| vibrio cholerae o1 vibriocidal and anti-cholera toxin antibodies in o139 bengal cholera patients. | | 1994 | 7806891 |
| enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoeal diseases. | five types of escherichia coli are responsible for as much as 25% of all diarrheal diseases in developing countries. they tend to be transmitted via contaminated foods, particularly weaning foods, and water. they include enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroadherent, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic e. coli. shigella species are responsible for 10-15% of acute diarrheas in children less than 5 years old and the most common etiologic agents of childhood dysentery. shigellosis is common i ... | 1994 | 7835992 |
| epidemiologic study of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in thailand: at the advancing edge of the eighth pandemic. | vibrio cholerae o139 bengal emerged on the indian subcontinent in late 1992 and was first recognized in thailand in 1993. to characterize the epidemiology of this disease, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of bangkok. between november 15, 1993, and june 3, 1994, 366 patients were confirmed to have cholera by culture, including 165 (45%) with o139 bengal, 191 (52%) with o1 ogawa, and 10 (3%) with both serogroups. during the same time per ... | 1996 | 8561160 |
| molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains isolated between 1992 and 1995 in calcutta, india: evidence for the emergence of a new clone of the el tor biotype. | sixty-one clinical strains of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolated in calcutta before, during, and after the v. cholerae o139 bengal outbreak were examined to see if the o1 strains of the post-o139 period were different from those in existence before. comparison of the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rrna genes (ribotyping) and the ctx genetic element revealed that all "before" strains except 1 belonged to a single known ribotype, whereas all "after" strains except 2 belonged to a ... | 1997 | 9129077 |
| typing and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae during six consecutive cholera seasons in north india. | a total of 10,427 diarrhoeal stool specimens were cultured for vibrio cholerae between 1992 and 1997. the isolation rates were 2%, 2.6%, 6.7%, 7.08%, 0.9% and 2.6% in the years from 1992 to 1997 respectively. till 1992, vibrio cholerae 01 ogawa was the predominant strain. in 1993, 81.3% of the isolates were of 0139 bengal strain and the rest were v. cholerae 01. from 1994 to 1997, v. cholerae 01 ogawa was the predominant strain and there were no isolation of 0139 strain. the predominant phage ty ... | 1998 | 9752752 |
| clonal analysis of non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 associated with an outbreak of cholera. | we examined the clonal relationships among eight clinical isolates of non-toxigenic (nt) v. cholerae o1 associated with a cluster of cases of cholera in warangal, andhra pradesh in south india and compared their relatedness to toxigenic o1 strains of classical and e1tor biotypes and with o139 bengal strains of v. cholerae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). phylogentic analysis of the noti restriction fragment length polymorphism showed that all the nt. v. cholerae o1 strains formed a ti ... | 1999 | 10491912 |
| outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 intermediately resistant to norfloxacin at malda, west bengal. | during the end of september 1997, an unusual outbreak of severe dehydrating watery diarrhoea cases and deaths were reported from malda town. vibrio cholerae 01 el tor, the causative agent responsible for this episode was isolated from 56.5% of cases sampled. three of the five drinking water samples were also positive for v cholerae 01. majority of cases were adults. isolated strains were uniformly resistant to furazolidone and intermediately to norfloxacin. indiscriminate use of antibiotic shoul ... | 2000 | 11143861 |
| severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of west bengal. | an explosive epidemic of cholera in the district of malda in the state of west bengal, was induced by devastating floods resulting from overflowing of the two main rivers of the district, at the end of july 1998, affecting 15 blocks and 2 municipalities. diarrhoeal outbreak occurred around the middle of august after receding of the flood waters. within two weeks of its onset, the outbreak spread throughout the district. an investigation was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteris ... | 2000 | 12452126 |
| outbreak of cholera in & around chandigarh during two successive years (2002, 2003). | outbreaks of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa occurred in and around chandigarh during two successive year 2002 and 2003. this study highlights the antibiotic sensitivity and phage typing pattern of v. cholerae isolates during 2002 and 2003. | 2005 | 16456254 |
| epidemiological, microbiological & electron microscopic study of a cholera outbreak in a kolkata slum community. | epidemics of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 or o139 have been reported from different parts of india. factors such as unsafe water supply, poor environmental sanitation, indiscriminate defaecation and lack of personal hygiene are mainly responsible for continued transmission of this disease. we report here epidemiological and microbiological findings of a localized outbreak of cholera, which occurred during march and april 2004 in the eastern part of kolkata city. | 2006 | 16567865 |
