| cases of lyme disease in the united states: locations correlated with distribution of ixodes dammini. | lyme disease, defined by erythema chronicum migrans and sometimes followed by neurologic, cardiac, or joint involvement, is known to have affected 512 patients in the united states. the disease seems to occur in three distinct foci: along the northeastern coast, in wisconsin, and in california and oregon, a distribution that correlates closely with that of ixodes dammini in the first two areas and with ixodes pacificus in the last. the implicated tick, saved by six patients in the northeast, was ... | 1979 | 496106 |
| ecto- and endoparasites of the black bear in northern wisconsin. | parasites collected from free-ranging black bears, ursus americanus, in northern wisconsin included dermacentor variabilis, d. albipictus, ixodes scapularis, demodex sp., trichodectes pinguis euarctidos, baylisascaris transfuga and dirofilaria ursi. mange, possibly caused by the demodex sp., also was observed. dental caries were common and periodontal disease was observed in one animal. | 1978 | 633522 |
| changes in population density and distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in wisconsin during the 1980s. | changes in the density and distribution of ixodes dammini, spielman clifford, piesman & corwin were assessed in wisconsin by examining hunter-killed deer for ticks in 1981 and 1989. deer examination sites were distributed widely across the state and included 23 sites in 1981 and 15 sites in 1989; 10 sites were visited both years. between 1981 and 1989, i. dammini became more abundant throughout its range, and i. dammini range expanded into the southwestern portion of wisconsin. i. dammini was no ... | 1992 | 1404249 |
| rates of borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in southwestern wisconsin. | ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin collected from a study site in southwestern wisconsin were examined for borrelia burgdorferi infection. adult spirochete infection rates varied seasonally (38.1%, spring 1990; 60.3%, fall 1990; 41.2%, spring 1991) and were similar to or higher than rates reported in various studies from the northeastern united states. statistical comparison of seasonal infection rates indicated a significant difference between the fall 1990 adult population and ... | 1992 | 1495049 |
| prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi by indirect fluorescent antibody assay, elisa, and western immunoblot in healthy adults in wisconsin and arizona. | the prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in healthy adults from wisconsin and arizona was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (ifa), elisa, and western immunoblotting. a total of 301 sera from adult volunteer blood donors were collected from three areas of wisconsin and compared with 49 consecutive anonymous adult volunteer donor sera from tucson, arizona, an area without reported lyme borreliosis. regional differences in seropositivity were found for western immunoblotti ... | 1992 | 1583334 |
| studies on the biology of ixodes dammini in the upper midwest of the united states. | the seasonal activity pattern of ixodes dammini was monitored in south-central wisconsin in 1989 and 1990. immature tick activity and abundance were assessed by small mammal trapping (732 peromyscus leucopus examined) and supplemented with flagging. tick survival and molting times were evaluated by maintaining ticks in environmental chambers at field sites. results indicate the biology of i. dammini in the upper midwest is similar to that previously reported from the eastern united states. one n ... | 1992 | 1626896 |
| survey for ixodes spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in southeastern wisconsin and northeastern illinois. | forested areas adjacent to milwaukee, wis., and chicago, ill., were investigated for rodents and ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus or peromyscus maniculatus), meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), and eastern chipmunks (tamias striatus) were captured; and specimens from these animals were cultured for b. burgdorferi to define whether the midwestern lyme disease area currently encompasses these large metropolita ... | 1991 | 2007650 |
| status of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in illinois. | ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin was found for the first time in illinois in november 1987, when two adult females were collected from two deer in jo daviess county in the northwestern corner of the state. in 1988, in a study of six state parks in northern illinois, questing adults and nymphs were encountered in one park in ogle county. during the firearm deer hunt in november 1988, adult female and male ticks were found in several counties, with a high rate of infestation (gr ... | 1990 | 2388231 |
| lyme disease and migrating birds in the saint croix river valley. | during a study of migrating land birds in 1987, we examined over 9,200 individual birds representing 99 species from the saint croix river valley, a lyme disease-endemic area of east central minnesota and northwestern wisconsin. we found that 250 deer tick (ixodes dammini) larvae and nymphs infested 58 birds from 15 migrant species; 56 ticks (22.4%) were positive for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. five ground-foraging migrant bird species favoring mesic habitats, veery (cathar ... | 1989 | 2782872 |
