| serologic evidence of arboviral infections in white-tailed deer from central wisconsin. | a survey conducted during 1979-1980 on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in central wisconsin revealed serological evidence of infection by selected arboviruses. among sera from 41 deer, antibody was detected for jamestown canyon virus (56%) and bunyamwera group virus (80%), demonstrating their continuing endemic activity. antibody for la crosse virus, not found previously in sera from deer in central wisconsin, also was detected (5%) in this study. | 1989 | 2716117 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) at the edge of its range in southern wisconsin. | this study examined the density and distribution of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, at the edge of its range in southern wisconsin in 1988 and 1989. the study area encompassed sites with ticks at densities ranging from the highest recorded in the state to no ticks detected, as known from previous surveys of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmerman, infestation. ticks were collected from trapped mice, peromyscus spp., and hunter-killed white-tailed deer. a sharp west-to-ea ... | 1995 | 8551513 |
| borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and peromyscus leucopus in northeastern wisconsin. | populations of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, are established in western and central wisconsin in the upper midwestern united states, but appear to be expanding geographically there. here, we report a previously unknown population in northeastern wisconsin. questing i. scapularis nymphs and adults were collected by flagging vegetation from a riverine site in marinette county, wisconsin, in spring of 1993 and 1994. dissection and culture of tick guts in modified barbour-stoenner-kel ... | 1996 | 8906923 |
| vegetational association of host-seeking adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), on dairy farms in northwestern wisconsin. | as a measure of the risk for exposure to lyme disease, we estimated the distribution of host-seeking adults of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, on dairy farms in barron county in northwestern wisconsin. vegetation ecotypes that were common to 18 farms that were representative of the county were surveyed by flag sampling. tick prevalence and abundance, which were similar during fall and spring periods, were very low in farmhouse yards and forage croplands; only a single male was colle ... | 1998 | 9565874 |
| serologic evidence of a natural infection of white-tailed deer with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in wisconsin and maryland. | white-tailed deer participate in the maintenance of the ixodes tick life cycle and are reservoirs for some tick-borne infectious agents. deer may be useful sentinels for tick-transmitted agents, such as ehrlichiae. in order to determine whether white-tailed deer are markers of natural transmission or are reservoirs for the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent, we performed indirect immunofluorescent-antibody (ifa) tests and immunoblotting with the hge agent and ehrlichia chaffeensis on se ... | 1998 | 9801331 |
| chronic wasting disease in free-ranging wisconsin white-tailed deer. | three white-tailed deer shot within 5 km during the 2001 hunting season in wisconsin tested positive for chronic wasting disease, a prion disease of cervids. subsequent sampling within 18 km showed a 3% prevalence (n=476). this discovery represents an important range extension for chronic wasting disease into the eastern united states. | 2003 | 12737746 |
| the association of white-tailed deer and cattle in wisconsin. | | 1962 | 13922255 |
| prion protein gene heterogeneity in free-ranging white-tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of wisconsin. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) was first identified in wisconsin (usa) in whitetailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in february 2002. to determine if prion protein gene (prnp) allelic variability was associated with cwd in white-tailed deer from wisconsin, we sequenced prnp from 26 cwd-positive and 100 cwd-negative deer. sequence analysis of prnp suggests that at least 86-96% of the white-tailed deer in this region have prnp allelic combinations that will support cwd infection. four prnp alleles ... | 2003 | 14567218 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in southern kettle moraine state forest, wisconsin, and characterization of strain w97f51. | lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner; babesiosis, caused by babesia microti franca; and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum bakken & dumler have been reported in wisconsin, mainly in the endemic areas of the northwestern part of the state. people exposed to blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, from this region can potentially contract one or all of these diseases concurrently. within the past several year ... | 2005 | 15962800 |
| serologic evidence of bunyamwera group arbovirus infections in wisconsin and texas deer. | sera of 81 white-tailed deer from south texas and 283 white-tailed deer from wisconsin were tested for neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to arboviruses of the bunyamwera group. neutralizing antibodies were detected in 100% of the texas deer sera and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were detected in 61% of those sera collected in 1969 and 78% of those sera collected in 1963. the prevalence of both neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in wisconsin dee ... | 1970 | 16512160 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in central and western wisconsin: a molecular survey. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of ixodes spp. ticks, and causes a febrile disease known as human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the presence of a. phagocytophilum in wisconsin white-tailed deer blood and in deer ticks was assessed using pcr and dna sequencing. sampling sites in the western part of the state (buffalo county) and central region (waushara, waupaca, and green lake counties) were used. in buffalo county, 5.6 ... | 2006 | 16738890 |
