| [drug sensitivity study of plasmodium falciparum in the city of yaounde (cameroon)]. | in july 1990, the in vitro chemosensitivity of 22 isolates of plasmodium falciparum was assessed by an isotopic semi-microtest in yaounde, cameroon. out of them, 54.5% were resistant to chloroquine, 28.6% to amodiaquine, 4.8% to quinine and 4.5% had a decrease of sensitivity to mefloquine. a strong positive correlation between the ic50 of the antimalarial drugs compared by pairs was detected. | 1992 | 1446175 |
| [malaria and surgery: which prophylaxis?]. | the authors report on a study carried out at the centre hospitalier universitaire (university hospital) of yaounde (cameroon). such a study aimed at to check interest of systematic malaria chemoprophylaxis during the peri-operative phase in general surgery. 61 patients were divided in two groups by random allocation with and without quinine chemoprophylaxis. all of them were monitored clinically and parasitologically during the peri-operative phase. results show that in both groups, only patient ... | 1991 | 2072853 |
| [surveillance of plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivity in yaounde and its surroundings (cameroon). in vivo and in vitro study]. | among 172 strains collected in yaoundé 60% are chloroquine-resistant, 37% are amodiaquine-resistant, instead of quinine and mefloquine which are completely efficient. among 30 strains collected at a rural health center (where self treatment decreases), 27% are chloroquine-resistant. new therapeutic schemes for first and second line treatment in endemic areas must be evaluated. | 1989 | 2663214 |
| [malaria morbidity at the center for maternal and child prevention of the central hospital, yaounde, cameroon. observations of a sample of 903 infants]. | from april 1988 to march 1989, 903 randomly chosen children were examined in the maternal and child health department of the central hospital of yaounde (cameroon) to determine the importance of malaria in general morbidity, the relation between clinical symptoms and parasite densities and to have some idea of the population's self-medication behaviour. we adopted the criteria formerly worked out in west africa, i.e. a fever (t degree higher than 37.9 degrees c) without any obvious febrile disea ... | 1989 | 2692523 |
| early sporogonic development in local vectors of plasmodium falciparum in rural cameroon. | in ongoing studies on experimental transmission of plasmodium falciparum in the city of yaounde gametocyte carriers are daily being identified among dispensary patients with malaria-like complaints. this species comprises 93% of all parasitemias and because of the selection criteria most patients have it as a recent infection. 17% of all p. falciparum-positives carry detectable gametocytes with little difference between youngsters and adults. blood of adult carriers is taken and infection of ano ... | 1994 | 7565124 |
| correlation between serum levels of antibodies to the 96-kd antigen of plasmodium falciparum and protective immunity in cameroon: a longitudinal study. | a longitudinal study was conducted in the yaounde area of cameroon that involved 211 individuals in june 1990, and 70 individuals for the follow-up study in december 1990. sera from these subjects were tested against the recombinant 96-thermoresistant antigen of plasmodium falciparum and the kinetics of antibody production to this protein show that titers tend to increase with age and are also related to antigen exposure. the increase in antibody titers with age correlates positively with the ab ... | 1993 | 8250096 |
| randomised trial of pyronaridine versus chloroquine for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in africa. | the spread of chloroquine resistance poses a serious problem in africa, where falciparum malaria transmission is the highest in the world. pyronaridine, an acridine derivative, has been used successfully to treat malaria in china for over 20 years. we compared the efficacy of pyronaridine and chloroquine in african adult patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in yaoundé, cameroon, where chloroquine resistance is well established. | 1996 | 8531545 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon i. analysis of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of plasmodium falciparum. | resistance to antifolate antimalarial drugs (cycloguanil, a biologically active metabolite of proguanil, and pyrimethamine) is associated with a ser- to asn-108 point mutation in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of plasmodium falciparum. the frequency of this mutation was studied in 127 clinical isolates obtained in yaounde, cameroon using a simple and rapid molecular technique based on the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. of the 127 is ... | 1998 | 9546421 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon ii. baseline frequency of point mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of plasmodium falciparum. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is one of the alternative antimalarial drugs used to treat chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria. the molecular target of sulfadoxine, an analog of p-aminobenzoic acid that inhibits the folate biosynthetic pathway, is dihydropteroate synthase (dhps). the nucleotide sequence of the dhps gene was determined in 32 clinical isolates obtained in yaounde, cameroon, and compared with the sequence of reference clones and cambodian strains of p. falciparum. of the ... | 1998 | 9546422 |
