| uridine monophosphate kinase 3: a genetic marker for susceptibility to haemophilus influenzae type b disease. | alaskan eskimos have the highest known prevalence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease, primarily meningitis, affecting 1-5% of all children in the first two years of life. in this population a polymorphic genetic variant of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme, uridine monophosphate kinase-3 (umpk-3), was found to be positively associated with invasive hib disease (relative risk 3.3) and a tendency towards a younger age at onset of illness. there was no difference in levels of natur ... | 1985 | 2863446 |
| difficulties in establishing a serological correlate of protection after immunization with haemophilus influenzae conjugate vaccines. | in several studies the protective concentration of anti-haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) capsular polysaccharide (ps) antibodies has been concluded to be around 0.04 to 0.20 microgram/ml. after the finnish hib polysaccharide vaccine trial it was estimated that 1 microgram/ml has to be achieved to predict long term protection after vaccination. these estimates of protective anti-hib ps antibody concentrations were based on the assumption that protection from invasive hib disease is mediated by ... | 1994 | 7779368 |
| genetic factors in haemophilus influenzae type b disease susceptibility and antibody acquisition. | because alaskan eskimos have the greatest known endemic risk of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease and represent a comparatively homogeneous population, we selected this population to evaluate the presence or absence of an association of 35 genetic markers (alleles or allotypes) at 12 chromosomal loci with susceptibility to both invasive hib disease risk and level of hib anticapsular antibody. we studied nearly all alaskan eskimo children who had had invasive hib disease between 1971 an ... | 1987 | 3492597 |
| recurrent invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease in alaskan natives. | alaskan natives (indians and eskimos) have an extraordinary incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease (500 cases/100,000 children younger than 5 years of age) and also an increased incidence of recurrent disease. however, the incidence of primary hib disease and recurrent disease are not excessive in non-native children in alaska (mainly caucasian). twelve recurrent cases in alaskan natives were studied, 10 of which were detected in surveillance activities between 1971 an ... | 1987 | 3495776 |
| pharyngeal carriage and acquisition of anticapsular antibody to haemophilus influenzae type b in a high-risk population in southwestern alaska. | haemophilus influenzae type b disease in alaskan eskimos is characterized by greatly increased disease incidence at younger ages. this suggests that eskimo infants have increased exposure to the disease. exposure was studied in 1982-1983 in children less than age three years who lived in four eskimo villages, as well as in a random sample of their family members (354 people from 132 households). during a 12-month period, up to four pharyngeal cultures and two serum specimens were obtained from e ... | 1987 | 3500640 |
| haemophilus influenzae disease in alaskan eskimos: characteristics of a population with an unusual incidence of invasive disease. | during 1971-77 the incidence of bacterial meningitis among alaskan eskimos was 84.4 cases per 100 000 population per year, which is more than 10 times that for most other u.s. populations. haemophilus influenzae (hi) accounted for 68% of meningitis cases. the average annual incidence of hi disease per 100 000 children below 5 years of age was 409 for patients with meningitis only and 491 for patients with all systemic hi disease. children with hi meningitis in alaska tended to be younger than th ... | 1981 | 6112604 |
| hib vaccine efficacy trials continue; data needed about use in younger children. | | 1989 | 2648039 |
| molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in haemophilus influenzae type b isolates from alaska. | native alaskans have a high incidence of disease caused by invasive haemophilus influenzae type b and represent an isolated population for epidemiological study. we used plasmid dna analysis and subtyping of outer membrane proteins as markers to characterize 29 ampicillin-resistant, invasive strains and seven ampicillin-resistant, noninvasive strains of this organism from distinct geographic regions. all 36 strains produced beta-lactamase; 34 strains transferred resistance by conjugation. seven ... | 1985 | 2987365 |
| high prevalence of invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in central australia, 1986. | | 1986 | 2876362 |
| commentary: results of efficacy trials in alaska and finland of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. | | 1990 | 2179858 |
| limited efficacy of a haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in alaska native infants. the alaska h. influenzae vaccine study group. | the prevention of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease requires a vaccine that is effective when administered during the first six months of life. the infants of alaska natives are at particularly high risk of invasive h. influenzae type b disease. | 1990 | 2233906 |
| it's 'north to alaska' for research on some vaccines by infectious diseases staff. | | 1990 | 2158578 |
| effectiveness of haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. | to determine the clinical effectiveness of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccines. study identification and selection: computerized searches of medline, embase and scisearch databases were performed, and the reference list of each retrieved article was reviewed. two prospective clinical trials of hib polyribosyl ribitol phosphate conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (prp-d) were identified. in addition, one cohort study of the prp-d vaccine, two trials of the prp vaccine, five case-control st ... | 1990 | 2107962 |
