| lyme disease and migrating birds in the saint croix river valley. | during a study of migrating land birds in 1987, we examined over 9,200 individual birds representing 99 species from the saint croix river valley, a lyme disease-endemic area of east central minnesota and northwestern wisconsin. we found that 250 deer tick (ixodes dammini) larvae and nymphs infested 58 birds from 15 migrant species; 56 ticks (22.4%) were positive for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. five ground-foraging migrant bird species favoring mesic habitats, veery (cathar ... | 1989 | 2782872 |
| the geographic distribution of lyme disease in the united states. | in 1982, national surveillance for lyme disease was established by the centers for disease control to monitor trends and determine endemic geographic areas. initially, the endemic areas corresponded to the known distribution of ixodes dammini, a five-state area of the northeastern seaboard (new york, new jersey, connecticut, rhode island, and massachusetts) and wisconsin and minnesota. increasing numbers of cases have been reported outside these areas, however, 86% of the provisional 5731 cases ... | 1988 | 3190099 |
| ixodes dammini: occurrence and prevalence of infection with borrelia spp. in minnesota. | the distribution of ixodes dammini in minnesota was studied by collecting adult ticks from hunting dogs during the grouse seasons in september and october of 1985 and 1986. the tick was most frequently found in the east-central part of the state. borrelia spp. were observed by immunofluorescence in 10% of the ticks. the locations where ticks were found coincide with the primary endemic areas for lyme disease in the state. | 1988 | 3193571 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infection surrounding la crosse, wis. | this investigation defined the extent of borrelia burgdorferi infection surrounding la crosse, wis. white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus or p. maniculatis, were captured from sites in wisconsin, minnesota, and iowa and cultured for b. burgdorferi to define the local boundaries of the midwestern lyme disease area. all foci of b. burgdorferi infection (n1, n2, n3, and n4) were located north of interstate highway 90 except focus s2, which was south of the highway near fort mccoy, wis. the interst ... | 1988 | 3230137 |
| the global distribution of lyme disease. | erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), the skin lesion characteristic of lyme disease, was first described in sweden in 1909; subsequently, cases of ecm have been reported from at least 19 countries on three continents. in europe cases have occurred within the range of ixodes ricinus ticks, the recognized vector of ecm in europe, although one case outside this range has been ascribed to mosquito bites. in 1970 the first case of ecm acquired in the united states was reported, and in 1977, the full sym ... | 1985 | 3885366 |
| lyme disease in minnesota: epidemiologic and serologic findings. | during the four years, 1980 to 1983, 83 minnesota residents have been diagnosed with lyme disease. sixty-five of the patients were male. the median age of patients was 39 years with a range from one to 77 years. seventy-five (90 percent) had onset in 1982 and 1983. of these latter cases, 56 (75 percent) recalled a tick bite three to 27 days prior to the development of erythema chronicum migrans. patients experienced possible exposure to ixodes dammini in at least 24 (28 percent) of the 87 minnes ... | 1984 | 6393615 |
| lyme disease: additional evidence of widespread distribution. recognition of a tick-borne dermatitis-encephalitis-arthritis syndrome in an area of known ixodes tick distribution. | lyme disease is a process of unknown etiology that has been linked to bites of ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. central minnesota is an area of known ixodes dammini distribution. this case represents the first recognition of lyme disease from this area. this case presented as a fluctuating meningoencephalitis with superimposed cranial neuropathy. the characteristic skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, was recognized by history, and oligoarticular arthritis subsequently developed. physici ... | 1982 | 7072749 |
| serologic surveillance for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in minnesota by using white-tailed deer as sentinel animals. | to determine the effectiveness of white-tailed deer as sentinel animals in serologic surveillance programs for borrelia burgdorferi, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western immunoblotting analyses on 467 deer serum samples. the seropositivity rate in the elisa was 5% for the 150 samples collected at the three sites in which the tick ixodes scapularis was absent. the three sites with established i. scapularis populations had a seropositivity rate of 80% for 317 samples. ... | 1994 | 8150955 |
| serologic analysis of white-tailed deer sera for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western immunoblotting. | white-tailed deer serum samples were collected in the minneapolis-st. paul, minn., metropolitan area during the fall and winter months from 1989 to 1992 and analyzed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. ninety-eight percent of the serum samples were collected from regions where currently the vector tick, ixodes dammini, is nonexistent. antibodies to b. burgdorferi were detected in 2.2% of 508 samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their pres ... | 1993 | 8432818 |
| prevalence of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in deer ticks (ixodes dammini) collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in saint croix state park, minnesota. | during a special two-day hunt (11, 12 november 1989) in saint croix state park, minnesota (usa), one side of the neck for each of 146 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was examined for ticks. of the 5,442 ticks collected, 90% (4,893) were the winter tick, dermacentor albipictus, and 10% (549) were the deer tick, ixodes dammini, the primary vector of the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. adult males had the greatest frequency of infestation of either d. albipictus (1 ... | 1993 | 8445791 |
