first estimated the number of mosquito bites in the protected versus nonprotected househ ... | 1997 | 9172875 |
| ovarian development and biting frequency in anopheles culicifacies giles in sri lanka. | in order to determine the duration of the gonotrophic cycle in anopheles culicifacies giles in sri lanka, ovarian development in freshly blood-fed wild-caught females was studied in the laboratory and the findings were compared with mark-and-release recoveries in the field. in specimens of unknown parity at first capture probable feeding intervals of 1, 2 and 3 days (mean: 1.7 - 2.1 days) were found. the release of freshly blood-fed nullipars bred from larvae produced two recaptures from which i ... | 1980 | 7210169 |
| [a malaria epidemic in the south of madagascar?]. | authors record the results of entomological and paludometric studies which were run on july 1994 in ampanihy (southern madagascar), since an epidemic of malaria occurred in that region. although the risk of epidemic malaria is described in the southern madagascar, paludometric indexes found in these surveys are pertinent with a mesoendemic malaria. the entomological survey found. a gambiae complex and a. funestus. complementary surveys are proposed to improve the knowledge of the epidemiology of ... | 1994 | 7575036 |
| [study of malaria vectors in the south-west of madagascar]. | the authors describe the results of an entomological study run in december 1994 in the little town of bezaha (south-western madagascar). the observed entomological indexes are those of an intensive malaria transmission area. the authors suggest to organize a longitudinal entomological survey along with a clinical and parasitological study. they also point out the fact that they found two microfilariae wuchereria bancrofti in an anopheles funestus female. | 1994 | 7575037 |
| [malaria in antananarivo: evaluation of a post-epidemic situation]. | antananarivo has a population of close to one million inhabitants and is located in the highlands of madagascar. the capital was, until some years ago, thought to be a malaria transmission-free zone. however, between 1985 and 1990, several malaria cases occurred in the suburbs of antananarivo, along the ikopa river (the betsimitatatra plain), suggesting that local transmission was occurring. numerous malaria cases have since been reported by health workers each year, but there is insufficient ep ... | 1998 | 9794035 |
| anopheles culicifacies breeding in sri lanka and options for control through water management. | this paper assesses the options for control of malaria vectors through different water management practices in a natural stream in sri lanka. the association between water level in the stream and breeding of the immature stages of the primary vector anopheles culicifacies was investigated and the feasibility of using existing irrigation infrastructure to reduce the breeding potential discussed. the most feasible option would be to implement a management routine where water is released periodical ... | 1998 | 9821462 |
| [geographic approach in malaria control in the central highlands of madagascar]. | following the severe malaria outbreak in the central highlands in madagascar in 1986, a vector control program by use ddt pm 75 house-spraying has been implemented to operate in areas located at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. early treatment with chloroquine has also been incorporated in the control program. to detect areas at particular high risk for malaria outbreak the geographic information system (gis) has been applied and tested. the study has shown that the system can be used in malar ... | 2001 | 12471743 |
| risk factors for malaria: a microepidemiological study in a village in sri lanka. | environmental and socioeconomic risk factors for malaria were studied in a village in sri lanka. over a period of one year, all 49 households in the village were visited every alternate day to obtain information on malaria episodes. information on risk factors was obtained through questionnaires and direct observations. age below 17 years (relative risk [rr] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [95% ci] 1.18-2.35), use of bed nets (rr = 0.16, 95% ci 0.05-0.45) and traditional fumigants (rr = 0.58, 95 ... | 1998 | 9861392 |
| screening of anopheles culicifacies population of sri lanka for sibling species a. | a total of 1119 anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes collected from various malaria endemic regions in sri lanka were examined using two dna probes rp217 and rp234, which enable the differentiation of sibling species a from b and c species of an. culicifacies. sibling species a was found to be absent. | 1998 | 10319555 |
| [anopheles mascarensis (de meillon, 1947): main vector of malaria in the region of fort-dauphin (south-east of madagascar)]. | anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae s.l. have been considered until now the major vectors of malaria everywhere in madagascar. anopheles mascarensis, a mosquito native to madagascar, has been identified in sainte-marie island as a secondary vector only. in 1997, an entomological study was carried out to identify the malaria vectors in the area of fort-dauphin, south-east of madagascar. every month, mosquitoes were collected from landing catches on human volunteers (from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm i ... | 1999 | 10399606 |