| dtp immunization and susceptibility to infectious diseases. is there a relationship? | a two-part study was carried out in alaskan native children to evaluate the potential risk of invasive bacterial disease and the occurrence of minor illnesses after immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (dtp). first, a case-control comparison was performed with 186 children who had invasive haemophilus influenzae type b or streptococcus pneumoniae disease (cases) and 186 healthy controls matched for sex, region of residence, birth date, and number of d ... | 1991 | 2058605 |
| bacterial meningitis in southwestern alaska. | between july 1, 1971, and june 30, 1974, thirty-nine cases of bacterial meningitis were diagnosed at the alaska native health service hospital at bethel, alaska. thirty-two (82%) occurred in infants less than one year of age. haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae) was the predominant causative agent, and was isolated from 23 (72%) of the 32 patients under one year of age. the annual incidence of h. influenzae meningitis in the bethel area was 63/100,000, and the annual incidence of h. influenzae ... | 1977 | 920727 |
| immunogenicity of a combined hepatitis b and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in alaska native infants. | hepatitis b and haemophilus influenzae b (hib), prevalent diseases in alaska native infants, have been reduced 95% following universal vaccination. therefore, we were interested in studying a new combined hib and hepatitis b vaccine in this population. | 1998 | 10093291 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b anticapsular antibody responses to prp-pertussis and prp-d vaccines in alaska native infants. | to evaluate immune responses in alaska native infants at high risk for invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease, we studied prp-pertussis and prp-d conjugate vaccines in this population relative to responses in white infants in california and new york. infants were immunized at two, four, and six months of age (both vaccines). in the prp-pertussis trial, there were no significant differences in antibody levels at any age between alaska native infants and infants from california. only ... | 1988 | 3262694 |
| severity and frequency of sequelae of bacterial meningitis in alaska native infants. correlation with a scoring system for severity of sequelae. | to (1) determine the frequency and severity of sequelae of haemophilus influenzae type b and streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in alaska native children, (2) compare morbidity and mortality of h influenzae b and s pneumoniae meningitis, and (3) evaluate the applicability of the herson-todd prognostic score (htps) to both h influenzae b and s pneumoniae meningitis in this population. | 1992 | 1621657 |
| comparative immunogenicity of four haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in alaska native infants. | we compared the immunogenicity of the four available haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccines in alaska native infants. three of the vaccines, hib oligosaccharide-crm197 (hboc), polyribosylribitol phosphate-diphtheria toxoid (prp-d) and polyribosylribitol phosphate-tetanus toxoid (prp-t), were given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, and the prp neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein (prp-omp) conjugate vaccine was given at 2 and 4 months of age. enrollment was largely sequential ... | 1993 | 8345981 |
| the challenge of ongoing haemophilus influenzae type b carriage and transmission in alaska. | cases of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease in alaskan children quickly dropped 10-fold after widespread vaccination with a conjugate vaccine (prp-omp) began in 1991. however, reemergence of invasive disease in 1996-97 soon followed a change to a combination diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis/h. influenzae type b vaccine which incorporates a different conjugate vaccine (hboc). previously unrecognized persistence of h. influenzae type b carriage in rural alaska, coupled with characte ... | 1999 | 10540498 |
| emerging infectious diseases in alaska and the arctic: a review and a strategy for the 21st century. | emergence of new, previously unknown, and drug-resistant infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. the emergence of infectious diseases in alaska and the arctic parallels the resurgence of infectious diseases worldwide. the centers for disease control and prevention has developed a strategy to revitalize the capacity to protect the public from emerging infectious diseases by improving four major public health activities: surveillance and response, applied research, infrastructure ... | 1999 | 10434444 |
| effects of age, breast feeding, and household structure on haemophilus influenzae type b disease risk and antibody acquisition in alaskan eskimos. | invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease occurs with unusually high incidence in alaskan eskimos. in 1983, the authors evaluated the unique susceptibility of the yupik-speaking eskimo population in southwest alaska. a matched case-control design was used to assess the influence of age, breast feeding, and household composition on disease risk, with a historical cohort design to evaluate their effects on acquisition of hib anticapsular antibody. the authors studied 103 cases with know ... | 1991 | 1746530 |