| prion sequence polymorphisms and chronic wasting disease resistance in illinois white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | nucleic acid sequences of the prion gene (prnp) were examined and genotypes compiled for 76 white-tailed deer from northern illinois, which previously tested positive for chronic wasting disease (cwd), and 120 negative animals selected to control for geographic location and age. nine nucleotide polymorphisms, seven silent and two coding, were found in the sampled population. all observed polymorphisms except two of very low frequency were observed in both negative and positive animals, although ... | 2008 | 19164895 |
| surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a class of neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) occurring in cervids, is found in a number of states and provinces across north america. misfolded prions, the infectious agents of cwd, are deposited in the environment via carcass remains and excreta, and pose a threat of cross-species transmission. in this study tissues were tested from 812 representative mammalian scavengers, collected in the cwd-affected area of wisconsin, for tse inf ... | 2009 | 19697235 |
| genetic susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in free-ranging white-tailed deer: complement component c1q and prnp polymorphisms. | the genetic basis of susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging cervids is of great interest. association studies of disease susceptibility in free-ranging populations, however, face considerable challenges including: the need for large sample sizes when disease is rare, animals of unknown pedigree create a risk of spurious results due to population admixture, and the inability to control disease exposure or dose. we used an innovative matched case-control design and conditi ... | 2009 | 19723593 |
| surveillance to detect chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer in wisconsin. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease affecting north american cervids, has been discovered in at least 12 states and provinces throughout the continent. since 2002, a number of states and provinces have initiated surveillance programs to detect cwd in native cervid populations. however, many questions remain about the appropriate methods, geographic scope, and number of samples required for an effective cwd surveillance program. we provide an improved statistical method to calculate th ... | 2009 | 19901375 |
| high prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi among adult blacklegged ticks from white-tailed deer. | we compared the prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi infection in questing and deer-associated adult ixodes scapularis ticks in wisconsin, usa. prevalence among deer-associated ticks (4.5% overall, 7.1% in females) was significantly higher than among questing ticks (1.0% overall, 0.6% in females). deer may be a sylvatic reservoir for this newly recognized zoonotic pathogen. | 2016 | 26811985 |
| chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: infection, mortality, and implications for heterogeneous transmission. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting free-ranging and captive cervids that now occurs in 24 u.s. states and two canadian provinces. despite the potential threat of cwd to deer populations, little is known about the rates of infection and mortality caused by this disease. we used epidemiological models to estimate the force of infection and disease-associated mortality for white-tailed deer in the wisconsin and illinois cwd outbreaks. models were based on a ... | 2016 | 27870037 |
| transmission of chronic wasting disease in wisconsin white-tailed deer: implications for disease spread and management. | few studies have evaluated the rate of infection or mode of transmission for wildlife diseases, and the implications of alternative management strategies. we used hunter harvest data from 2002 to 2013 to investigate chronic wasting disease (cwd) infection rate and transmission modes, and address how alternative management approaches affect disease dynamics in a wisconsin white-tailed deer population. uncertainty regarding demographic impacts of cwd on cervid populations, human and domestic anima ... | 2014 | 24658535 |
| influence of landscape factors and management decisions on spatial and temporal patterns of the transmission of chronic wasting disease transmission in white-tailed deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) has been reported in white-tailed deer at the border of the us states of illinois and wisconsin since 2002. transmission of infectious prions between animals and from the environment has resulted in spatial and temporal structure observable in the spatio-temporal patterns of reported cases. case locations of 382 positive cases from 28,954 deer tested between 2002 and 2009 provided insight into the potential risk factors and landscape features associated with transmi ... | 2013 | 24258897 |
| the importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease prevalence in white-tailed deer populations. | strategies to contain the spread of disease often are developed with incomplete knowledge of the possible outcomes but are intended to minimize the risks associated with delaying control. culling of game species by government agencies is one approach to control disease in wild populations but is unpopular with hunters and wildlife enthusiasts, politically unpalatable, and erodes public support for agencies responsible for wildlife management. we addressed the functional differences between hunti ... | 2014 | 24128754 |
