| the importance of agricultural tire habitats for mosquitoes of public health importance in new york state. | the presence of mosquito species breeding in agricultural "bunker tires" on dairy farms in new york state was evaluated. twelve species of mosquitoes (aedes vexans, anopheles barberi, an. punctipenriis, an. perplexens, culex pipiens pipiens, cx. restuans, cx. salinarius, cx. territans, toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, ochlerotatus atropalpus, oc. japonicus japonicus, and oc. triseriatus) were collected from 8 new york state dairy farms in 2001 and from 17 dairy farms in 2002. all but 2 of ... | 2005 | 16033118 |
| effect of environmental temperature on the ability of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) to transmit west nile virus. | environmental temperature can affect the ability of mosquitoes to transmit an arbovirus. however, results of various studies indicate that these effects are not consistent among viruses or mosquito species, and there is no information available on the effect of environmental temperature on the ability of north american mosquito species to transmit west nile (wn) virus. we evaluated the effect of incubation temperature (18, 20, 26, or 30 degrees c) on the ability of culex pipiens l. derived from ... | 2002 | 11931261 |
| west nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, staten island, new york, 2000. | west nile (wn) virus transmission in the united states during 2000 was most intense on staten island, new york, where 10 neurologic illnesses among humans and 2 among horses occurred. wn virus was isolated from aedes vexans, culex pipiens, cx. salinarius, ochlerotatus triseriatus, and psorophora ferox, and wn viral rna was detected in anopheles punctipennis. an elevated weekly minimum infection rate (mir) for cx. pipiens and increased dead bird density were present for 2 weeks before the first h ... | 2001 | 11589172 |
| vector competence of north american mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus. | we evaluated the potential for several north american mosquito species to transmit the newly introduced west nile (wn) virus. mosquitoes collected in the new york city metropolitan area during the recent wn virus outbreak, at the assateague island wildlife refuge, va, or from established colonies were allowed to feed on chickens infected with wn virus isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak. these mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 wk later to determine infection, disseminati ... | 2001 | 11296813 |
| insecticide resistance in culex pipiens from new york. | insecticides are the primary means to control culex pipiens, an enzootic vector of west nile virus, in the usa. to better understand how the evolution of resistance might impact control of this insect, we investigated the levels of resistance in populations collected from 2 metropolitan areas (albany and syracuse, ny) to 4 larvicides (methoprene, phenothrin, bacillus sphaericus [bs], and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [bti]) and 1 adulticide (phenothrin) registered for mosquito control in ne ... | 2005 | 16252522 |
| culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) relative abundance and vector competence for west nile virus. | the abundance and vector competence of culex restuans theobald and culex pipiens l. were compared to determine the relative importance of these species as west nile virus (wnv) vectors in the northeastern united states. abundance was estimated from egg raft collections at 12 sites in albany, suffolk, and richmond counties, new york, during july, august, and september 2002 and 2003. cx. restuans was more abundant than cx. pipiens in both urban and rural areas, comprising 86% of 1,623 egg rafts co ... | 2005 | 16363169 |
| sentinel pigeon surveillance for west nile virus by using lard-can traps at differing elevations and canopy cover classes. | sentinel pigeons, columba livia, were installed in lard-can traps at heights of 1.5 m and 7.6-9.1 m within differing canopy cover classes in new york city. adult mosquitoes were collected weekly from july to october 2002, as were serum samples from each pigeon. culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald comprised 97% of mosquitoes collected and were most numerous in canopy-level, forested traps. the west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) seroconversion rate was significan ... | 2005 | 16465746 |
| genetic differences between culex pipiens f. molestus and culex pipiens pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in new york. | the definition and phylogenetic placement of the autogenous molestus form of culex pipiens has puzzled entomologists for decades. we identified genetic differences between cx. p. pipiens (l.) and cx. pipiens f. molestus forskål in the sh60 fragment described previously. single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, cloning, and sequencing of this fragment demonstrated high polymorphism within and among individual cx. p. pipiens, with common sh60 variants shared among individuals from distant ... | 2007 | 17294920 |
| field evaluation of cdc gravid trap attractants to primary west nile virus vectors, culex mosquitoes in new york state. | a field study was conducted to evaluate two cdc gravid trap attractants available for the west nile virus surveillance program in new york state (nys). according to potential attractiveness, a common lawn sod in nys, kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis) infusion and a rabbit chow infusion were compared for attractiveness to primary west nile virus vectors, culex mosquitoes. attractiveness of each infusion was measured by the number of adult mosquitoes caught in cdc gravid traps and the number of e ... | 2004 | 15532922 |
