| knowledge of mosquitos in relation to public and domestic control activities in the cities of dar es salaam and tanga. | a study of community awareness of mosquitos and related subjects in the residential areas of two tanzanian cities (dar es salaam and tanga) showed that residents were well aware of mosquitos. almost all claimed to use some form of domestic mosquito control product for their personal protection, and many spend a significant portion of the household income on this. the problems of nuisance-biting and malaria transmission are usually not separated and are considered to be the result of poor environ ... | 1995 | 7704932 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | successful malaria vector control depends on understanding behavioural interactions between mosquitoes and humans, which are highly setting-specific and may have characteristic features in urban environments. here mosquito biting patterns in dar es salaam, tanzania are examined and the protection against exposure to malaria transmission that is afforded to residents by using an insecticide-treated net (itn) is estimated. | 2007 | 17880679 |
| community-based environmental management for malaria control: evidence from a small-scale intervention in dar es salaam, tanzania. | historically, environmental management has brought important achievements in malaria control and overall improvements of health conditions. currently, however, implementation is often considered not to be cost-effective. a community-based environmental management for malaria control was conducted in dar es salaam between 2005 and 2007. after community sensitization, two drains were cleaned followed by maintenance. this paper assessed the impact of the intervention on community awareness, prevale ... | 2009 | 19356246 |
| comparative evaluation of the ifakara tent trap-b, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. the most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (hlc). however, the hlc technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limi ... | 2009 | 19674477 |
| achieving high coverage of larval-stage mosquito surveillance: challenges for a community-based mosquito control programme in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | preventing malaria by controlling mosquitoes in their larval stages requires regular sensitive monitoring of vector populations and intervention coverage. the study assessed the effectiveness of operational, community-based larval habitat surveillance systems within the urban malaria control programme (umcp) in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | 2009 | 20042071 |
| the importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in dar es salaam, united republic of tanzania. | dar es salaam has an extensive drain network, mostly with inadequate water flow, blocked by waste, causing flooding after rainfall. the presence of anopheles and culex larvae is common, which is likely to impact the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and malaria by the resulting adult mosquito populations. however, the importance of drains as larval habitats remains unknown. | 2010 | 20520797 |
| a new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the anopheles gambiae complex. | mosquito sampling methods are essential for monitoring and evaluating malaria vector control interventions. in urban dar es salaam, human landing catch (hlc) is the only method sufficiently sensitive for monitoring malaria-transmitting anopheles. hlc is labour intensive, cumbersome, hazardous, and requires such intense supervision that is difficulty to sustain on large scales. | 2009 | 19602253 |
| urban agriculture and anopheles habitats in dar es salaam, tanzania. | a cross-sectional survey of agricultural areas, combined with routinely monitored mosquito larval information, was conducted in urban dar es salaam, tanzania, to investigate how agricultural and geographical features may influence the presence of anopheles larvae. data were integrated into a geographical information systems framework, and predictors of the presence of anopheles larvae in farming areas were assessed using multivariate logistic regression with independent random effects. it was fo ... | 2009 | 19440962 |
| a tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the urban malaria control programme in dar es salaam, tanzania. | as the population of africa rapidly urbanizes, large populations could be protected from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes if cost-effective and scalable implementation systems can be designed. | 2008 | 18218148 |
| community-based surveillance of malaria vector larval habitats: a baseline study in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | as the population of africa rapidly urbanizes it may be possible to protect large populations from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes. here we present a baseline evaluation of the ability of community members to detect mosquito larval habitats with minimal training and supervision in the first weeks of an operational urban malaria control program. | 2006 | 16776829 |
| integrated urban malaria control: a case study in dar es salaam, tanzania. | the rapid growth of cities in sub-saharan africa, much of it driven by rural-urban migration, is associated with complex transformations of these ecosystems and an intricate set of challenges for malaria control. urban malaria transmission is substantially less intense and much more focal than in rural and peri-urban settings. however, the danger of epidemics is higher and the presence of substantial non-immune populations places people of all ages at comparable levels of risk. the limited numbe ... | 2004 | 15331826 |
| a new strategy for treating nets. part 1: formulation and dosage. | the conventional dosages of pyrethroid insecticides on mosquito nets assume that nets will be retreated at 6-12 month intervals. however, dosage should be related to washing of nets; if nets are only washed once or twice a year, their dosage requirements will be different to those which are washed fortnightly. a 'low-dose, frequent-wash' retreatment system might be technically more appropriate and more affordable where nets are washed frequently, as they are in dar es salaam. moreover, for use a ... | 1999 | 10223210 |