| phenotypic and genotypic traits and epidemiological implication of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 strains in india during 2003. | during 2003, vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa was the predominant serotype among diarrhoeal patients admitted to different hospitals in india. with the exception of 3 strains from kolkata, none of 172 strains examined exhibited resistance to tetracycline, but 45.7 % showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. extensive molecular characterization using randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis, ribotyping and pfge revealed that almost all the strains within a serogroup were clonally related. along ... | 2007 | 17510270 |
| occurrence, significance & molecular epidemiology of cholera outbreaks in west bengal. | diarrhoeal disease outbreaks are causes of major public health emergencies in india. we carried out investigation of two cholera outbreaks, for identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage typing and molecular characterization of isolated vibrio cholerae o1, and to suggest prevention and control measures. | 2007 | 17704555 |
| molecular characterization of recent vibrio cholerae o1, el tor, inaba strains isolated from hospitalized patients in kolkata, india. | to study the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of newly emerged v. cholerae o1, inaba strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea. | 2007 | 17854903 |
| emergence of tetracycline-resistant vibrio cholerae o1 serotype inaba, in kolkata, india. | out of 2,235 diarrheal stool samples collected from patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, kolkata, 343 cases were positive for vibrio cholerae (341, v. cholerae o1 and 2, o139). during the year 2004, infections caused by v. cholerae serotype ogawa and inaba were 93 and 7%, respectively, while in 2005, the inaba isolation rate rose to 88% as compared to 12% for ogawa. susceptibility to antimicrobial agents revealed that the o1 strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics (ampic ... | 2008 | 18362401 |
| molecular epidemiological studies of vibrio cholerae in bengal region. | vibrio cholerae isolates from environmental and clinical origins in the bengal region in which epidemics of cholera break out periodically were analyzed with particular emphasis on the molecular epidemiological features. the presence of the virulence genes (ctxa, tcpa and toxr) in the isolates was analyzed by the pcr (polymerase chain reaction) method. pfge (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) was performed to determine the clonal relationships between the clinical and environmental strains. antib ... | 2008 | 18432110 |
| a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults and children in a cholera endemic area in kolkata, india. | an effective vaccine against cholera has been used for public health purposes in vietnam since the 1990s. this vaccine was reformulated to meet who requirements. we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the reformulated bivalent (vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139) killed whole cell oral vaccine in a cholera endemic area in kolkata, india. | 2008 | 18523643 |
| trend of antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae strains from east delhi. | epidemics of cholera caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 (bengal strain) represent a major public health problem in most developing countries. in view of the reported shift in epidemiology and pattern of antibiotic resistance in this was study carried out to assess the development of resistance to essential drugs like fluoroquinolones during treatment of cholera and cholera like cases in delhi. | 2008 | 18653912 |
| classical ctxb in vibrio cholerae o1, kolkata, india. | | 2009 | 19116078 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 clinical strains isolated in 1992 in kolkata with progenitor traits of the 2004 mozambique variant. | retrospective analysis led to the detection of two vibrio cholerae variant o1 strains (vc51 and vc53), which were isolated in 1992 in kolkata from clinical cases, with identical traits to 2004 mozambique variant o1 strains. the mozambique o1 strains that caused a huge outbreak in 2004 have been shown to have phenotypic traits of both classical and el tor biotypes, and thereby have been reported as variant. our study demonstrated that two o1 strains isolated in kolkata during 1992 were of the el ... | 2009 | 19141743 |
| surveillance of vibriophages reveals their role as biomonitoring agents in kolkata. | cholera is a public health threat in all developing countries. kolkata, a city in eastern india, is an endemic zone for cholera. during the course of a comprehensive investigation on the distribution of phages of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in freshwater bodies in kolkata, we were able to isolate the phages of v. cholerae o1 and o139. vibrio cholerae o1 phages were found at all the sites and exhibited a distinct seasonal cycle, with a primary peak (13.6-17.2 pfu ml(-1)) during monsoon (june to a ... | 2009 | 19220862 |