| the geographic distribution of lyme disease in the united states. | in 1982, national surveillance for lyme disease was established by the centers for disease control to monitor trends and determine endemic geographic areas. initially, the endemic areas corresponded to the known distribution of ixodes dammini, a five-state area of the northeastern seaboard (new york, new jersey, connecticut, rhode island, and massachusetts) and wisconsin and minnesota. increasing numbers of cases have been reported outside these areas, however, 86% of the provisional 5731 cases ... | 1988 | 3190099 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infection surrounding la crosse, wis. | this investigation defined the extent of borrelia burgdorferi infection surrounding la crosse, wis. white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus or p. maniculatis, were captured from sites in wisconsin, minnesota, and iowa and cultured for b. burgdorferi to define the local boundaries of the midwestern lyme disease area. all foci of b. burgdorferi infection (n1, n2, n3, and n4) were located north of interstate highway 90 except focus s2, which was south of the highway near fort mccoy, wis. the interst ... | 1988 | 3230137 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in white-footed mice and ixodes dammini at fort mccoy, wis. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, was isolated from 15 of 17 white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and 54 of 82 subadult ixodes dammini from fort mccoy, wis. of the 47 isolates tested, all reacted in indirect fluorescent-antibody tests with monoclonal antibodies directed against a surface protein of b. burgdorferi (approximate molecular weight, 31,000) and flagellins that are common to all borrelia species. indirect fluorescent-antibody reactions were variable when an ... | 1987 | 3305566 |
| borreliosis in free-ranging black bears from wisconsin. | blood, kidney and tick samples were obtained from 18 hunter-killed black bears (ursus americanus) from three sites in northern wisconsin. a borrelia sp., morphologically and antigenically similar to borrelia burgdorferi, was isolated from the blood of two of the animals, and from the kidney of a third. ixodes dammini and dermacentor variabilis were found on the bears. this is the first report of borreliosis in the ursidae, and of the primary vector of lyme disease, i. dammini, from this host. | 1988 | 3373646 |
| lyme disease ecology in wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini, and prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals. | lyme disease recently has been recognized in wisconsin. trapping studies were conducted at four geographically separate and ecologically distinct regions in wisconsin to elucidate the distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini on small and medium sized mammals, and the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in these wild mammals. peak i. dammini larval activity occurred from june-september. nymphs were most active from may-august. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and ch ... | 1987 | 3605501 |
| the global distribution of lyme disease. | erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), the skin lesion characteristic of lyme disease, was first described in sweden in 1909; subsequently, cases of ecm have been reported from at least 19 countries on three continents. in europe cases have occurred within the range of ixodes ricinus ticks, the recognized vector of ecm in europe, although one case outside this range has been ascribed to mosquito bites. in 1970 the first case of ecm acquired in the united states was reported, and in 1977, the full sym ... | 1985 | 3885366 |
| ixodes scapularis say in northern wisconsin. | | 1970 | 5435805 |
| lyme disease in wisconsin: epidemiologic, clinical, serologic, and entomologic findings. | in 1980-82, 80 individuals (71 wisconsin residents) had confirmed lyme disease (ld-c) reported; 39 additional patients had probable or possible ld. all cases of ld-c occurred during may-november; 73 percent occurred during june-july; 54 (68 percent) occurred in males. the mean age was 38.7 years (range, 7-77 years). among ld-c patients, likely exposure to the presumed vector ixodes dammini (id) occurred in 22 different wisconsin counties. antibodies to the id spirochete that causes ld occurred i ... | 1984 | 6334942 |
| lyme disease in minnesota: epidemiologic and serologic findings. | during the four years, 1980 to 1983, 83 minnesota residents have been diagnosed with lyme disease. sixty-five of the patients were male. the median age of patients was 39 years with a range from one to 77 years. seventy-five (90 percent) had onset in 1982 and 1983. of these latter cases, 56 (75 percent) recalled a tick bite three to 27 days prior to the development of erythema chronicum migrans. patients experienced possible exposure to ixodes dammini in at least 24 (28 percent) of the 87 minnes ... | 1984 | 6393615 |
| lyme disease: additional evidence of widespread distribution. recognition of a tick-borne dermatitis-encephalitis-arthritis syndrome in an area of known ixodes tick distribution. | lyme disease is a process of unknown etiology that has been linked to bites of ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. central minnesota is an area of known ixodes dammini distribution. this case represents the first recognition of lyme disease from this area. this case presented as a fluctuating meningoencephalitis with superimposed cranial neuropathy. the characteristic skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, was recognized by history, and oligoarticular arthritis subsequently developed. physici ... | 1982 | 7072749 |
| ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | little is known about the epidemiology and mode of transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). analyses of an engorged female ixodes dammini tick removed from an hge patient and 101 field-collected i. dammini and dermacentor variabilis from three wisconsin counties for borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila/ehrlichia equi dna revealed that the patient tick and 7 of 68 i. dammini ticks from washburn county collected in 1982 and 1991 were positive for ehrlichial ... | 1995 | 7561173 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of borrelia burgdorferi exposure of dairy cattle in wisconsin. | an elisa, using purified flagellin of borrelia burgdorferi as the solid-phase antigen, was used to measure antibody concentrations to b burgdorferi in dairy cattle in wisconsin. serum obtained from 5,060 cows in 160 randomly selected herds in the state were tested. serum from an additional 2,600 cattle in barron county, wis, a county with a high annual incidence of b burgdorferi infections in human beings, was also tested. only 7% of the cows that were tested, but 66% of the herds that were test ... | 1994 | 7802388 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) at the edge of its range in southern wisconsin. | this study examined the density and distribution of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, at the edge of its range in southern wisconsin in 1988 and 1989. the study area encompassed sites with ticks at densities ranging from the highest recorded in the state to no ticks detected, as known from previous surveys of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmerman, infestation. ticks were collected from trapped mice, peromyscus spp., and hunter-killed white-tailed deer. a sharp west-to-ea ... | 1995 | 8551513 |
| lyme disease spirochetes in ticks collected from birds in midwestern united states. | in a tick-spirochete survey conducted from all 1989 through fall 1992 in north-western wisconsin, 4,256 birds (composed of 91 species) were examined for ticks. infestations were recorded for 400 birds (composed of 30 species). of 1,184 ticks taken from 335 birds (composed of 26 species), 60 (5%) haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard) from 8 species of birds were infected with the lyme disease spirochete. borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. similar surveys conduct ... | 1996 | 8667384 |
| borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and peromyscus leucopus in northeastern wisconsin. | populations of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, are established in western and central wisconsin in the upper midwestern united states, but appear to be expanding geographically there. here, we report a previously unknown population in northeastern wisconsin. questing i. scapularis nymphs and adults were collected by flagging vegetation from a riverine site in marinette county, wisconsin, in spring of 1993 and 1994. dissection and culture of tick guts in modified barbour-stoenner-kel ... | 1996 | 8906923 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari:ixodidae): status and changes in prevalence and distribution in wisconsin between 1981 and 1994 measured by deer surveillance. | a statewide survey of blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, on white-tailed deer was conducted in 1994 to examine the status and changes in the prevalence and geographic distribution of this tick in wisconsin. i. scapularis adults were collected at 17 of 26 deer registration stations, including stations in eastern (poy sippi) and southern wisconsin (monroe) without previously reported populations. nearly all of the stations where 1 or no ticks were collected were in the eastern 1/3 of the st ... | 1996 | 8961642 |
| prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichia infection among white-tailed deer in wisconsin. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is caused by an agent that is nearly indistinguishable from the veterinary pathogens ehrlichia equi and ehrlichia phagocytophila. the deer tick, ixodes scapularis, is a vector of the hge agent, and the white-tailed deer is the primary host for adult ixodes ticks. we assessed the distribution of granulocytic ehrlichia infection among deer living within (wisconsin) and outside (western and southern iowa) the geographic range of l. scapularis. whole-blood sampl ... | 1997 | 9163463 |
| coinfection with babesia microti and borrelia burgdorferi in a western wisconsin resident. | a 68-year-old woman, who had not traveled outside of western wisconsin, was hospitalized after 4 weeks of chills, fevers, myalgias, neuralgias in her right arm, and pain in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen. physical examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly, and laboratory studies showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased aspartate transaminase level, and microscopic hematuria. wright's stain of a blood smear revealed intraerythrocytic organisms consistent with babesia species. a polymeras ... | 1998 | 9559037 |
| vegetational association of host-seeking adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), on dairy farms in northwestern wisconsin. | as a measure of the risk for exposure to lyme disease, we estimated the distribution of host-seeking adults of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, on dairy farms in barron county in northwestern wisconsin. vegetation ecotypes that were common to 18 farms that were representative of the county were surveyed by flag sampling. tick prevalence and abundance, which were similar during fall and spring periods, were very low in farmhouse yards and forage croplands; only a single male was colle ... | 1998 | 9565874 |
| diversity of babesia infecting deer ticks (ixodes dammini). | to determine whether the presence of nonpathogenic piroplasms may confound field estimates of risk of babesia microti infection, we identified sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of deer ticks (ixodes dammini) by parallel microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assays. piroplasms were evident in 14.4% of adult ticks from sites in the northcentral and northeastern united states. of these, 83.3% contained dna characteristic of ba. odocoilei. this cervid piroplasm was detected in all of the ... | 1998 | 9660456 |
| a focus of deer tick virus transmission in the northcentral united states. | we screened salivary glands from adult deer ticks collected near spooner and hayward, wisconsin, to determine whether deer tick virus, a recently described flavivirus, occurs with other tickborne agents in the upper midwest. intraacinar inclusions suggestive of replicating virus were detected in 4 (4.6%) of 87 ticks. the virus was isolated by suckling-mouse inoculation. | 1999 | 10460180 |