| description of a culex pipiens gynandromorph from new york city. | morphology and internal anatomy of a culex pipiens l. bipolar gynandromorph that was collected on september 3, 2005 in a gravid trap at springfield park in the borough of queens, new york city, ny is presented. the head of the mosquito possessed male palpi, compared to the rest of the body, which had female anatomical and morphological characteristics. the relation of morphological characteristics to physiological responses of the gynandromorph is discussed. | 2006 | 17304944 |
| west nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in new york state, 2000-2004. | a west nile virus (wnv) surveillance system was created and implemented in new york state (nys) in 2000 and described previously (white et al. 2001). we examine and evaluate the results of mosquito and virus surveillance for 2000 through 2004 exclusive of new york city. forty-nine counties submitted 1,095,426 mosquitoes in 35,280 pools for wnv assay. specimens of 47 species were tested, with culex species accounting for 47.6% of all pools tested. wnv was detected in 814 pools from 10 species, wi ... | 2006 | 17019772 |
| isolation of bunyamwera serogroup viruses (bunyaviridae, orthobunyavirus) in new york state. | during routine arbovirus surveillance from 2000 to 2004 in new york state (nys), 14,788 mosquito pools making up 36 species and nine genera were inoculated onto vero cell cultures to test for abroad spectrum of viruses. forty-six percent of viruses isolated in cell culture from species, excluding culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald, were identified as bunyamwera serogroup viruses. here, we report the distribution and level of bunyamwera activity in nys detected during this period. we de ... | 2006 | 17017240 |
| comparison of vero cell plaque assay, taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rna assay, and vectest antigen assay for detection of west nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes. | mosquitoes collected during the epidemic of west nile virus (wn) in staten island, ny, during 2000 were identified to species, grouped into pools of up to 50 individuals, and tested for the presence of wn by using taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to detect west nile viral rna, vero cell plaque assay to detect infectious virus, and vectest wnv/sle antigen panel assay. a total of 10,866 specimens was tested in 801 pools. analysis of results indicated that taqman rt-p ... | 2002 | 12542186 |
| west nile virus infection in birds and mammals. | west nile virus (wnv) was found throughout new york state in year 2000. the epicenter was located in new york city with a high level of activity in the immediately surrounding counties, including rockland, westchester, nassau, and suffolk. during 2000, wnv testing was performed by the wadsworth center on 3,687 dead birds, representing 153 species, 46 families, and 18 orders. there were 1,203 wnv-positive birds, representing 63 species, 30 families and 14 orders. the percentage of wnv-positive bi ... | 2001 | 11797807 |
| west nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds. | captive and free-ranging birds have been used for decades as living sentinels in arbovirus surveillance programs. this review summarizes information relevant to selecting sentinel bird species for use in surveillance of west nile (wn) virus. although experience using avian sentinels for wn virus surveillance is limited, sentinels should be useful for both detecting and monitoring wn virus transmission; however, sentinel bird surveillance systems have yet to be adequately tested for use with the ... | 2001 | 11797805 |
| west nile virus: uganda, 1937, to new york city, 1999. | west nile virus, first isolated in 1937, is among the earliest arthropod-borne viruses discovered by humans. its broad geographical distribution, not uncommon infection of humans, transmission by mosquitoes, and association with wild birds as enzootic hosts were well documented by the mid-1960s. however, west nile virus was not considered to be a significant human pathogen because most infections appeared to result in asymptomatic or only mild febrile disease. several epidemics had been document ... | 2001 | 11797781 |
| west nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, new york state, 2000. | west nile (wn) virus was found throughout new york state in 2000, with the epicenter in new york city and surrounding counties. we tested 3,403 dead birds and 9,954 mosquito pools for wn virus during the transmission season. sixty-three avian species, representing 30 families and 14 orders, tested positive for wn virus. the highest proportion of dead birds that tested positive for wn virus was in american crows in the epicenter (67% positive, n=907). eight mosquito species, representing four gen ... | 2001 | 11585532 |
| west nile virus isolates from mosquitoes in new york and new jersey, 1999. | an outbreak of encephalitis due to west nile (wn) virus occurred in new york city and the surrounding areas during 1999. mosquitoes were collected as part of a comprehensive surveillance program implemented to monitor the outbreak. more than 32,000 mosquitoes representing 24 species were tested, and 15 wn virus isolates were obtained. molecular techniques were used to identify the species represented in the wn virus-positive mosquito pools. most isolates were from pools containing culex pipiens ... | 2001 | 11585523 |
