| maternal filarial infection as risk factor for infection in children. | familial clustering of filarial infection was investigated through random house-to-house surveys of 643 individuals in leogane, haiti, an area with endemic bancroftian filariasis. children of infected mothers were 2.4 to 2.9 times more likely to be infected than were those of amicrofilaraemic mothers. filarial-specific cellular responsiveness in amicrofilaraemic children born to infected mothers was lower than that in amicrofilaraemic children born to amicrofilaraemic mothers. no effect of pater ... | 1991 | 1673168 |
| antifilarial cellular responses detected in a haitian pediatric population by use of a microblastogenesis assay. | previous reports have demonstrated age-related shifts in antifilarial humoral immune responses in 6- to 10-year-old haitian children; the responses consisted of elevated parasite-specific igg2 and igg3 in amicrofilaremic children and elevated igg4 in microfilaremic children. in this study, the cell-mediated immune responses to soluble adult and microfilarial extracts of brugia pahangi, determined by use of a microblastogenesis assay, were examined. capillary blood samples were collected by finge ... | 1991 | 1894942 |
| a survey of filariasis among refugees in south florida. | between january 1981 and march 1982, a filariasis survey was conducted among 668 haitian immigrants and 155 southeast asian refugees residing in florida, u.s.a. microfilariae were detected only in haitians, with 6.7% positive for wuchereria bancrofti and 1.3% positive for mansonella ozzardi. the majority of individuals with bancroftian filariasis came from five coastal urban areas including port-au-prince, duvalierville, gonaïves, leógane and cap-haitien. no unequivocal signs of bancroftian fila ... | 1984 | 6370004 |
| [filariasis in haiti: a century of history]. | wuchereria bancrofti and mansonella ozzardi are both endemic in haiti. over the last hundred years, these human parasites have been by turn investigated and disregarded. between 1894 and 1914, haitian physicians encouraged by dr. léon audain studied the clinical and biological impact of w. bancrofti in the numerous infested patients in port-au-prince. during the american occupation (1915-1934), the presence of m. ozzardi was recognized by a rockefeller mission and a first investigation of filari ... | 1999 | 10690476 |
| [apropos of the presumed place of transmission in haiti for a child with conjunctival bancroftosis]. | | 1999 | 10690477 |
| assessment of combined ivermectin and albendazole for treatment of intestinal helminth and wuchereria bancrofti infections in haitian schoolchildren. | this randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated the efficacy and nutritional benefit of combining chemotherapeutic treatment for intestinal helminths (albendazole) and lymphatic filariasis (ivermectin). children were infected with ascaris (29.2%), trichuris (42.2%), and hookworm (6.9%), with 54.7% of children having one or more of these parasites. wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria were found in 13.3% of the children. children were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo, albendazole, ... | 1999 | 10466981 |
| longitudinal analysis of the development of filarial infection and antifilarial immunity in a cohort of haitian children. | longitudinal studies are being conducted in leogane, haiti to investigate the relationship between acquisition of filarial infection and development of antifilarial immunity as well as the impact of maternal infection on this relationship. children (0-24 months of age) residing in leogane were enrolled and were examined periodically to monitor parasitologic status and to collect serum for antigen and antifilarial antibody determinations. to examine the development of filarial antigenemia and ant ... | 1998 | 9715935 |
| randomised placebo-controlled comparison of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in haitian children. | lymphatic filariasis and intestinal helminth infections are important disorders in tropical areas. periodic treatment with albendazole is now used in many school-based intestinal helminth-control programmes. however, few such programmes exist for lymphatic filariasis, despite evidence that single-dose treatment with ivermectin can greatly reduce the concentration of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the blood for months to years. we aimed to assess the potential for school-based control of l ... | 1997 | 9274584 |
| th1-like antifilarial immune responses predominate in antigen-negative persons. | to characterize immune responses associated with the putatively immune state in bancroftian filariasis (that is, both microfilaria and antigen free), humoral and cellular responses were compared among antigen- and microfilaria-negative, antigen-positive and microfilaria-negative, and microfilaria-positive individuals. antifilarial isotype levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses were measured by proliferation, by bioassay for interleu ... | 1996 | 8757821 |
| transplacental transmission of wuchereria bancrofti in haitian women. | to document the occurrence of transplacental transmission of microfilariae and to determine how frequently it occurred, umbilical cord blood samples and placental tissues were collected from 22 microfilaria-positive women in an area with endemic wuchereria bancrofti. microfilaria (mf) counts in the women ranged from 1 to 3,820 mf/ml. microfilariae were detected in 2 placenta samples and a single cord blood sample. the positive cord blood sample and 1 of the positive placenta samples came from th ... | 1993 | 8437059 |