| [surveillance of the in vivo sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial agents: the results of initial tests of the oceac malaria network]. | the malaria control division of the organization for endemic disease control in central africa (oceac) has developed a standardized method to measure the in vivo sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs. between may 1996 and february 1997, a first series of tests using this method was carried out to determine the sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and amodiaquine in infected school children in four capital cities: yaoundé, brazzaville, malabo, and libreville. a ... | 1997 | 9612776 |
| origin and prevention of airport malaria in france. | since 1969, 63 cases of airport malaria have been reported in western europe, 24 of which occurred in france. most were due to plasmodium falciparum. in 1994, 7 cases occurred in and around roissy charles de gaulle airport (cdg), showing 4 types of contamination: among employees working on airstrips or opening containers, among residents living near the airport, among people living at some distance from the airport after a secondary transport of vectors, and by vectors transported in luggage. in ... | 1998 | 9754664 |
| comparison of in vivo and in vitro tests of resistance in patients treated with chloroquine in yaoundé, cameroon. | the usefulness of an isotopic in vitro assay in the field was evaluated by comparing its results with the therapeutic response determined by the simplified who in vivo test in symptomatic cameroonian patients treated with chloroquine. of the 117 enrolled patients, 102 (87%) completed the 14-day follow-up, and 95 isolates obtained from these patients (46 children, 49 adults) yielded an interpretable in vitro test. a total of 57 of 95 patients (60%; 28 children and 29 adults) had an adequate clini ... | 1999 | 10063659 |
| in vitro activity of dihydroartemisinin against clinical isolates of plasmodium falciparum in yaounde, cameroon. | the in vitro activities of dihydroartemisinin (the biologically active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives), chloroquine, monodesethylamodiaquine (the biologically active metabolite of amodiaquine), quinine, mefloquine, halofantrine, and pyrimethamine were assessed in 65 african isolates of plasmodium falciparum from yaounde, cameroon using an isotopic microtest. the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) values for dihydroartemisinin were within a narrow range from 0.25 to 4.56 nm, with a geomet ... | 1999 | 10463665 |
| [severe forms of malaria in children in a general hospital pediatric department in yaounde, cameroon]. | severe forms of malaria in children are responsible for 1 million deaths yearly in young children in hyperendemic areas. the main objective of this study was to identify and compare common manifestations of different forms of severe malaria and to evaluate the prognosis for hospital treatment in an endemic area. 271 files of children admitted into hospital between march 1991 and september 1996 were analysed. these children were confirmed to have plasmodium falciparum in their peripheral blood. 7 ... | 1999 | 10472438 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon iv. evolution of pyrimethamine resistance between 1994 and 1998. | pyrimethamine, in combination with sulfadoxine, is currently one of the major alternative drugs used for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in africa. the mechanism of pyrimethamine resistance has been strongly associated with a single, key point mutation in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene, resulting in the substitution of the wild-type allele ser-108 by either asn-108 or thr-108. the pyrimethamine-resistant phenotype and/or geno ... | 1999 | 10586915 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon v. analysis of the omega repetitive region of the plasmodium falciparum cg2 gene and chloroquine resistance. | a novel plasmodium falciparum gene, denoted cg2 gene, has been recently discovered, and a distinct genotype, characterized by 12 point mutations and 3 size polymorphisms, has been shown to be associated with chloroquine resistance in laboratory-adapted parasite strains. one of the polymorphic regions, denoted the omega region, consists of 16 tandem repeat units in chloroquine-resistant strains, while the chloroquine-sensitive strains have either < or = 15 or > or = 17 repeat units. in this study ... | 1999 | 10586916 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon. vi. sequence variations in the plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and in vitro resistance to pyrimethamine and cycloguanil. | pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, the major human metabolite of proguanil, are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase that play a key role in the treatment and prevention of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum infections in sub-saharan africa. resistance to these antifolate drugs has emerged in some areas of africa. earlier molecular studies have demonstrated that point mutations at key positions of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene are strongly associated with antifolate ... | 2000 | 10813484 |
| chemoresistance of p. falciparum in urban areas of yaounde, cameroon. part 1: surveillance of in vitro and in vivo resistance of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine from 1994 to 1999 in yaounde, cameroon. | chloroquine is indicated for the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in most african countries. however, the spread of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum requires periodic monitoring. between 1994 and 1999, we studied the evolution of chloroquine resistance in adults (aged > 15 years) and children aged 5-15 years by using tests of therapeutic efficacy and in vitro assays. responses to the 14-day in vivo test were classified according to the new criteria established by the worl ... | 2000 | 11044275 |