| detection of west nile virus-infected mosquitoes and seropositive juvenile birds in the vicinity of virus-positive dead birds. | mosquitoes and wild birds were collected from three sites near locations in the new york city metropolitan area where single, west nile (wn) virus-positive dead birds were found early in the 2000 transmission season. the mosquitoes were tested for the presence of infectious virus with a vero cell culture assay and for wn viral rna by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) protocols. serum samples from wild birds were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies agai ... | 2002 | 12479550 |
| host-feeding habits of culex and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the borough of queens in new york city, with characters and techniques for identification of culex mosquitoes. | the host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (n = 247) collected in the borough of queens in new york city in july and august 2000 were investigated using an indirect elisa and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-heteroduplex assay. culex pipiens l. and cx. restuans theobald fed primarily on birds, and their feeding habits support their implication as enzootic vectors of west nile virus. culex salinarius coquillett and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) fed mainly on mammals, with fewer blood meals tak ... | 2002 | 12349862 |
| migratory birds and west nile virus. | west nile virus was first recorded in the new world during august 1999 in new york city. aetiology of the disease in the old world indicated birds as the likely introductory and amplifying hosts with ornithophilous mosquitoes, e.g. culex pipiens, as the principal vectors. speculation regarding likely agents for movement of the virus in its new environment focused on migratory birds, but evidence to date is equivocal. while spread of the disease has been fairly rapid, at a rate of roughly 70 km a ... | 2003 | 12675936 |
| effect of incubation at overwintering temperatures on the replication of west nile virus in new york culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | we examined the effect of simulated overwintering temperatures on west nile (wn) virus replication in culex pipiens l. derived from mosquitoes collected during the autumn 1999 wn epizootic in new york. the wn virus was a strain isolated from a dead crow also collected during this outbreak. virus was recovered from most mosquitoes held exclusively at 26 degres c. in contrast, none of the mosquitoes held exclusively at the lower temperatures had detectable infections. when mosquitoes were transfer ... | 2001 | 11372976 |
| a comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in chicago, illinois, and new york city, new york, using microsatellites. | aboveground and belowground populations of the mosquito culex pipiens l. are traditionally classified as form pipiens and form molestus, respectively, and gene flow between forms is thought to be limited. relatively few f. molestus populations have been found in the united states, which has hindered their study in north america. in this study, we used microsatellites to characterize a newly discovered population of f. molestus in chicago, il, and compared levels of genetic diversity and differen ... | 2010 | 20939375 |
| potential for new york mosquitoes to transmit west nile virus. | we evaluated the potential for several north american mosquito species to transmit the newly introduced west nile (wn) virus. mosquitoes collected in the new york city metropolitan area during the recent (1999) wn outbreak were allowed to feed on chickens infected with wn virus isolated from a crow that had died during this outbreak. these mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 weeks later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. culex pipiens mosquitoes were highly suscept ... | 2000 | 11037788 |
| the effect of west nile virus perceptions and knowledge on protective behavior and mosquito breeding in residential yards in upstate new york. | a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) questionnaire combined with entomological surveys of residential mosquito-breeding sites were conducted in two upstate new york neighborhoods. we tested the hypothesis that "correct" west nile virus (wnv) knowledge and perceptions correspond with the use of practices that prevent mosquitoes from breeding and biting. our results demonstrate that perceptions of wnv relate to the number of positive containers in yards and the use of mosquito preventive me ... | 2009 | 19452223 |
| detection of broadly distributed sodium channel alleles characteristic of insect pyrethroid resistance in west nile virus vector culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in the united states. | west nile virus (wnv) has emerged as a health threat to the north american population since its initial outbreak in new york city in 1999. culex (culex) pipiens complex mosquitoes have been considered to play the primary role in the enzootic maintenance and transmission of wnv in north america. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nach) gene contains pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in the coding region in many insect species. however, the knowledge of potential nach mutations was minimal ... | 2009 | 19351083 |
