| a comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, ixodes dammini, in a lyme disease endemic area. | the purpose of this study was to compare the trapping and examining of mice, drag sampling, and co2-baited traps for their ability to detect the presence and abundance of immature deer ticks, ixodes dammini, in a lyme disease endemic area in southern new york state. eight study sites were sampled 14 times between 28 may and 31 august by setting 49 live-traps, four co2-baited traps, and drag sampling 500 m2. a total of 1540 nymphs and 3079 larvae was collected during the study. drag sampling coll ... | 1992 | 1638929 |
| the geographic spread and temporal increase of the lyme disease epidemic. | to describe the temporal and geographic progression of the lyme disease epidemic in new york state from 1977 through 1989. | 1991 | 1870248 |
| evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of lyme disease in southern new york state. | a 2-yr evaluation of a commercial product designed to reduce the risk of lyme disease by delivering permethrin-treated cotton to white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) was conducted at three sites in westchester county, n.y., an area where lyme disease is endemic. we examined the numbers of host-seeking nymphal ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, the numbers of larval i. dammini infesting mice, and the proportion of nymphs infected with borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent ... | 1991 | 1941916 |
| microgeographic distribution of immature ixodes dammini ticks correlated with that of deer. | in order to determine whether the small-scale distribution of immature ixodes dammini spielman et al. corresponds closely to the activity patterns of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman), these relationships were examined in a site on long island, new york, u.s.a. we first determined the extent and temporal pattern of adult ticks feeding on deer by examining twenty-three resident deer tranquilized during september-december 1985. i. dammini adults infested deer throughout this fa ... | 1990 | 2132979 |
| the role of medium-sized mammals as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi in southern new york. | the ability of raccoons (procyon lotor), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and opossums (didelphis virginiana) to serve as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, was compared with that of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus). twenty-eight (28) medium-sized mammals and 34 white-footed mice were captured in westchester county, new york (usa) in summer 1986. animals were caged over pans of water for 1 to 2 days to recover engorged tick larvae (ixodes dammini) ... | 1990 | 2388356 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi dna in museum specimens of ixodes dammini ticks. | in order to investigate the potential for borrelia burgdorferi infection before the recognition of lyme disease as a clinical entity, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to examine museum specimens of ixodes dammini (deer ticks) for the presence of spirochete-specific dna sequences. one hundred and thirty-six archival tick specimens were obtained representing various continental u.s. locations; dna sequences characteristic of modern day isolates of b. burgdorferi were detected in 13 194 ... | 1990 | 2402635 |
| seasonal activity and survival of adult ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in southern new york state. | mark-recapture studies demonstrated that adult ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman, and corwin in southern new york successfully overwinter and resume active host-seeking in the spring. thus, the resulting bimodal peak in autumn and spring appears to reflect temperature-induced activity of the same cohort and not different generations. adult tick abundance in the field was monitored by counting the number of ticks collected by a domestic dog on routine walks and correcting for the effects ... | 1989 | 2585455 |
| habitat distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) an lyme disease spirochetes on fire island, new york. | the distributions of ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman, and corwin and lyme disease spirochetes were studied on fire island, n.y. adult ticks were more common in high-shrub habitats (shrubby vegetation greater than or equal to 1 m high) than in grassy and lowshrub habitats (vegetation less than 1 m) in spring and fall. in the fall, adults were also common in the woods. adults were more abundant on narrow trails than in nearby vegetation. during the summer, questing nymphs and larvae wer ... | 1989 | 2724316 |
| host associations of ticks (acari: ixodidae) parasitizing medium-sized mammals in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york. | ticks of eight medium-sized mammal species were studied in an area of endemic lyme disease in westchester county, n.y., from 1 april 1984 to 31 march 1985. most (81%) of the 266 total mammal captures were raccoon, procyon lotor (l.) (47%), opossum, didelphis virginiana (kerr) (19%), and striped skunk, mephitis mephitis schreber (15%); these host species accounted for 91% of the 1,519 ticks collected. although the total number of ticks was rather evenly distributed among these mammals, species co ... | 1989 | 2724317 |