| randomized placebo controlled human volunteer trial of a live oral cholera vaccine va1.3 for safety and immune response. | a live oral cholera vaccine developed from a non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain va1.3 was tested in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled study for safety and immunogenicity in 304 men aged between 16 and 50 years from kolkata, india. a dose of 5 x 10(9)cfu (n=186) or a placebo (n=116) containing the diluent buffer was administered. the vaccine did not elicit adverse events except in two vaccine recipients with mild diarrhoea and vomiting. none excreted the vaccine strain. vib ... | 2009 | 19523608 |
| cholera outbreak secondary to contaminated pipe water in an urban area, west bengal, india, 2006. | outbreaks of cholera are common in west bengal. in april 2006, garulia municipality reported a cluster of diarrhea cases. we investigated this cluster to identify the etiological agent, source of transmission and propose control measures. we defined a case of diarrhea as occurrence of > or =3 loose/watery stools a day among the residents of garulia since april 2006. we searched for cases of diarrhea in health care facilities and health camp. we conducted a gender- and age-matched case-control st ... | 2009 | 19696991 |
| immune responses following one and two doses of the reformulated, bivalent, killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine among adults and children in kolkata, india: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | immune responses after one and two doses of the reformulated killed oral cholera vaccine were measured in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 77 adults aged 18-40 years and 77 children aged 1-17 years residing in kolkata, india. 65% of adults and 87% of children and 46% of adults and 82% of children exhibited a > or =4-fold rise in serum vibrio cholerae o1 vibriocidal antibody titers from baseline following dose 1 and 2, respectively. responses to v. cholerae o139 were less p ... | 2009 | 19761838 |
| efficacy and safety of a modified killed-whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in india: an interim analysis of a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | oral cholera vaccines consisting of killed whole cells have been available for many years, but they have not been used extensively in populations with endemic disease. an inexpensive, locally produced oral killed-whole-cell vaccine has been used in high-risk areas in vietnam. to expand the use of this vaccine, it was modified to comply with who standards. we assessed the efficacy and safety of this modified vaccine in a population with endemic cholera. | 2009 | 19819004 |
| is vibrio fluvialis emerging as a pathogen with epidemic potential in coastal region of eastern india following cyclone aila? | an isolated area with diarrhoea epidemic was explored at pakhirala village of the sundarbans, a coastal region of south 24 parganas district of west bengal, eastern india. the pakhirala village was surrounded by other villages affected by a similar epidemic. the affected villages experienced this epidemic following the cyclone aila, which had hit the coastal region of the sundarbans in eastern india. in pakhirala, the situation was the worst. within a span of six weeks (5 june-20 july 2009), 3,5 ... | 2010 | 20824973 |
| emergence and progression of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variants and progenitor strains of mozambique variants in kolkata, india. | analysis of 75 vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated from hospitalized patients in kolkata from 1989 to 1994 revealed the existence of true el tor along with el tor variants that possessed the classical allele of ctxb (ctxb(cl)) in strains having an el tor backbone. based on the existence of different combinations of ctxb and rstr alleles and their localization sites in the genome, these strains were classified into multiple genetic groups. of 75 clinical strains, 11 were identified as non-toxigen ... | 2011 | 21247801 |
| tetracycline-resistant vibrio cholerae o1, kolkata, india. | | 2011 | 21392467 |
| diarrheagenic pathogens in polymicrobial infections. | during systematic active surveillance of the causes of diarrhea in patients admitted to the infectious diseases and beliaghata general hospital in kolkata, india, we looked for 26 known gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from 2,748 patients. samples from about one-third (29%) of the patients contained multiple pathogens. polymicrobial infections frequently contained vibrio cholerae o1 and rotavirus. when these agents were present, some co-infecting agents were found significantly less o ... | 2011 | 21470448 |
| the 2010 outbreak of cholera among workers of a jute mill in kolkata, west bengal, india. | on 10 march 2010, an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease was reported among workers of a jute mill in kolkata, west bengal, india. the cluster was investigated to identify the agent(s) and the source of infection and make recommendations. a suspected case of cholera was defined as having >3 loose watery stools in a 24-hour period and searched for case-patients in the workers' colony. the outbreak was described by time, place, and person, and a case-control study was conducted to identify the source o ... | 2011 | 21528785 |
| efficacy of a low-cost, inactivated whole-cell oral cholera vaccine: results from 3 years of follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. | killed oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) have been licensed for use in developing countries, but protection conferred by licensed ocvs beyond two years of follow-up has not been demonstrated in randomized, clinical trials. | 2011 | 22028938 |