| multivariate morphometric discrimination of nymphal and adult forms of the blacklegged tick (acari: ixodidae), a principal vector of the agent of lyme disease in eastern north america. | a morphological study of postlarval stages of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, was conducted to examine congruence between northern (formerly i. dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) and southern morphotypes. the character set totaled 17 for females, 25 for males, and 28 for nymphs. populations from 6 geographic areas, f1 progeny from reciprocal crosses between i. scapularis from massachusetts and georgia, and i. pacificus cooley & kohls from california were measured. charact ... | 1995 | 8551506 |
| lyme disease spirochetes in ticks collected from birds in midwestern united states. | in a tick-spirochete survey conducted from all 1989 through fall 1992 in north-western wisconsin, 4,256 birds (composed of 91 species) were examined for ticks. infestations were recorded for 400 birds (composed of 30 species). of 1,184 ticks taken from 335 birds (composed of 26 species), 60 (5%) haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard) from 8 species of birds were infected with the lyme disease spirochete. borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. similar surveys conduct ... | 1996 | 8667384 |
| multivariate morphometrics of larvae of the blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis) with notes on nomenclature. | a morphological study of the larval stage of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis, was conducted to further examine congruence between northern and southern morphotypes. preliminary anova revealed that 9 characters were not significantly different; thus 28 characters were used in analyses of a total of 8 groups of i. scapularis originally from minnesota, massachusetts, maryland, missouri, north carolina, georgia, f1 progeny of reciprocal crosses of ticks from massachusetts and georgia, and i. ... | 1996 | 8973400 |
| natural infection of small mammal species in minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | the natural reservoirs for the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) are suspected to be the small mammals that host immature stages of ixodes scapularis ticks. to determine if such small mammals are naturally infected, we collected blood and serum samples from small mammal species in rural and suburban areas of minneapolis and st. paul, minn. samples were collected from white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), eastern chipmunks (tamias striatus), southern red-backed voles (clethrionomy ... | 1997 | 9157141 |
| ehrlichia equi infection of horses from minnesota and wisconsin: detection of seroconversion and acute disease investigation. | equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (ege) is caused by infection with ehrlichia equi. ege has been reported primarily in northern california, where e equi is transmitted by the tick ixodes pacificus. reports of ege and the emergence of human granulocytic ehrlichia in minnesota prompted a seroprevalence study of e equi in horses of minnesota and wisconsin. tick (ixodes scapularis) endemic areas of minnesota and wisconsin were compared to nonendemic regions of minnesota. indirect fluorescent antibody ... | 2000 | 10830537 |
| new records of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in minnesota. | the minnesota distribution of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis, was studied during 1998 and 1999. the majority of tick collecting was done by grouse hunters, who sent in specimens collected during the fall of 1998 and 1999. i. scapularis specimens were received from 17 counties, including eight counties in northern and central minnesota that previously had no reports of i. scapularis. this brings the number of minnesota counties with reported populations of i. scapularis to 30, mostly in ... | 2000 | 11217214 |
| the prevalence of borrelia burgdorfieri (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (rickettsiaceae: ehrlichieae) in ixodes scapularis (acari:ixodidae) collected during 1998 and 1999 from minnesota. | we tested 103 adult ixodes scapularis say from 12 counties in minnesota for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi and the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 17 ticks (16.5%) was positive for b. burgdoiferi using nested pcr for the flagellin gene. or both pcr for the ospa gene and nested pcr for the flagellin gene. a total of four ticks (3.8%) was positive for the agent of hge using nested pcr for 16s rdna. counties in minnes ... | 2002 | 11931260 |
| surveillance for lyme disease--united states, 1992-2006. | lyme disease is a multisystem disease that occurs in north america, europe, and asia. in the united states, the etiologic agent is borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, a spirochete transmitted to humans by infected ixodes scapularis and i. pacificus ticks. the majority of patients with lyme disease develop a characteristic rash, erythema migrans (em), accompanied by symptoms of fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, myalgia, or arthralgia. other manifestations of infection can include arthritis, card ... | 2008 | 18830214 |
| emergence of a new pathogenic ehrlichia species, wisconsin and minnesota, 2009. | ehrlichiosis is a clinically important, emerging zoonosis. only ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. ewingii have been thought to cause ehrlichiosis in humans in the united states. patients with suspected ehrlichiosis routinely undergo testing to ensure proper diagnosis and to ascertain the cause. | 2011 | 21812671 |
| agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota. | the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ... | 2011 | 21867420 |