| potential for exposure to tick bites in recreational parks in a lyme disease endemic area. | eight recreational parks located in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york state were surveyed for the presence of ticks during the summer of 1985 by drag sampling. ixodes dammini, the primary vector of lyme disease in the northeast, was found in all but one park and accounted for 580 (91.8 per cent) of the 632 ticks collected. of these, 18 per cent were larvae, 80 per cent were nymphs, and 2 per cent were adults. an i. dammini encounter distance, defined as the mean number of meters t ... | 1989 | 2909174 |
| new borrelia burgdorferi antigenic variant isolated from ixodes dammini from upstate new york. | a previously undescribed borrelia burgdorferi antigenic variant was isolated from each of four ixodes dammini larvae removed from white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus, captured in millbrook, n.y. this site is in the northern range of the known distribution of the tick in the northeastern united states. the molecular weights of approximately 32,500 and 35,500 for outer surface a and outer surface b proteins, respectively, were distinctly higher than those for previously characterized isolates f ... | 1988 | 3183008 |
| ticks parasitizing humans in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york state. | a total of 126 tick specimens were submitted by tick bite victims to the westchester county department of health, white plains, new york, and to the new york medical college, medical entomology laboratory, armonk, new york, during 1985. these included 96 (76.2%) ixodes dammini, 26 (20.6%) dermacentor variabilis, and two (1.6%) amblyomma americanum. i. dammini parasitism was reported during all months of the year except december and february and involved all life stages. only d. variabilis adults ... | 1988 | 3189288 |
| the geographic distribution of lyme disease in the united states. | in 1982, national surveillance for lyme disease was established by the centers for disease control to monitor trends and determine endemic geographic areas. initially, the endemic areas corresponded to the known distribution of ixodes dammini, a five-state area of the northeastern seaboard (new york, new jersey, connecticut, rhode island, and massachusetts) and wisconsin and minnesota. increasing numbers of cases have been reported outside these areas, however, 86% of the provisional 5731 cases ... | 1988 | 3190099 |
| borreliosis in equids in northeastern united states. | during 1982 and 1985, blood samples from 705 equids were examined for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. by indirect immunofluorescence staining, igm and total immunoglobulin (igm and igg) antibodies were detected in 37 (5.3%) and 90 (12.8%) serum specimens, respectively. the geometric mean titer for igm antibody (140.4) was highest during july, whereas total immunoglobulin ranged from 94.1 in october to 338 in may. eighty-six equids with total immunoglobulin to b burgdorferi lived in areas of ... | 1988 | 3282461 |
| prevalence of ixodes dammini near the homes of lyme disease patients in westchester county, new york. | cases of lyme disease that occurred in westchester county, an affluent suburb north of new york city, in 1983 were investigated in 1983 and 1984 to determine the presence of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in the vicinity of the patients' homes. small mammal trapping, drag cloth, and carbon dioxide-baited tick traps were used to sample ticks. in all but one of 11 cases investigated, i. dammini was found on or near well-maintained lawns in the immediate vicinity of the residences. a mark-release ... | 1988 | 3354547 |
| spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer from connecticut, new york state, and north carolina. | ticks were screened for spirochetes and serum samples from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were assayed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi during 1983-1984. using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antibodies produced to b. burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, spirochetes were detected in ixodes dammini (10.5% of 1,193) and dermacentor albipictus (0.6% of 157) adults from connecticut, i. dammini nymphs (49.1% of 108) and adults (64.7% of 99) from armonk, new yo ... | 1986 | 3520030 |
| comparison of rates of infection by the lyme disease spirochete in selected populations of ixodes dammini and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae). | at a major endemic focus in new jersey, 50% of 290 adult ixodes dammini collected in the fall of 1984 were infected with the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), which was statistically higher than the rate found in the 202 adult ticks (39.6%) examined during the spring. neither sex nor site of collection within the focus significantly affected the infection rate. the observed infection rates were similar to those reported in endemic areas of new york and connecticut. borrelia burgdor ... | 1986 | 3577494 |
| ixodes dammini and borrelia burgdorferi in northern new england and upstate new york. | | 1987 | 3585637 |
