| identification of phlebotomine sandfly bloodmeals from baringo district, kenya, by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to identify the sources of bloodmeals in phlebotomine sandflies from baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. some bloodmeals had been stored for over 4 years before being analysed. among 356 sandflies identified, 62.9% were phlebotomus martini, 14.8% sergentomyia antennatus, 10% s.schwetzi, 6% s.clydei, 1.9% s.adleri, 1.6% p.duboscqi, 1.4% s.africanus and 0.8% s.bedfordi. out of 224 p.martini bloodmeals, host source was identified ... | 1992 | 1463906 |
| concurrent infection with leishmania donovani and leishmania major in a kenyan patient: clinical description and parasite characterization. | leishmania isolates aspirated a few months apart from the spleen of an indigenous adult male kala-azar patient from baringo district, kenya, were biochemically characterized and compared. the patient lived within a dual focus of l. donovani kalazar and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis. a primary leishmania isolate from splenic aspirates was cryopreserved (nlb-294). the patient was treated with sodium stibogluconate for kala-azar and discharged. three months later, he had clinical relapse and ret ... | 1991 | 1928563 |
| epidemiology of leishmaniases in kenya. natural host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies in baringo district, kenya. | host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies was studied in marigat, baringo district, kenya, an endemic focus for both leishmania donovani laveran & mensel and l. major yakimov & schokhov using precipitin test of blood meals. sandflies of the phlebotomus rondani & berte and sergentomyia franc & parrot genera were encountered blood fed and resting in nine different habitats which were investigated. analysis of their blood meals revealed a distinct host preference between the phlebotomus ... | 1990 | 2390954 |
| seroepidemiological study on kala-azar in baringo district, kenya. | this paper reports on 164 cases of kala-azar observed in the baringo district of kenya between february 1981 and february 1983. all were confirmed serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and all but 20 by parasitological examination as well. following the standard treatment with a 30 day course of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) two non-responders and four relapses were observed. children between 2 and 15 years old were found to be the most affected age group; male patients ... | 1986 | 3021967 |
| indigenous human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania tropica in kenya. | six leishmania isolates from 3 indigenous kenyans (2 isolates from one patient) and 2 canadian visitors in kenya were characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. the isolates were compared among themselves and with reference strains of leishmania donovani, l. aethiopica, l. major, l. tropica, and l. arabica using 9 enzymes: malate dehydrogenase (mdh), malic enzyme (me), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd), aspartate aminotransferase (asat), ade ... | 1988 | 3177740 |
| isolation of leishmania donovani from phlebotomus martini in baringo district, kenya. | an 18-month sandfly survey was conducted at 4 locations in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. 3 collection techniques were used: aspiration, sticky paper trap, and light trap in sites selected because of their proximity to homes of visceral leishmaniasis patients diagnosed and treated within 6 months before the survey. over 2000 female phlebotomus martini were collected of which 6 females were found to have flagellate protozoan infections. 3 of these infections were cultured successf ... | 1988 | 3252587 |
| splenomegaly in baringo district, kenya, an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis and malaria. | the relationship between splenomegaly and visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was investigated during a cross-sectional study in 2,941 individuals in baringo district, kenya, where both malaria and vl are endemic. spleen size was correlated with presence of malaria parasites in thick blood films and with evidence of present or past leishmania donovani infection as determined by serology and history. marked splenomegaly (hackett grade 3 or greater) significantly correlated with present or previous leishm ... | 1995 | 7483000 |
| phlebotomine sandflies associated with households of human visceral leishmaniasis cases in baringo district, kenya. | a 12-month field study on sandflies was conducted from april 1992 to march 1993 at three locations in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. study sites were selected based on their close proximity to the households of three patients who had had parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in 1988, 1990 or 1991. sandfly populations were highest during the two rainy seasons, april-june and november-december. a significant association was detected between the monthly abundance of san ... | 1994 | 7893180 |
| epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district, rift valley, kenya. a literature review. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania donovani, is endemic in baringo district, kenya. the disease has a focal distribution in the dry, hot areas below 1500 metres. infections may be characterized as follows: 1) asymptomatic, 2) subclinical and self-limiting (not medically identifiable), and 3) clinically manifest disease (that is medically identifiable). half of the reported vl patients are between 5 and 14 years of age and 66% of them are males. the reasons for the focal distributi ... | 1994 | 7940999 |
| studies on the prevalence of leishmanin skin test positivity in the baringo district, rift valley, kenya. | the leishmanin skin test (lst) was applied in 26 clusters of an average of 97 individuals in baringo district, kenya. these clusters were centered around recent cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). of 2,411 individuals tested, 254 (10.5%, 155 males and 99 females) had a positive reaction. among cured vl patients, the frequency was approximately 30% and no sex difference was observed. in the population as a whole, lst positivity increased with age to a stable level from approximately 15 years of ... | 1994 | 8304576 |
| a new focus of kala-azar due to leishmania donovani sensu lato in kenya. | three masai children from kekonyokie south location, kajiado district were diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). leishmanial isolates from the patients were characterized as leishmania donovani sensu lato, by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. case histories indicated that the disease was acquired locally. a survey of 409 children at 7 local primary schools and one nursery school revealed no additional case. sandfly surveys using light traps and sticky paper traps recovered 10 speci ... | 1993 | 8337711 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: use of the polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiological study in baringo district, kenya. | the polymerase chain reaction was applied to capillary blood spots dried on filter paper from 20 parasitologically proved cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), 21 subclinical cases, and 11 healthy controls in a longitudinal study of anthroponotic vl in baringo district, kenya. leishmania deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) was detected 10.5 months before diagnosis and up to 3 years after diagnosis and apparently successful treatment. subclinical cases can have detectable circulating parasite dna in thei ... | 1995 | 8560520 |
| animal reservoirs of leishmaniasis in marigat, baringo district, kenya. | a total of 1128 rodents belonging to seven genera were examined for leishmanial parasites over a period of sixteen months. parasites were isolated from 36 (12.5%) tatera robusta, 3 (0.5%) arvicanthis niloticus, and 2 (0.8%) mastomys natalensis. all isolates were characterised by isoenzyme analysis using nine enzymes. the enzymes examined were: malate dehydrogenase (mdh), phosphoglucomutase (pgm), glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi), isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd), nucleoside hydrolase (nh), glucos ... | 1996 | 8625862 |
| spatial clustering and epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in two endemic villages, baringo district, kenya. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) seroprevalence in kenya is unknown because of the lack of a practical and accurate diagnostic test or surveillance system. a novel serological assay was used to estimate the seroprevalence of leishmania-specific antibodies, and global information system and spatial clustering techniques were applied to study the presence of spatial clusters in parkarin and loboi villages in baringo district in 2001. vl seroprevalences were 52.5% in parkarin and 16.9% in loboi. signifi ... | 2006 | 16474089 |
| sensitivity and specificity of the leishmania oligoc-test and nasba-oligochromatography for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in kenya. | to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the oligoc-test and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification coupled to oligochromatography (nasba-oc) for molecular detection of leishmania in blood from patients with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and healthy endemic controls from kenya. | 2010 | 20487428 |