| distribution and abundance of host-seeking culex species at three proximate locations with different levels of west nile virus activity. | culex species were monitored at three proximate sites with historically different west nile virus (wnv) activities. the site with human wnv transmission (epidemic) had the lowest abundance of the putative bridge vectors, culex pipiens and cx. salinarius. the site with horse cases but not human cases (epizootic) had the highest percent composition of cx. salinarius, whereas the site with wnv-positive birds only (enzootic) had the highest cx. pipiens abundance and percent composition. a total of 2 ... | 2009 | 19346396 |
| dirofilaria immitis and its potential mosquito vectors in central new york state. | screening of 25,822 dog blood samples indicated approximately a 1% infection rate with dirofilaria immitis. dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae were found in approximately 2% of 1,876 feral dogs examined. laboratory experimentation indicated that 6 of 10 local mosquito species examined allowed successful extrinsic incubation of d immitis. indices of experimental infection indicated aedes triseriatus and anopheles quadrimaculatus were excellent hosts for d immitis, but other factors considered, ... | 1977 | 20828 |
| studies on hibernating populations of culex pipiens from a west nile virus endemic focus in new york city: parity rates and isolation of west nile virus. | a 3-year study was undertaken to examine the parity status, survival, and prevalence of west nile virus (wnv) in overwintering populations of culex pipiens pipiens collected from a hibernaculum located in a wnv endemic region in new york city. nearly 6,000 females were collected from december through april. parity rates were highest among females collected in december and january, ranging from 12.3% to 21.9%, depending on the year. in each year of the study, the proportion of parous females decl ... | 2010 | 21033052 |
| identification of environmental covariates of west nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. | the rapid spread of west nile virus (wnv) in north america is a major public health concern. culex pipiens-restuans is the principle mosquito vector of wnv in the northeastern united states while aedes vexans is an important bridge vector of the virus in this region. vector mosquito abundance is directly dependent on physical environmental factors that provide mosquito habitats. the objective of this research is to determine landscape elements that explain the population abundance and distributi ... | 2010 | 20482343 |
| genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in culex pipiens from a west nile virus epidemic region in chicago, illinois. | mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex are important vectors of west nile virus in the united states. we examined the genetic variations of cx. pipiens mosquitoes from chicago, illinois that were determined to be principally ornithophilic but exhibited a relatively higher inclination for mammalian hosts including humans. microsatellite analysis of 10 polymorphic markers was performed on 346 engorged cx. pipiens specimens with identified avian or mammalian blood meals. our results indicated that ... | 2009 | 19281434 |
| characterization of a small plaque variant of west nile virus isolated in new york in 2000. | a small-plaque variant (sp) of west nile virus (wnv) was isolated in vero cell culture from kidney tissue of an american crow collected in new york in 2000. the in vitro growth of the sp and parental (wt) strains was characterized in mammalian (vero), avian (df-1 and pde), and mosquito (c6/36) cells. the sp variant replicated less efficiently than did the wt in vero cells. in avian cells, sp growth was severely restricted at high temperatures, suggesting that the variant is temperature sensitive ... | 2007 | 17617432 |
| emergence of culex pipiens from overwintering hibernacula. | overwintering populations of culex pipiens, the principal enzootic vector of west nile virus in the northeastern usa, were studied over 3 consecutive winters from 2006 to 2008, using mark-recapture techniques to determine when cx. pipiens females began to disperse from overwintering hibernacula and how their survival influenced early season populations. in february of each year, cx. pipiens were aspirated and marked using fluorescent powder; 4,067, 752, and 3,070 diapausing cx. pipiens were mark ... | 2011 | 21476444 |
| genetic insights into the population structure of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in the northeastern united states by using microsatellite analysis. | members of the culex pipiens complex are considered as biting nuisance and vectors of important arbo-viruses including west nile virus (wnv). to analyze the genetic structure of urban and rural populations of cx. pipiens form pipiens and gain insights into behavioral implications, mosquitoes were collected from established wnv transmission foci in connecticut from october 2006 through october 2007, examined by using microsatellite markers, and compared with other populations from neighboring sta ... | 2008 | 18840738 |
| meteorologically conditioned time-series predictions of west nile virus vector mosquitoes. | an empirical model to forecast west nile virus mosquito vector populations is developed using time series analysis techniques. specifically, multivariate seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (sarima) models were developed for aedes vexans and the combined group of culex pipiens and culex restuans in erie county, new york. weekly mosquito collections data were obtained for the four mosquito seasons from 2002 to 2005 from the erie county department of health, vector and pest control p ... | 2008 | 18279008 |