| choroid plexitis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern new york state. | brains, spinal cords, nerve roots, nerves and muscle tissues were removed from deer in southern new york state and examined for histologic evidence of infection by the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. there was no histologic evidence of this infection and only four of 26 deer had serologic evidence of past infection despite the fact that all were parasitized by the tick vector, ixodes dammini. of these ticks, 21% were carrying b. burgdorferi. in contrast, most of the deer h ... | 1987 | 3603961 |
| prevalence of the lyme disease spirochete in populations of white-tailed deer and white-footed mice. | the prevalence of the ixodes dammini spirochete (ids) in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) was studied on the eastern end of long island, new york. both species commonly occur in a variety of habitats, are preferred hosts of ixodes dammini, and can harbor the spirochetes in the blood. each animal was examined for spirochetemia, tick infestation, and ids infection rates in the ticks that were removed from it. the results obtained suggest that i ... | 1984 | 6516461 |
| a microfilaria of exceptional size from the ixodid tick, ixodes dammini, from shelter island, new york. | thirty or more microfilariae 0.70-1.32 mm in length were recovered from the hemocele of an unengorged adult tick, ixodes dammini, that was collected from vegetation on shelter island, new york. among approximately 500 i. dammini collected from the same area only 1 other was similarly infected. outstanding features, in addition to size, were absence of a cephalic space and the presence of nuclei in 2 or 3 irregular rows extending to the end of a bluntly rounded tail. the microfilariae apparently ... | 1984 | 6527192 |
| serosurvey for human babesiosis in new york. | healthy individuals at high risk of exposure to ticks were surveyed to determine the prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic babesiosis on shelter island, new york, during a single transmission season. paired sera obtained in june and october 1978 were tested for antibodies to babesia microti by indirect immunofluorescence. point prevalence values of 4.4% in june and 6.9% in october were obtained. six of 102 persons tested in both months showed at least a fourfold rise in titer of antibodies to ... | 1980 | 7189538 |
| variation in ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacers 1 among eastern populations of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the base sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its 1) of ribosomal dna of the tick ixodes scapularis say (= i. dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) was determined to assess genetic divergence between populations along the eastern (atlantic) seaboard of the united states. twenty sequences were obtained from localities down the eastern margin of the species's range: 10 from the southeast (georgia and florida), seven from the middle east (north carolina, maryland), and three from ... | 1995 | 7616527 |
| evaluation of ixodes scapularis, amblyomma americanum, and dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) from georgia as vectors of a florida strain of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | the ability of three common tick species from georgia to maintain and transmit the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, was compared under laboratory conditions. a b. burgdorferi cotton rat isolate (mi-6) from florida was selected as a strain from the south, and the sh2-82 isolate from new york was used as a positive control. amblyomma americanum (l.) and dermacentor variabilis (say) did not transmit the mi-6 isolate from inoculated hamsters to naive laboratory mice, and nympha ... | 1995 | 7650697 |
| increase in abundance of immature ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in an emergent lyme disease endemic area. | changes in the abundance of immature ixodes scapularis say, the primary vector of lyme disease, were assessed over a 7-yr period in westchester county, new york, where the disease is endemic. in total, 4,000 m2 were drag sampled at each of 6 study sites in june and july of 1984 and 1991. the abundance of nymphs collected from all sites was 2.6-fold greater in 1991 than in 1984. four of the 6 sites had significantly more nymphs in 1991, with increases ranging from 1.1- to 46.5-fold. the abundance ... | 1995 | 7650715 |
| landscape patterns of abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) on shelter island, new york. | nymphal ixodes scapularis say, the vector of lyme borreliosis, was most common in forested areas across shelter island, suffolk county, new york, and least common in xeric habitats such as beach and grassland. at the scale of individual house yards, nymphs were most common at wooded edges of property and least common on lawns. the abundance of ticks at yard edges was positively correlated with numbers on lawns and in landscaping, suggesting that tick abundance in woods affects abundances in adja ... | 1994 | 7815400 |