| age-specific prevalence of antigenemia in a wuchereria bancrofti-exposed population. | antigen detection assays serve as a useful adjunct to blood examinations for studies of filariasis, in terms of the diagnostic and epidemiologic information provided. we examined the utility of the og4c3 antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for field studies and analyzed the distribution of wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia in a haitian population. using serum samples collected following venipuncture, antigenemia levels were correlated with microfilaremia (p < 0.001). the microfila ... | 1994 | 7943556 |
| parasitological, serological, and clinical studies of wuchereria bancrofti in limbe, haiti. | a survey for wuchereria bancrofti in limbe, haiti (est. pop. = 10,500) revealed that 17% (231/1,450) had a patent infection. nearly half of those surveyed harbored fewer than 10 microfilariae (mf) per 20 mm3 of finger-prick blood; the median mf density for females and males was 12.4 and 9.5, respectively. parasitemias occurred as early as age 4. antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:20 against adult d. viteae antigen were observed in 38% of microfilaremic individuals and in 29% of amicrofil ... | 1984 | 6391223 |
| [lymphatic filariasis in haiti. results of treatment with diethylcarbamazine in the town of limbe]. | in the town of limbe, in haiti, 16,8% of the inhabitants show w. bancrofti microfilariae in their blood taken by finger prick between 8.00 and 10.00 p.m. from those positive patients, 208 have received a cure of dec at the dosage of 6 mg/kg/day during ten days. the control of the therapeutic efficacity among 190 patients, after three and a half months of this cure, shows a negativity of 72%. the positives patients show a very low parasitic charge (mfd50 = 1.9). if the secondary effects are frequ ... | 1983 | 6347417 |
| wuchereria bancrofti in a haitian immigrant. | a case of wuchereria bancrofti filariasis was recently seen in a haitian immigrant in charleston, sc. the caribbean area is a known endemic focus for this organism. with the increased numbers of immigrants from that area, it is likely that other such cases will be seen in the us. | 1985 | 3885410 |
| [lymphatic filariasis in haiti: historical sequel or future public health problem in this geographic region?]. | wuchereria bancrofti persists in haiti in localized foci, discontinuously distributed. the parasite, transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus, develops in mesoendemic or hyperendemic fashion in urban and suburban areas, on the coastal plains sheltered from the prevailing winds, predominantly in the nord department and around the gulf of la gonave. lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem. its impact is more evident in males on account of the genital repercussion of the disease. the acu ... | 1986 | 3549024 |
| [wuchereria bancrofti: value of the diethylcarbamazine provocation test for the diurnal detection of microfilaria carriers]. | sixty-nine of 83 (83%) patients with circulating microfilariae of nocturnally periodic wuchereria bancrofti were detected in daytime blood films following the one-time administration of diethylcarbamazine at a dose per patient of 1 +/- .25 mg/kg of body weight. this method of detecting microfilaria carriers in haiti is recommended as a reasonably sensitive alternative when circumstances make it impossible to conduct a nighttime blood survey. | 1986 | 3533297 |
| bancroftian filariasis in haiti: preliminary characterization of the immunological responsiveness of microfilaremic individuals. | patent infections with the lymphatic filariae, wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi, are associated with suppressed in vitro cellular responsiveness to filarial antigens. in studies of bancroftian filariasis in haiti, a significant number of microfilaremic individuals can be characterized as "responders" to filarial antigens. cells from 37/74 untreated microfilaremic subjects responded to b. pahangi antigen (stimulation ratio greater than 2) as detected by in vitro blastogenesis. a comparison ... | 1988 | 3277457 |
| epidemiology of wuchereria bancrofti in leogane, haiti. | a survey for wuchereria bancrofti in leogane, haiti, revealed that 140 of 421 individuals (33%) had a patent infection, of which 40% lived in the suburban outskirts of the city. the median microfilaria density was 19.1 per 20 mm3 of blood for suburban dwellers compared with only 8.8 for those living in the city. the vector, culex quinquefasciatus (say), breeds mostly in and around numerous rum distilleries, located exclusively around the periphery of the city, and this undoubtedly accounts for t ... | 1988 | 3075358 |
| further evidence of a skewed distribution of microfilariae in capillary blood. | reported are results for 23 haitian patients with capillary wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremias greater than 30 mf/20 cmm blood. in capillary blood, the number of microfilariae was 0.9 to 7.8 times greater than expected when compared with that in venous blood. when the values for venous blood and capillary blood from these high count patients were plotted, the simple linear regression y = a + bx (r2 = .36) and the exponential function y = aebx (r2 = .34) both represented the relationship. howev ... | 1989 | 2696082 |
| vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus (haitian strain) following infection with wuchereria bancrofti. | | 1989 | 2694503 |
| uptake and development of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus that fed on haitian carriers with different microfilaria densities. | in studies conducted between 1984 and 1986, the vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus was assessed after bloodfeeding on 61 haitian volunteers with different densities of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mf) and on 11 that were amicrofilaremic. infected volunteers included persons previously given diethylcarbamazine citrate for 12 consecutive days and some that were untreated. mosquitoes, derived from field-collected larvae, were released under bed nets and fed upon the volunteers while ... | 1989 | 2679171 |
| analysis of isotype-specific antifilarial antibody levels in a haitian pediatric population. | previous studies of antifilarial antibodies in a pediatric population residing in an area with endemic wuchereria bancrofti filariasis have demonstrated age related shifts in antifilarial immunity. to further characterize humoral responses in haitian children, serum samples from 129 patients (3 months-15 years of age) were analyzed by elisa for isotype-specific antifilarial antibody responses. age-stratified analysis of geometric mean antibody titers showed significant increases in antibody tite ... | 1991 | 2012259 |
| comparison of high dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for activity against bancroftian filariasis in haiti. | this three-phase study was designed to compare high dose ivermectin with a standard diethylcarbamazine (dec) regimen for patient tolerability, potential to kill adult filaria, and duration of microfilarial suppression in 30 haitian subjects with wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia. all were first given a 1-mg oral dose of ivermectin (phase 1) to reduce microfilaria densities. participants were randomized into three groups: group 1 received dec (6mg/kg per day for 12 days), group 2 received 200 m ... | 1991 | 1996738 |
| bancroftian filariasis: long-term effects of treatment with diethylcarbamazine in a haitian population. | two groups of wuchereria bancrofti-infected haitians who had undergone treatment with diethylcarbamazine (dec) were followed for up to five years after treatment to document the long-term effects of treatment on adult worms and microfilariae and on the recurrence of infection. one group of 69 persons who had received 12 daily treatments had a significant decrease in microfilaria levels until year 4, when a small number of individuals experienced a resurgence of this parasite stage in the periphe ... | 1991 | 1763800 |
| filariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti in haiti. | | 1977 | 595106 |
| factors associated with participation in a campaign of mass treatment against lymphatic filariasis, in leogane, haiti. | in october 2000, to interrupt transmission of wuchereria bancrofti, an intense health-education campaign followed by a mass drug administration (mda) with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole was undertaken in leogane, haiti. three months after the mda, which was the first in the study area, a knowledge-attitude-practice (kap) survey, with a cluster-sample design and probability sampling, was undertaken, to determine the existing knowledge of the local residents, their attitudes toward the mda, an ... | 2004 | 15509424 |
| community- and individual-level determinants of wuchereria bancrofti infection in leogane commune, haiti. | we conducted a school-based assessment of the geographic distribution of wuchereria bancrofti infection in leogane commune, haiti, using the immunochromatographic test. in multivariate analyses performed using generalized linear mixed models, children attending schools in the foothills and plains were 3.95 (95% confidence interval [ci] = 1.28-12.23) and 23.56 (95% ci = 8.99-61.79) times as likely to be infected, respectively, as children attending mountain schools. infection prevalence decreased ... | 2004 | 15031515 |
| characterization of antibody responses to wolbachia surface protein in humans with lymphatic filariasis. | symbiotic wolbachia organisms of filarial nematodes have received much attention as possible chemotherapy targets and disease-causing organisms. in order to further investigate the association between anti-wolbachia immune responses and chronic filarial disease in humans, antibody responses to wolbachia surface protein (wsp) were assayed in serum samples collected from 232 individuals living in leogane, haiti, an area where wuchereria bancrofti infection is endemic, and from 67 north americans w ... | 2003 | 12933853 |
| the pathogenesis of filarial lymphedema: is it the worm or is it the host? | our understanding of the pathogenesis of filarial lymphedema, although evolving, is still limited. recurrent bacterial infections play a major role in the progression of lymphedema to elephantiasis, but the host and parasite factors that trigger disease development are not known. field studies in haiti show that lymphedema and host responses to parasite antigens cluster in families, consistent with the hypothesis that host genes influence lymphedema susceptibility. the recent recognition that fi ... | 2002 | 12543723 |