| ehrlichia equi infection of horses from minnesota and wisconsin: detection of seroconversion and acute disease investigation. | equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (ege) is caused by infection with ehrlichia equi. ege has been reported primarily in northern california, where e equi is transmitted by the tick ixodes pacificus. reports of ege and the emergence of human granulocytic ehrlichia in minnesota prompted a seroprevalence study of e equi in horses of minnesota and wisconsin. tick (ixodes scapularis) endemic areas of minnesota and wisconsin were compared to nonendemic regions of minnesota. indirect fluorescent antibody ... | 2000 | 10830537 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae): abundance and rate of infection with borrelia burgdorferi in four state parks in wisconsin. | four state parks located in lyme disease endemic regions of wisconsin were surveyed for the presence of ixodes scapularis say during may and june of 1998 by drag sampling along hiking trails. nymphal abundance varied between parks, with the average number of nymphs encountered in 1 h ranging from 6.2 +/- 3.8-47.1 +/- 36.3 (mean +/- sd). questing nymphs were tested for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi by culture in bsk medium and 7-12% was found to be infected. the average risk of encounterin ... | 2001 | 11268688 |
| enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in new england and wisconsin sites. | to determine whether rodents that are intensely exposed to the deer tick-transmitted agents of lyme disease, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and human babesiosis are also exposed to deer tick virus (dtv), we assayed serum samples from white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) in sites densely infested by deer ticks. to conduct serosurveys, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot assay by cloning, expressing, and purifyi ... | 2000 | 11357992 |
| canine surveillance system for lyme borreliosis in wisconsin and northern illinois: geographic distribution and risk factor analysis. | a seroprevalence survey for borrelia burgdorferi was conducted among the healthy canine pet population in selected counties of wisconsin and northern illinois to determine the distribution of lyme disease and associated risk factors. information obtained for each dog included place of residence, lyme disease vaccination status, history of travel and tick exposure, signalment, and medical history. serum samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by an immunoblot proc ... | 2001 | 11716112 |
| predicting the risk of lyme disease: habitat suitability for ixodes scapularis in the north central united states. | the distribution and abundance of ixodes scapularis were studied in wisconsin, northern illinois, and portions of the upper peninsula of michigan by inspecting small mammals for ticks and by collecting questing ticks at 138 locations in state parks and natural areas. environmental data were gathered at a local level (i.e., micro and meso levels), and a geographic information system (gis) was used with several digitized coverages of environmental data to create a habitat profile for each site and ... | 2002 | 11927027 |
| importance of primer specificity for pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophila among ixodes scapularis ticks from wisconsin. | | 2003 | 12904445 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in southern kettle moraine state forest, wisconsin, and characterization of strain w97f51. | lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner; babesiosis, caused by babesia microti franca; and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum bakken & dumler have been reported in wisconsin, mainly in the endemic areas of the northwestern part of the state. people exposed to blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, from this region can potentially contract one or all of these diseases concurrently. within the past several year ... | 2005 | 15962800 |
| infection and co-infection rates of anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) from sites in indiana, maine, pennsylvania, and wisconsin. | in total, 394 questing adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), collected at four sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for five microbial species: anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, babesia odocoilei, borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial i. scapularis endosymbiont. identities of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum were determined by sequencing a portion of the 16s dna. in 55% of infected ticks (193/351), a single agent was detected. in ... | 2008 | 18402145 |
| surveillance for lyme disease--united states, 1992-2006. | lyme disease is a multisystem disease that occurs in north america, europe, and asia. in the united states, the etiologic agent is borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, a spirochete transmitted to humans by infected ixodes scapularis and i. pacificus ticks. the majority of patients with lyme disease develop a characteristic rash, erythema migrans (em), accompanied by symptoms of fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, myalgia, or arthralgia. other manifestations of infection can include arthritis, card ... | 2008 | 18830214 |
| emergence of a new pathogenic ehrlichia species, wisconsin and minnesota, 2009. | ehrlichiosis is a clinically important, emerging zoonosis. only ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. ewingii have been thought to cause ehrlichiosis in humans in the united states. patients with suspected ehrlichiosis routinely undergo testing to ensure proper diagnosis and to ascertain the cause. | 2011 | 21812671 |
| Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin. | Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ... | 2011 | 21918026 |