| cultivation of borrelia burgdorferi from human tick bite sites: a guide to the risk of infection. | the risk of acquiring lyme disease has been evaluated by xenodiagnostic procedures with laboratory strains of borrelia burgdorferi and laboratory-reared ixodes ticks, or by clinical trials in which diagnosis was based on clinical findings, culture, or serologic tests. | 1995 | 7829700 |
| comparative analysis of genetic variability among borrelia burgdorferi isolates from europe and the united states by restriction enzyme analysis, gene restriction fragment length polymorphism, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | the genomes of 62 north american and european borrelia burgdorferi isolates were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea), gene probe restriction fragment length polymorphism, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). hybridization of restriction fragments with the immunologically relevant 83-kda antigen gene revealed polymorphisms and divided the isolates into three major groups. group i included all but two of the american isolates and some of the european isolates. one of two ca ... | 1993 | 7905881 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) deer tick mesoscale populations in natural areas: effects of deer, area, and location. | nymphal ixodes scapularis say deer ticks were collected at 22 parks or other natural areas on long island, new york, to examine the relationship between tick populations and geographic position, size of area, presence of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman), and numbers of human lyme disease cases in adjacent communities. nymphal ticks were 93% less abundant when deer were absent and were also less common in smaller natural areas. geographic position on long island was not impor ... | 1994 | 8158618 |
| reduced abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and lyme disease risk by deer exclusion. | the effect of deer exclosures upon the numbers of immature ixodes scapularis say, the vector of lyme disease in the eastern united states, was examined at five sites in westchester county, ny. study areas ranged in size from 6 to 101 ha where deer had been excluded for a period of 25 yr by > 2.4-m-high fencing that surrounded each site. a total area of 40,506 m2 was drag-sampled during the study to measure tick abundance. nymphal densities (ticks per 1,000 m2) averaged 4.6 (range, 1.3-9.6) insid ... | 1993 | 8271246 |
| serological responses in lyme disease: the influence of sex, age, and environment. | in the laboratory, the serodiagnosis of lyme disease is a difficult decision, especially in early disease. the variability in the immune response to the borrelia burgdorferi spirochete and the lack of specificity and sensitivity of commercial assays for the detection of antibodies in early disease have contributed to the difficulty of serodiagnosis. this study examines the serological data of over 20,000 serum specimens submitted for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and/or western blot ... | 1993 | 8323257 |
| relative importance of bird species as hosts for immature ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in a suburban residential landscape of southern new york state. | abundance of birds and their tick parasites were estimated in a residential community located in westchester county, ny, where lyme disease is endemic. in total, 36 bird species (416 captures) were collected, of which 25 species (69%) were parasitized by ticks. ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin composed 96.4% of the 1,067 ticks found on birds. the bird species most heavily parasitized was house wren, troglodytes aedon vieillot (11.1 ixodes dammini per bird). relative density es ... | 1993 | 8360897 |
| entomologic and demographic correlates of anti-tick saliva antibody in a prospective study of tick bite subjects in westchester county, new york. | we measured anti-tick saliva antibody (atsa) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using whole sonicated ixodes dammini salivary glands as antigen in subjects with 1) a recent and confirmed i. dammini (n = 100) or dermacentor variabilis bite (n = 3), 2) erythema migrans (n = 15), 3) late-stage lyme disease (n = 4), and 4) normal controls without a history of tick bites (n = 5). tick bite subjects had three atsa determinations over approximately six weeks. on the first atsa measurement at a mean + ... | 1993 | 8427388 |
| canine exposure to borrelia burgdorferi and prevalence of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) on deer as a measure of lyme disease risk in the northeastern united states. | surveillance programs that identify areas where both the vector (ixodes dammini) and etiologic agent (borrelia burgdorferi) are present may identify the risk of lyme disease and its spread earlier and more accurately than do programs relying on any single method, particularly human case reports. hunter-killed deer (n = 1,204) from 22 counties in maryland, massachusetts, new hampshire, new york, and pennsylvania were examined in fall 1989 and all ectoparasites were identified. the following sprin ... | 1993 | 8433324 |
