| evaluation of the residual efficacy of permethrin-impregnated screens used against mosquitoes in marigat, baringo district, kenya. | insecticide-impregnated screens and bednets are gradually finding wider use in malaria control programmes. the efficacy of these devices is dependent on the method of application, the acceptability by the people and effectiveness of the insecticide used. the present studies were carried out to determine the duration of the effectiveness of a permethrin-impregnated wall cloth (mbu cloth) used in the marigat area of baringo district, kenya in order to ensure its effective use. cotton cloth impregn ... | 1992 | 1363445 |
| an evaluation of surveillance of malaria at primary health care level in kenya. | as less than twenty five per cent of persons suffering from malaria seek formal treatment in most of sub-saharan africa, facility-based morbidity statistics are inadequate for monitoring malaria control programmes. this explorative study assessed whether a health centre equipped with a microscope and trained personnel could monitor malaria transmission within its catchment area. the study was conducted at chemase health centre in nandi district in kenya, an area holoendemic for malaria with anop ... | 1997 | 9487433 |
| mosquito species abundance and diversity in malindi, kenya and their potential implication in pathogen transmission. | mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are important vectors of human disease-causing pathogens. mosquitoes are found both in rural and urban areas. deteriorating infrastructure, poor access to health, water and sanitation services, increasing population density, and widespread poverty contribute to conditions that modify the environment, which directly influences the risk of disease within the urban and peri-urban ecosystem. the objective of this study was to evaluate the mosquito vector abundance and ... | 2011 | 21626425 |
| isolation of leishmanial parasites from a wild caught anopheles gambiae mosquito in kenya. | a total of 232 mosquitoes were collected and dissected for leishmanial parasites in the baringo district, kenya. anopheles gambiae sensu lato comprised 90.9% of the sample. one female a. gambiae was found to be infected with leishmanial promastigotes. the parasites when injected into balb c mice caused skin lesions characterized by heavy amastigote infections. the average size of the parasite was: body length, 11.7 +/- 0.19 microns; width, 1.3 +/- 0.04 microns; flagellum length, 15.5 +/- 0.28 mi ... | 1989 | 2635165 |
| the rift valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for anopheles gambiae in kenya: the mtdna perspective. | descriptions of a. gambiae population structure based on microsatellite loci and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) were incongruent. high differentiation of populations was measured across the rift valley by microsatellites, but no differentiation was detected based on mtdna. to resolve this conflict, we compared the old data to new mtdna data using the same specimen previously genotyped in microsatellite loci. analysis of a larger number of mtdna sequences resulted in high and significant differentiati ... | 2000 | 10768135 |
| dynamics of malaria transmission near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya. | entomological and malario-metric measurements were made near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya in order to determine the prevalence and seasonality of malaria and the relative importance of two local anopheline mosquitoes as malaria vectors. the breeding sites studied were the perkerra irrigation scheme and the loboi swamp, whereas the mosquito species involved were anopheles gambiae giles (sensu lato) and anopheles funestus giles. malaria accounted for 54 per cent of annua ... | 1997 | 9183076 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission and aridity: a kenyan experience from the dry lands of baringo and its implications for anopheles arabiensis control. | abstract: background: the ecology of malaria vectors particularly in semi-arid areas of africa is poorly understood. accurate knowledge on this subject will boost current efforts to reduce the burden of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of malaria transmission in two model semi-arid sites (kamarimar and tirion) in baringo in kenya. methods: adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray collections (psc) and outdoors by centers fo ... | 2011 | 21569546 |
| dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in baringo, kenya. | pre-adult stages of malaria vectors in semi-arid areas are confronted with highly variable and challenging climatic conditions. the objective of this study was to determine which larval habitat types are most productive in terms of larval densities in the dry and wet seasons within semi-arid environments, and how vector species productivity is partitioned over time. | 2011 | 21352608 |
| monooxygenase levels and knockdown resistance (kdr) allele frequencies in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in kenya. | pyrethroid-treated bed-nets and indoor spray are important components of malaria control strategies in kenya. information on resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis populations is essential to the selection of appropriate insecticides and the management of insecticide resistance. monooxygenase activity and knockdown resistance (kdr) allele frequency are biochemical and molecular indicators of mosquito resistance to pyrethroids. this study determined baseline ... | 2008 | 18402140 |
| population genetic structure of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus in kenya. | anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa, but little is known about the genetic structure of natural populations. in this study, microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of a. funestus populations from kenya. two populations from western kenya 80 km apart and two from coastal kenya 50 km apart were collected and examined for allelic variation at five trinucleotide microsatellite loci. we found a. funestus giles was the predominant species (> 98%) ... | 2003 | 14628948 |
| the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya. | since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ... | 2002 | 12495180 |
| epidemiology of malaria in kenya. | more than four million cases of malaria are reported annually in kenya. a 5.1% mortality rate has been reported among patients admitted with severe malaria. although plasmodium falciparum is the species most frequently associated with severe malaria and accounts for 80-90% of cases in kenya, p. malariae, p. ovale, and p. vivax also exist in the country. vector species in kenya are members of the anopheles gambiae complex and a. funestus. transmission patterns of the disease in kenya are infl ... | 1994 | 12287810 |
| the rift valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for anopheles gambiae in kenya. | recent studies of anopheles gambiae, the principal mosquito vector of malaria in africa, suggested that the eastern rift valley and its surrounding areas act as a barrier to gene flow. to quantify the unique effect of these areas on gene flow, we measured genetic variation within and between populations from each side of the rift. low differentiation was measured between populations on each side of the rift (mean fst < 0.008, mean rst < 0.002). however, high differentiation was measured across t ... | 1999 | 10589511 |
| host blood meals and chromosomal inversion polymorphism in anopheles arabiensis in the baringo district of kenya. | studies were carried out in the villages of kapkuikui and maji-ndege in the loboi area of baringo district, kenya, to obtain baseline data on species identification of the anopheles gambiae group, their feeding and resting behavior, and their frequencies of chromosomal inversions. this was carried out towards predicting the effect of introducing permethrin-impregnated cloths or other intervention measures. in this study, anopheles arabiensis was identified as the only species of the an. gambiae ... | 1994 | 7707055 |