| acute suppurative otitis media. | | 1975 | 240150 |
| invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease in alaska: background epidemiology for a vaccine efficacy trial. | in a previous study we demonstrated that alaskan eskimos had the highest endemic incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease. in 1980 we established a prospective surveillance program for all invasive hib disease throughout alaska to characterize additional epidemiological features of disease in native alaskans to plan for a vaccine efficacy trial and define the epidemiology of hib disease in all population groups in the state. for the three-year period, 1980-1982, 287 conf ... | 1986 | 3484505 |
| reemergence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease in a well-vaccinated population in remote alaska. | before vaccination, alaska natives experienced very high rates of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease and carriage. vaccination with hib conjugate vaccine prp-omp (polyribosylribitol phosphate neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein) began in 1991 and resulted in a sharp decline in cases. in 1996, after switching to a different hib conjugate vaccine, dtp-hboc (which combines diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccines with hboc [hib oligosaccharide crm197]), cases of ... | 1999 | 9841828 |
| bacterial pathogens in chronic otitis media with effusion in alaska native children. | this study examined the bacterial pathogens and the presence of possible risk factors for the development of chronic otitis media with effusion (ome) in a group of alaska native children. middle ear aspirates were collected from 128 children < 6 years of age requiring tympanocentesis between 1987 and 1989. bacterial pathogens were cultured from 40% of 209 fluids. predominant isolates, after contamination of the outer ear was controlled for, were haemophilus influenzae (21%; 84% of these were non ... | 1999 | 10434443 |
| experience with the prevention of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease by vaccination in alaska: the impact of persistent oropharyngeal carriage. | to report the epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease in high-risk alaska native infants before and after universal infant hib vaccination and evaluate an increase in invasive hib disease in 1996 after changing hib vaccine type. | 2000 | 10969253 |
| invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in alaskan residents aged 10 years and older before and after infant vaccination programs. | the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccination of children has led to a decline in incidence of hib disease in young alaskan children. however, the impact of vaccination on unimmunized alaskan adolescents and adults has not been studied. | 2000 | 10865303 |
| reemergence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease in alaska: is it because of vaccination with polyribosylribitol phosphate outer membrane protein complex (prp-ompc) or failure to vaccinate with prp-ompc? | | 2000 | 10669389 |
| immunologic response to haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine and risk factors for carriage among hib carriers and noncarriers in southwestern alaska. | continued haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) carriage in rural alaska contributes to the ongoing risk of invasive disease. community-wide hib carriage surveys were conducted in three villages in southwestern alaska. sixteen carriers and 32 age- and village-matched controls were enrolled and were vaccinated with hib oligosaccharide-crm(197) conjugate vaccine. serum immunoglobulin g (igg) concentration, antibody avidity, and serum bactericidal activity (sba) were measured prior to hib vaccination ... | 2006 | 16760318 |
| uridine monophosphate kinase and susceptibility to invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease. | a polymorphic genetic variant of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme, uridine monophosphate kinase-3 (umpk-3), was positively associated with invasive hib disease. all umpk 3-3 homozygotes in this study were hib cases, and we found that in cases and controls, there was no difference between umpk phenotype and serum levels of total hib antibody as measured by radioimmunoassay. this suggests that umpk-3 may play a role in mediating the non-humoral immunity to hib. however, unlike other enzyme variants i ... | 1986 | 3014829 |
| pediatrics in the panhandle. | | 2003 | 14686012 |
| epidemiology of haemophilus influenzae serotype a, north american arctic, 2000-2005. | before the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccines, rates of invasive h. influenzae disease among indigenous people of the north american arctic were among the highest in the world. routine vaccination reduced rates to low levels; however, serotype replacement with non-type b strains may result in a reemergence of invasive disease in children. we reviewed population-based data on invasive h. influenzae in alaska and northern canada from 2000-2005; 138 cases were re ... | 2008 | 18258076 |
| outbreak of invasive haemophilus influenzae serotype a disease. | haemophilus influenzae serotype a is a rare cause of invasive disease. we report 5 cases of invasive h. influenzae type a that occurred in 3 infants living in a remote region of alaska during the last 6 months of 2003. h. influenzae type a isolates from this outbreak were closely related as determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. continued surveillance is necessary to monitor trends in h. influenzae invasive disease. | 2005 | 15876947 |