| occurrence and distribution in rhode island of hunterellus hookeri (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), a wasp parasitoid of ixodes dammini. | the wasp hunterellus hookeri howard parasitizes several species of ixodid ticks including ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, the vector of lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi, in the northeastern united states. we detected the occurrence and evaluated the distribution of this wasp parasitoid in populations of i. dammini in rhode island. there has been no intentional introduction of a tick parasitoid recorded anywhere in rhode island; yet, we found this wasp at one of ... | 1993 | 8433338 |
| application of desiccant and insecticidal soap treatments to control ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) nymphs and adults in a hyperendemic woodland site. | the desiccant drione (1% pyrethrin) and safer's insecticidal soap (0.2% pyrethrin) formulated with and without isopropyl alcohol (roh) were field tested against nymphal and adult populations of ixodes scapularis say in a hyperendemic woodlot in westchester county, new york. drione, insecticidal soap, and insecticidal soap with roh provided equivalent levels of control for nymphs and adults. compared with untreated plots, nymphal populations were significantly reduced 1 (93.3-100%) and 2 (66.4-85 ... | 1995 | 8551510 |
| timing of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) oviposition and larval activity in southern new york. | timing of oviposition and larval eclosion for fall- and spring-fed female blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, and effect of temperature on those events in southern new york state, where lyme disease is endemic, were determined in the field. we also examined seasonal pattern of larval host-seeking activity, as well as rate of survival for overwintering, unfed larvae. totals of 9 and 8 replete female i. scapularis were released in fall 1988 and spring 1989, respectively. for the 10 females th ... | 1996 | 8906918 |
| experimental transmission of powassan virus (flaviviridae) by ixodes scapularis ticks (acari:ixodidae). | transmission experiments were performed with ixodes scapularis ticks from an uninfected laboratory colony. immature and adult ticks were exposed to powassan (pow) viremic hamsters and rabbits, respectively. oral infection rates for engorged larvae, nymphs and females fed on pow-infected hosts were 10%, 40%, and 57%, respectively. transstadial transmission rates for nymphs exposed to pow virus as larvae, adults exposed as larvae, and adults exposed as nymphs, were 9.5%, 10%, and 54%, respectively ... | 1996 | 8940987 |
| transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by host-seeking ixodus scapularis (acari:ixodidae) in southern new york state. | ixodes scapularis say nymphs collected from a natural focus of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in westchester county, new york, transmitted the hge agent to uninfected mice in the laboratory. infection was demonstrated in 3 of 8 mice by polymerase chain reaction analysis of whole blood and microscopic examination of blood smears for morulae. two of these mice were also positive by xenodiagnosis. positive xenodiagnostic larvae maintained infection through molting and transferred infection t ... | 1997 | 9220669 |
| deer ticks (ixodes scapularis) and the agents of lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a new york city park. | rodent trapping and drag sampling in van cortlandt park, new york city, yielded all stages of ixodes scapularis, the deer tick vector of lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). polymerase chain reaction analyses of the ticks showed borrelia burgdorferi and the ehrlichia sp. that causes hge. | 1997 | 9284380 |
| antibodies to ehrlichia equi in dogs from the northeastern united states. | to determine whether dogs living in tickinfested areas of the northeastern united states had been exposed to ehrlichia equi, an etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | 1997 | 9364226 |
| landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for lyme disease using satellite imagery. | remotely sensed characterizations of landscape composition were evaluated for lyme disease exposure risk on 337 residential properties in two communities of suburban westchester county, new york. properties were categorized as no, low, or high risk based on seasonally adjusted densities of ixodes scapularis nymphs, determined by drag sampling during june and july 1990. spectral indices based on landsat thematic mapper data provided relative measures of vegetation structure and moisture (wetness) ... | 1997 | 9430528 |
| a population genetic study of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto from eastern long island, new york, suggested frequency-dependent selection, gene flow and host adaptation. | eastern long island, new york, is one of the major foci of lyme disease in the united states. as in almost all other parts of north america, lyme disease in this region is caused by a single genomic species of spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. for three consecutive years, natural populations of lyme borrelia in this region were sampled and studied for gene flow among different locations, changes in population structure over time, and selective forces. the genetic diversity of borre ... | 1997 | 9474903 |