| the walk is never random: subtle landscape effects shape gene flow in a continuous white-tailed deer population in the midwestern united states. | one of the pervasive challenges in landscape genetics is detecting gene flow patterns within continuous populations of highly mobile wildlife. understanding population genetic structure within a continuous population can give insights into social structure, movement across the landscape and contact between populations, which influence ecological interactions, reproductive dynamics or pathogen transmission. we investigated the genetic structure of a large population of deer spanning the area of w ... | 2012 | 22882236 |
| hunter-killed deer surveillance to assess changes in the prevalence and distribution of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in wisconsin. | as a result of the increasing incidence of lyme disease and other tick-borne pathogens in wisconsin, we assessed the distribution of adult blacklegged ticks through collections from hunter-killed deer in 2008 and 2009 and compared results with prior surveys beginning in 1981. volunteers staffed 21 wisconsin department of natural resources registration stations in 21 counties in the eastern half of wisconsin in 2008 and 10 stations in seven counties in northwestern wisconsin in 2009. in total, 78 ... | 2013 | 23802460 |
| evaluating spatial overlap and relatedness of white-tailed deer in a chronic wasting disease management zone. | wildlife disease transmission, at a local scale, can occur from interactions between infected and susceptible conspecifics or from a contaminated environment. thus, the degree of spatial overlap and rate of contact among deer is likely to impact both direct and indirect transmission of infectious diseases such chronic wasting disease (cwd) or bovine tuberculosis. we identified a strong relationship between degree of spatial overlap (volume of intersection) and genetic relatedness for female whit ... | 2013 | 23437171 |
| environmental factors influencing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) exposure to livestock pathogens in wisconsin. | white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are commonly exposed to disease agents that affect livestock but environmental factors that predispose deer to exposure are unknown for many pathogens. we trapped deer during winter months on two study areas (northern forest and eastern farmland) in wisconsin from 2010 to 2013. deer were tested for exposure to six serovars of leptospira interrogans (grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, bratislava, pomona, and hardjo), bovine viral diarrhea viru ... | 2015 | 26030150 |
| diversity and distribution of white-tailed deer mtdna lineages in chronic wasting disease (cwd) outbreak areas in southern wisconsin, usa. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting north american cervids. because it is uniformly fatal, the disease is a major concern in the management of white-tailed deer populations. management programs to control cwd require improved knowledge of deer interaction, movement, and population connectivity that could influence disease transmission and spread. genetic methods were employed to evaluate connectivity among populations in the cwd management zone of ... | 2011 | 22043912 |
| spatial and temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease: fine-scale mapping of a wildlife epidemic in wisconsin. | emerging infectious diseases threaten wildlife populations and human health. understanding the spatial distributions of these new diseases is important for disease management and policy makers; however, the data are complicated by heterogeneities across host classes, sampling variance, sampling biases, and the space-time epidemic process. ignoring these issues can lead to false conclusions or obscure important patterns in the data, such as spatial variation in disease prevalence. here, we applie ... | 2009 | 19688937 |
| validation of use of rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue for immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | the examination of rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (ramalt) biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies has been described in sheep, elk, and small numbers of mule and white-tailed deer. previous sample numbers have been too small to validate examination of this type of tissue as a viable antemortem diagnostic test. in this study, we examined ramalt collected postmortem from 76 white-tailed deer removed from a farm in wisconsin known to be affected ... | 2009 | 19261781 |
| chronic wasting disease in a wisconsin white-tailed deer farm. | in september 2002, chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disorder of captive and wild cervids, was diagnosed in a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from a captive farm in wisconsin. the facility was subsequently quarantined, and in january 2006 the remaining 76 deer were depopulated. sixty animals (79%) were found to be positive by immunohistochemical staining for the abnormal prion protein (prp(cwd)) in at least one tissue; the prevalence of positive staining was high even in young de ... | 2008 | 18776116 |
| landscape genetics and the spatial distribution of chronic wasting disease. | predicting the spread of wildlife disease is critical for identifying populations at risk, targeting surveillance and designing proactive management programmes. we used a landscape genetics approach to identify landscape features that influenced gene flow and the distribution of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in wisconsin white-tailed deer. cwd prevalence was negatively correlated with genetic differentiation of study area deer from deer in the area of disease origin (core-area). genetic differen ... | 2008 | 18077240 |
| neospora caninum antibodies detected in midwestern white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by western blot and elisa. | white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) serve to maintain the neospora caninum life cycle in the wild. sera from white-tailed deer from south central wisconsin and southeastern missouri, usa were tested for antibodies to n. caninum by western blot analyses and two indirect elisas. seroreactivity against n. caninum surface antigens was observed in 30 of 147 (20%) of wi deer and 11 of 23 (48%) of mo deer using western blot analysis. compared to western blot, the two indirect elisas were found t ... | 2007 | 17194547 |
| spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in wisconsin white-tailed deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, emerging disease of cervids associated with transmissible protease-resistant prion proteins. the potential for cwd to cause dramatic declines in deer and elk populations and perceived human health risks associated with consuming cwd-contaminated venison have led wildlife agencies to embark on extensive cwd control programs, typically involving culling to reduce deer populations. we characterized the spatial distribution of cwd in white-tailed deer (odoco ... | 2006 | 17092889 |
| motorcycle collisions involving white-tailed deer in central and northern wisconsin: a rural trauma center experience. | risk of deer motorcycle collisions (dmc) continues to increase in midwestern and east coast states and is a growing regional public health issue. | 2006 | 16766974 |
| prion protein polymorphisms in white-tailed deer influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease. | the primary sequence of the prion protein affects susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, in mice, sheep and humans. the prnp gene sequence of free-ranging, wisconsin white-tailed deer was determined and the prnp genotypes of chronic wasting disease (cwd)-positive and cwd-negative deer were compared. six amino acid changes were identified, two of which were located in pseudogenes. two alleles, a q-->k polymorphism at codon 226 and a single octapeptide repe ... | 2006 | 16760415 |
| effects of six fasciolicides against fascioloides magna in white-tailed deer. | thirty-three white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) of various ages, both sexes, and in good physical condition were captured for anthelmintic evaluation of six compounds against the large american liver fluke, fascioloides magna. based on fluke mortality, hexachlorophene administered at the rate of 12 to 26 mg/kg of body weight was lethal to 5 of 10 mature flukes in seven deer. nitroxynil at 11 to 24 mg/kg inhibited egg production, but did not kill mature flukes in eight deer. rafoxanide at ... | 1976 | 16498878 |
| prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichia infection among white-tailed deer in wisconsin. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is caused by an agent that is nearly indistinguishable from the veterinary pathogens ehrlichia equi and ehrlichia phagocytophila. the deer tick, ixodes scapularis, is a vector of the hge agent, and the white-tailed deer is the primary host for adult ixodes ticks. we assessed the distribution of granulocytic ehrlichia infection among deer living within (wisconsin) and outside (western and southern iowa) the geographic range of l. scapularis. whole-blood sampl ... | 1997 | 9163463 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari:ixodidae): status and changes in prevalence and distribution in wisconsin between 1981 and 1994 measured by deer surveillance. | a statewide survey of blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, on white-tailed deer was conducted in 1994 to examine the status and changes in the prevalence and geographic distribution of this tick in wisconsin. i. scapularis adults were collected at 17 of 26 deer registration stations, including stations in eastern (poy sippi) and southern wisconsin (monroe) without previously reported populations. nearly all of the stations where 1 or no ticks were collected were in the eastern 1/3 of the st ... | 1996 | 8961642 |
| longitudinal analysis of attitudes toward wolves. | understanding individual attitudes and how these predict overt opposition to predator conservation or direct, covert action against predators will help to recover and maintain them. studies of attitudes toward wild animals rely primarily on samples of individuals at a single time point. we examined longitudinal change in individuals' attitudes toward gray wolves (canis lupus). in the contiguous united states, amidst persistent controversy and opposition, abundances of gray wolves are at their hi ... | 2013 | 23293913 |
| merogonic stages of theileria cervi in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | in february 2012, 12 farmed mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were moved from a facility in southwestern oklahoma to a facility in southeastern oklahoma that housed 100 farmed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). between the third and fifth weeks, 9 of the 12 mule deer had died, 4 of which were submitted for necropsy. the deer were heavily infested with amblyomma americanum (lone star ticks). hematologic data from 1 deer revealed severe anemia, leukocytosis, and intraerythrocytic hemoparasi ... | 2013 | 24029405 |
| occurrence of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) and human infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis in wisconsin, 2008-2015. | because of the increasing incidence of human ehrlichiosis in wisconsin, we assessed reports of human infections by ehrlichia chaffeensis and the distribution of its vector, the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum (l.)). from 2008 through 2015, 158 probable and confirmed human cases of e. chaffeensis infections were reported to the wisconsin department of health services. five cases without travel history outside of wisconsin were confirmed as e. chaffeensis by polymerase chain reaction. surveil ... | 2016 | 28011735 |
| effects of chronic wasting disease on reproduction and fawn harvest vulnerability in wisconsin white-tailed deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects free-ranging and captive north american cervids. although the impacts of cwd on cervid survival have been documented, little is known about the disease impacts on reproduction and recruitment. we used genetic methods and harvest data (2002-04) to reconstruct parentage for a cohort of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns born in spring 2002 and evaluate the effects of cwd infection on reprod ... | 2012 | 22493111 |