| high amounts of genetic differentiation between populations of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from west africa and eastern outer islands. | polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci was examined to assess the level of genetic differentiation between four anopheles arabiensis populations from senegal, the high plateau of madagascar, and reunion and mauritius islands. eight of nine loci showed great polymorphism (2-16 alleles/locus) and significant genetic differentiation was revealed between all four populations by f- and r-statistics, with fst estimates ranging from 0.080 to 0.215 and equivalent rst values ranging between 0.022 and 0 ... | 1999 | 10403334 |
| [review of 14 years of malaria control in the french-speaking countries of tropical africa and in madagascar. considerations on the persistence of transmission and future prospects]. | | 1963 | 14127360 |
| [anopheles (neomyzomyia) grenieri n.sp. (diptera, culicidae), a new anopheles species of madagascar]. | | 1964 | 14185708 |
| [study of variations in the physiological age of a. gambiae giles and a. mascarensis, of meillon, in the course of night captures]. | | 1964 | 14250541 |
| malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in sri lanka. | malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes was studied in a traditional tank-irrigation-based rice-producing village in the malaria-endemic low country dry zone of northcentral sri lanka during the period august 1994-february 1997. adult mosquitoes were collected from human and bovid bait catches, bovid-baited trap huts, indoor catches, and pit traps. mosquito head-thoraces were tested for the presence of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax, and blood-engorged abdomens for the presence of huma ... | 1999 | 10466971 |
| [evaluation of the vectorial capacity of anopheles arabiensis (diptera:culicidae) on the island of réunion: an approach to the health risk of malaria importation in an area of eradication]. | following intensive control measures, malaria was eradicated from la réunion island (indian ocean) in 1979. however, potential vectors remain in coastal areas and, each year public health services detect some imported cases from surrounding countries. anopheles arabiensis is the only species which can be responsible for local transmission though its brief life cycle and its exophilic and zoophilic behaviour were found to be key elements in maintaining the eradication status of the disease on the ... | 1999 | 10472451 |
| multiple host feeding in field populations of anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus in sri lanka. | a histological technique was used to detect the multiple blood-feeding of female mosquitoes, within the same gonotrophic cycle, in field populations of the malaria vectors anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus (diptera: culicidae) at a village in the low country of sri lanka, during 1994-96. among 3306 an. culicifacies and 871 an. subpictus engorged females examined, respectively, 34.4% and 30.4% were multiple-fed. in these two species, double meals accounted for 92.7% and 89.5%, and triple m ... | 1999 | 10484158 |
| [anopheline population genetics]. | population genetic studies of vectors are essential for (i) the determination of their taxonomic status and consequently the definition of their vectorial role in the transmission of pathogenic agents; (ii) the evaluation of the species genetic variability and the estimation of their capacities of adaptation to selection pressure; (iii) an estimation of gene flow among populations in order to evaluate their degree of isolation and gene circulation, especially resistance genes. among the malaria ... | 1999 | 10572657 |
| diversity of malaria in rice growing areas of the afrotropical region. | it is well known that 'in many instances the rice agrosystem perfectly fits the ecological requirements of pathogens or vectors' and in fact 'malaria, schistosomiasis and japanese encephalitis are important vector-borne diseases associated with rice production in developing countries' (irri, 1987). in spite of these fears, rice cultivation has been on the increase in the african region in response to demographic and economic pressures. however, although rice fields provide suitable breeding plac ... | 1999 | 10697868 |
| [malaria and schistosomiasis: 2 examples using systems of geographical information and teledetection in madagascar]. | schistosomiasis and malaria constitute major health problems in madagascar. the main objectives of the national schistosomiasis control programme--launched in 1998--are to improve knowledge about the modes of transmission of the disease and conduct mass treatment in hyperendemic areas, so as to lower incidence rates. a geographic information system (gis) was established aiming to conduct a series of remote sensing studies based on digital image processing and analysis from landsat tm and panchro ... | 2000 | 11030060 |