| coinfection of blacklegged ticks (acari: ixodidae) in dutchess county, new york, with the agents of lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, collected from forested sites in dutchess county, ny, were tested for infection with the etiologic agents of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). rates of infection with the 2 pathogens were high and independent of one another, confirming prior findings and suggesting that a variety of hosts may be competent reservoirs of the hge agent. | 1998 | 9775627 |
| human babesiosis in new york state: review of 139 hospitalized cases and analysis of prognostic factors. | babesiosis infections are infrequent, occur in limited geographic locations, and range from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. | 1998 | 9801183 |
| estimation of the incidence of lyme disease. | the incidence of lyme disease in most endemic areas is unknown but will be an important factor in determining the cost-effectiveness of lyme disease vaccines in those areas. the authors developed a deterministic model with nine components to estimate the frequency of ixodes scapularis tick bites and the resulting incidence of lyme disease in residents of endemic areas. for each component, best point estimates and plausible ranges of values were based on the published literature, unpublished data ... | 1998 | 9829875 |
| geographic risk for lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern new york state. | ixodes scapularis, the tick vector of lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), is prevalent in much of southern new york state. the distribution of this species has increased, as have reported cases of both lyme disease and hge. the unreliability of case reports, however, demonstrates the need for tick and pathogen surveillance in order to accurately define areas of high risk. in this study, a total of 89,550 m2 at 34 study sites was drag sampled in 1995 and a total of 51,540 m2 a ... | 1998 | 9835546 |
| temporal relation between ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. | understanding the role that nymphal and female ticks, ixodes scapularis, have in the epidemiology of lyme disease is essential to the development of successful prevention programs. in this study, the authors sought to evaluate the seasonal and annual relations between tick densities and patients > or = 16 years of age diagnosed with erythema migrans (em), the rash associated with early lyme disease. ticks were collected weekly by drag sampling throughout most of the year from 1991 to 1996 in wes ... | 1999 | 10206627 |
| antibody levels to recombinant tick calreticulin increase in humans after exposure to ixodes scapularis (say) and are correlated with tick engorgement indices. | the antibody responses of subjects who presented with a definite ixodes scapularis (say) tick bite were measured to determine the utility of the antibody response against recombinant tick calreticulin (rtc) as a biologic marker of tick exposure. subjects bitten by i. scapularis evidenced an increase in anti-rtc antibody levels between visit 1 and visit 2 from 24.3 to 27.1 ng/microl serum (n = 88, p = 0.003), and levels remained elevated at visit 3 (p = 0.005). these anti-rtc antibody levels duri ... | 1999 | 10206628 |
| preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in southern new york and new england, usa. | free-living larval, nymphal, and adult ixodes scapularis say were collected from scattered locales in southern new england and new york to determine infection rates with entomopathogenic fungi. infection rates of larvae, nymphs, males, and females were 0% (571), 0% (272), 0% (57), and 4.3% (47), respectively. two entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from field-collected i. scapularis females from fire island, ny. isolates were identified as verticillium lecanii (zimmermann) viegas and verticilli ... | 1999 | 10534961 |
| infestation of peromyscus leucopus and tamias striatus by ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in relation to the abundance of hosts and parasites. | the risk of humans acquiring lyme disease is a function of the local density of nymphal and adult ticks that are infected with lyme disease spirochetes. this in turn, will be related to host-use patterns of ticks and to the densities of both juvenile ticks and their hosts. at a forested site in dutchess county, ny, we quantified host-use patterns of larval and nymphal ixodes scapularis say infesting the 2 dominant vertebrate hosts, white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks, during a 3-yr period. l ... | 1999 | 10593076 |
| comparative study of early lyme disease: erythema migrans in new york state and northeastern poland. | the objective was to compare the clinical features of early local lyme disease: erythema migrans (em) between two highly endemic areas: new york state and northeastern poland. study was based on self reporting questionnaires, physical examination, and laboratory results. | 2002 | 11782679 |
| effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal ixodes scapularis ticks. | risk of exposure to lyme disease is a function of the local abundance of nymphal ixodes ticks that are infected with the etiological agent, the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. we monitored abundance of white-footed mice (the principal b. burgdorferi reservoir in the eastern and central united states) and acorns (a critical food resource for mice), and ixodes scapularis ticks, as well as ambient temperature (cumulative growing degree days) and growing season precipitation, in a forested landscap ... | 2001 | 12653136 |