| a community-based trial for the control of lymphatic filariasis and iodine deficiency using salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine and iodine. | to evaluate the effectiveness of salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine (dec) and iodine for elimination of bancroftian filariasis and iodine deficiency, all consenting residents of miton, haiti (n = 1,932) were given salt fortified with 0.25% diethylcarbamazine and 25 ppm of iodine for one year. wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria prevalence and intensity, antigenemia, and urinary iodine were measured before and one year after salt distribution began. to measure the effect of dec-fortified salt o ... | 2001 | 11791989 |
| geographic distribution of lymphatic filariasis in haiti. | although lymphatic filariasis is known to have been endemic in haiti since at least the mid 1700s, a national filariasis survey has never been conducted. as a first step in the national program to eliminate filariasis, we collected blood in january-april 2001 from 50-250 school children (6-11 years old) in all 133 communes of the country using an adaptation of the lot quality assurance sampling method. of 22,365 children tested, 901 (4.0%) were positive for circulating wuchereria bancrofti antig ... | 2004 | 15569791 |
| ultrasonographic examination of haitian children with lymphatic filariasis: a longitudinal assessment in the context of antifilarial drug treatment. | to assess the clinical findings associated with detection of adult wuchereria bancrofti worms on ultrasound, 186 schoolchildren in a filariasis-endemic area of haiti underwent physical and ultrasonographic examinations. the filaria dance sign (fds) of adult w. bancrofti was detected in the inguinal and crural lymphatics of 28 (15%) children. fds detection was more common in older children (p = 0.003) and in those with a history of inguinal lymph node inflammation (p = 0.002) or crural lymphadeno ... | 2005 | 15891143 |
| residual spatial correlation between geographically referenced observations: a bayesian hierarchical modeling approach. | analytic methods commonly used in epidemiology do not account for spatial correlation between observations. in regression analyses, this omission can bias parameter estimates and yield incorrect standard error estimates. we present a bayesian hierarchical model (bhm) approach that accounts for spatial correlation, and illustrate its strengths and weaknesses by applying this modeling approach to data on wuchereria bancrofti infection in haiti. | 2005 | 15951672 |
| clinical correlates of filarial infection in haitian children: an association with interdigital lesions. | to assess clinical findings associated with wuchereria bancrofti infection, 192 school children in a filariasis-endemic area of haiti underwent physical and ultrasonographic examinations and testing for circulating filarial antigen (cfa). the cfa-positive children were more likely than cfa-negative children to have severe interdigital lesions (> or = 1 macerated lesion with involvement of > or = 4 toe web spaces) (p < 0.0001) and inguinal (p = 0.003) or crural (p = 0.004) lymph node pathology. i ... | 2005 | 16222022 |
| the leogane, haiti demonstration project: decreased microfilaremia and program costs after three years of mass drug administration. | to support the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (lf), well-monitored demonstration projects are important for defining the relationship between coverage and reductions in microfilaremia. we are using mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine (dec) and albendazole in an effort to eliminate lf from leogane, haiti. wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia prevalence at baseline ranged from 0.8% to 15.9% in four sentinel sites. after three rounds of dec-albendazole mass drug administration ( ... | 2005 | 16282299 |
| endpoints for lymphatic filariasis programs. | in 2000, annual mass administration of diethlycarbamazine and albendazole began in leogane commune, haiti, to interrupt transmission of lymphatic filariasis (lf). after 5 years of treatment, microfilaremia, antigenemia, and mosquito infection rates were significantly reduced, but lf transmission was not interrupted. these finding have implications for other lf elimination programs. | 2007 | 17553278 |
| the long battle against a horrific disease. | | 2010 | 20133549 |
| feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in leogane, haiti, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. | approximately 14 million persons living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis have lymphedema of the leg. clinical studies indicate that repeated episodes of bacterial acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (adla) lead to progression of lymphedema and that basic lymphedema management, which emphasizes hygiene, skin care, exercise, and leg elevation, can reduce adla frequency. however, few studies have prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of basic lymphedema management or assessed the role of c ... | 2010 | 20422031 |