| underimmunization of american indian and alaska native children. | the goal was to determine whether disparities in childhood immunization coverage exist between american indian/alaska native children and non-hispanic white children. | 2008 | 18450897 |
| the alaska haemophilus influenzae type b experience: lessons in controlling a vaccine-preventable disease. | before 1991, alaska native children experienced one of the highest rates of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease. h influenzae type b vaccine has led to a near-elimination of invasive h influenzae type b disease in the united states. we describe challenges encountered in controlling h influenzae type b disease in alaska and update the current status of h influenzae disease and carriage in alaska as lessons to other populations. | 2006 | 16882783 |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity to haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine among rural alaska adults. | despite routine vaccination and declining disease rates, haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) invasive disease still occurs in rural alaska. colonization studies indicate persistent transmission of hib among village residents, including adults. as part of a project to eliminate hib carriage in three rural villages, we evaluated a cohort of alaska adults for antibody response and reactogenicity to a single dose of hib conjugate vaccine (hboc). | 2006 | 17012896 |
| reemergence, in southwestern alaska, of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease due to strains indistinguishable from those isolated from vaccinated children. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) invasive disease and oropharyngeal carriage continue in rural alaska despite widespread vaccination. this study investigated whether invasive-disease reemergence during 1996-1997 could be attributed to strains distinguishable from strains carried by vaccinated children. twenty-four invasive and 42 carriage hib isolates, collected during 1992-1997, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and biotyping. t ... | 2002 | 12232836 |
| enhanced immunogenicity of a sequential haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine schedule in alaska native infants. | | 1999 | 10571446 |
| the us arctic investigations program: infectious disease prevention and control research in alaska. | | 1996 | 8596272 |
| Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease--United States, 1989-2008. | With the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, there has been a dramatic reduction of Hib disease in young children and the epidemiological trends of invasive H. influenzae have shifted. | 2011 | 22080119 |
| haemophilus disease in alaskan and canadian children. | | 2010 | 20118746 |
| the association between having a medical home and vaccination coverage among children eligible for the vaccines for children program. | the vaccines for children (vfc) program is designed to reduce the cost of vaccines for vulnerable children, including medicaid-eligible children, american indian/alaska native children, uninsured children, and underinsured children whose health insurance does not cover the cost of vaccinations. a desired consequence of the program is to promote comprehensive continuous medical care within a medical home for these children. | 2005 | 15995043 |
| the continuing role of haemophilus influenzae type b carriage surveillance as a mechanism for early detection of invasive disease activity. | prior to the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccines, hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under five years of age worldwide. in countries that have adopted hib vaccination schedules, invasive disease has reduced markedly. oro-naso pharyngeal carriage is recognized as the most significant source of infection. hib carriage is significantly associated with poverty, such as overcrowding, poor ventilation in houses, lack of running water, and ... | 2011 | 22108040 |
| longitudinal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in indigenous australian and alaska native children with bronchiectasis. | indigenous children in australia and alaska have very high rates of chronic suppurative lung disease (csld)/bronchiectasis. antibiotics, including frequent or long-term azithromycin in australia and short-term beta-lactam therapy in both countries, are often prescribed to treat these patients. in the bronchiectasis observational study we examined over several years the nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in these two pcv7-vaccinated populations. | 2013 | 23940582 |
| modeling insights into haemophilus influenzae type b disease, transmission, and vaccine programs. | in response to the 2007-2009 haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine shortage in the united states, we developed a flexible model of hib transmission and disease for optimizing hib vaccine programs in diverse populations and situations. the model classifies population members by age, colonization/disease status, and antibody levels, with movement across categories defined by differential equations. we implemented the model for the united states as a whole, england and wales, and the alaska n ... | 2012 | 22257582 |
| haemophilus influenzae serotype a invasive disease, alaska, usa, 1983-2011. | before introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccines, rates of hib disease in alaska's indigenous people were among the highest in the world. vaccination reduced rates dramatically; however, invasive h. influenzae type a (hia) disease has emerged. cases of invasive disease were identified through alaska statewide surveillance during 1983-2011. of 866 isolates analyzed for serotype, 32 (4%) were hia. no hia disease was identified before 2002; 32 cases occurred during 2002-2011 (p<0 ... | 2013 | 23735653 |