| spatiotemporal variation in a lyme disease host and vector: black-legged ticks on white-footed mice. | we monitored population density of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), burdens of immature black-legged ticks (ixodes scapularis) on mice, and infection prevalence of host-seeking ticks on six forest plots in southeastern new york state from 1995 through 1999. despite densities of mice that fluctuated two orders of magnitude, average larval and nymphal tick burdens per mouse remained remarkably constant. spatial variability in mouse density and tick burdens was modest. the total number of l ... | 2001 | 12653143 |
| the effects of bird feeders on lyme disease prevalence and density of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in a residential area of dutchess county, new york. | the effects of bird feeders on local densities of ixodes scapularis ticks and prevalence of lyme disease were examined in residential areas of dutchess county, ny. ticks were collected, counted, and analyzed for borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes in 2001-2002 on residential properties with and without bird feeders. tick densities and infection prevalence were not significantly different on properties with and without bird feeders. furthermore, analysis of a questionnaire, administered to 580 local ... | 2003 | 14680124 |
| effects of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on the molting success of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) larvae. | we assessed the effects of sympatric (occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas) and allopatric (occurring in separate geographic areas) isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum on the survival of ixodes scapularis say larvae that were derived from ticks collected in bridgeport, ct. seven isolates of a. phagocytophilum, originating from different geographic regions of the united states, were tested: four isolates from the northeast (bridgeport, dawson, gaillard, and ny-8), two from the mid ... | 2004 | 15185953 |
| estimating population size and drag sampling efficiency for the blacklegged tick (acari: ixodidae). | estimates of absolute density were determined over a 5-yr period (1990-1994) for a population of ixodes scapularis say located in westchester county, ny, by mark-release-recapture (nymphs and adults) and removal (larvae) methods. density estimates for larvae ranged from 5.2 to 16.5/m2 and averaged 11.5/m2. values for nymphs varied as much as fourfold among successive years, ranging from 0.5 to 2.3/m2 and averaging 1.2/m2, whereas adult density ranged from 0.3 to 0.4/m2, averaging 0.33/m2. natura ... | 2000 | 15535578 |
| babesia microti, upstate new york. | five cases of human babesiosis were reported in the lower hudson valley region of new york state in 2001. an investigation to determine if babesia microti was present in local ixodes scapularis ticks yielded 5 positive pools in 123 pools tested, the first detection of b. microti from field-collected i. scapularis in upstate new york. | 2005 | 15757571 |
| a defensin-like gene expressed in the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis. | the black-legged tick ixodes scapularis linnaeus (acari: ixodidae) is an important vector of microbial pathogens. knowledge of the tick's innate immune response, particularly defensin and other antimicrobial peptides, is important for understanding how microbes survive in this tick. a defensin gene (slna) from i. scapularis was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using mrna extracted from tissues of female ticks. rt-pcr indicated the gene was expressed in the mid ... | 2005 | 16336297 |
| new ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1970). | babesia odocoilei was found to infect two previously unknown host species, desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni) and musk oxen (ovibos moschatus), both of which are members of the family bovidae. previously, b. odocoilei has been reported in only cervidae hosts. new geographic regions where b. odocoilei infections have not been reported previously include pennsylvania and new york, where fatal babesiosis has occurred in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus); new hampshire, where elk (ce ... | 2005 | 16456156 |
| strategies for reducing the risk of lyme borreliosis in north america. | the incidence of lyme borreliosis continues to increase in the united states. in 1991, when lyme borreliosis first became a nationally reportable disease to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), a total of 9470 cases were reported; in contrast, by 2002 a total of 23,763 cases were reported, >2.5x the total in 1991. area-wide acaricides can be highly effective in killing nymphal ixodes scapularis, with >95% of nymphs killed in studies using cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, or carbaryl. t ... | 2006 | 16524769 |
| molecular analysis of microbial communities identified in different developmental stages of ixodes scapularis ticks from westchester and dutchess counties, new york. | ixodes scapularis ticks play an important role in the transmission of a wide variety of pathogens between various mammalian species, including humans. pathogens transmitted by ticks include borrelia, anaplasma and babesia. although ticks may harbour both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microflora, little is known about how the diversity of the microflora within ticks may influence the transmission of pathogens. to begin addressing this question, we examined the composition of bacterial communities ... | 2006 | 16623735 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals in new york state. | intensive small mammal trapping was conducted in 12 counties in new york state during 1998-2000 to investigate the prevalence and site specificity of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi in, and presence of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say on, the wild mice peromyscus leucopus rafinesque and peromyscus maniculatus wagner and other small mammal species. previously captured mice (1992-1997) from throughout new york state also were recruited into the study, providing a total ... | 2006 | 17017230 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is clonal in patients with early lyme borreliosis. | lyme borreliosis, the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in north america, is caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. given the extensive genetic polymorphism of b. burgdorferi, elucidation of the population genetic structure of the bacterium in clinical samples may be relevant for understanding disease pathogenesis and may have applicability for the development of diagnostic tests and vaccine preparations. in this investigation, the genetic polymorphism of the 16s-23s rrna (rrs- ... | 2008 | 18539816 |
| surveillance for lyme disease--united states, 1992-2006. | lyme disease is a multisystem disease that occurs in north america, europe, and asia. in the united states, the etiologic agent is borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, a spirochete transmitted to humans by infected ixodes scapularis and i. pacificus ticks. the majority of patients with lyme disease develop a characteristic rash, erythema migrans (em), accompanied by symptoms of fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, myalgia, or arthralgia. other manifestations of infection can include arthritis, card ... | 2008 | 18830214 |
| diluting the dilution effect: a spatial lyme model provides evidence for the importance of habitat fragmentation with regard to the risk of infection. | this paper aims to construct a spatially-explicit model of ixodes scapularis infection in the state of new york, usa, based on climate traits, high-resolution landscape features and patch-connectivity according to graph theory. the degree of risk for infection is calculated based on empirical data of host abundance, previous studies on host infectivity rates and tick preferences towards a given host. the outcome signifies what is called the "recruitment of infection", i.e. an index representing ... | 2009 | 19440959 |
| acaricidal treatment of white-tailed deer to control ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in a new york lyme disease-endemic community. | the efficacy of topically treating white-tailed deer with an acaricide was evaluated in a lyme disease-endemic community of southern new york state. twenty-four 4-poster feeders were placed in a 5.2 km(2) treatment area in bedford, ny, while a site in lewisboro, ny, 4.8 km distant, served as control. treatment periods ran from 15 september to 15 december each fall from 1997 to 2001, and from 15 march to 15 may each spring from 1998 to 2002. corn consumption averaged 15,779 kg in fall sessions an ... | 2009 | 19650732 |
| assessment of polymicrobial infections in ticks in new york state. | ixodes scapularis ticks are clinically important hematophagous vectors. a single tick bite can lead to a polymicrobial infection. we determined the prevalence of polymicrobial infection with borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, borrelia miyamotoi, and powassan virus in 286 adult ticks from the two counties in new york state where lyme disease is endemic, utilizing a masstag multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. seventy-one percent of the ticks harbored at least ... | 2010 | 19725770 |
| agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota. | the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ... | 2011 | 21867420 |
| Molting success of Ixodes scapularis varies among individual blood meal hosts and species. | The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is an important vector of emerging human pathogens. It has three blood-feeding stages, as follows: larva, nymph, and adult. Owing to inefficient transovarial transmission, at least for the Lyme disease agent (Borrelia burgdorferi), larval ticks rarely hatch infected, but they can acquire infection during their larval blood meal. Nymphal ticks are primarily responsible for transmitting pathogens to hosts, including humans. The transition from uninfected ho ... | 2011 | 21845946 |