| chemoresistance of plasmodium falciparum in the urban region of yaounde, cameroon. part 2: evaluation of the efficacy of amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in yaounde, cameroon. | the spread of chloroquine resistance or its stabilization at a high level calls for a change in the therapeutic strategy, including a possible replacement of chloroquine. we assessed and compared the efficacy of amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in yaoundé. of 140 adults and children > 5 years enrolled in the study, 59 in the amodiaquine and 58 in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment group were followed until day 14. the efficacy of amodiaquine was 100%, whereas 12.1% of the patients ... | 2000 | 11044276 |
| analysis of the key pfcrt point mutation and in vitro and in vivo response to chloroquine in yaoundé, cameroon. | the putative key codon (lys-76 in sensitive parasites and thr-76 in resistant parasites) of the novel candidate gene for chloroquine resistance, plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism from 111 cameroonian isolates and was compared with in vivo and in vitro responses to chloroquine. the key codon was significantly associated (p< .001) with responses in vivo (92% sensitivity and 76% spec ... | 2001 | 11372041 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon. vii. analysis of recrudescence and reinfection in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. | in an endemic area where malaria transmission is intense and continuous, reappearance of asexual parasites may be ascribed to either recrudescence or reinfection. to distinguish between recrudescence and reinfection after oral treatment with chloroquine, amodiaquine, pyronaridine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, halofantrine, or artesunate, three polymorphic markers (circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface antigens 1 and 2) from pre-treatment and post-treatment samples were amplified by the polym ... | 2000 | 11421367 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in yaounde, cameroon. viii. multiple plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic patients. | the extent of genetically distinct parasite populations coinfecting individual human hosts (i.e., multiplicity) was studied by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 3 polymorphic genetic markers, circumsporozoite protein and merozoite surface antigens (msa) 1 and 2, in symptomatic children and adults and analyzed in relation with age and initial parasitemia. of the total of 177 dna samples analyzed (of which 115 were paired pre- and posttreatment samples), 101 (57%) were composed of multicl ... | 2001 | 11791977 |
| high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon. | a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ... | 2002 | 11931035 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. x. evaluation of pfmdr1 mutations as genetic markers for resistance to amino alcohols and artemisinin derivatives. | mutations at five positions in the plasmodium falciparum multidrug-resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1), initially thought to confer resistance to chloroquine, have been associated with in vitro resistance to amino alcohols and artemisinin derivatives in more recent studies. to assess the possible association between drug resistance phenotype and pfmdrl polymorphisms and establish the baseline pfmdr1 sequence data in yaoundé, cameroon, the in vitro drug sensitivity pattern was determined for 64 clinical i ... | 2002 | 12224572 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. xi. geographic distribution of plasmodium falciparum isolates with dihydrofolate reductase gene mutations in southern and central cameroon. | the dna sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene, a molecular marker for pyrimethamine resistance, was determined for 178 field isolates of plasmodium falciparum collected along the east-west axis in southern cameroon. the proportion of isolates having the wild-type dhfr allele varied from 48.1% in the east (city of bertoua) to 11.3-15.7% in central provinces (yaounde and eseka) and 0% in the littoral region (port city of douala). isolates with a single asn-108 mutation or double muta ... | 2002 | 12452492 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant cameroonian women. | between 1995 and 1998, a longitudinal study was conducted at 2 health centers in cameroon to determine the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women. there were 520 pregnant women enrolled at a rural clinic in the village of etoa and 199 enrolled at the biyem assi clinic in the city of yaounde. in etoa, pregnant women were younger, fewer took prophylaxis, and malaria prevalence was higher compared with pregnant women in the biyem assi clinic. the prevalence of malaria infec ... | 2002 | 12518845 |
| estimation of malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in two neighbouring villages in south cameroon: evaluation and comparison of several indices. | malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes was assessed in two neighbouring villages in a rural area near yaoundé, cameroon during high and low transmission seasons during 1998-2000, using several indices previously evaluated in different areas endemic for malaria but never directly compared. these indices were estimated from human parasitological data and mosquito infection rates and, for each individual, thick blood films were prepared at the same time as experimental infection of laborato ... | 2003 | 12886806 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. xvi. longitudinal surveillance of in vitro pyrimethamine resistance in plasmodium falciparum. | clinical observations have shown that pyrimethamine resistance develops rapidly in endemic countries where antifolate drugs are used massively for the treatment of plasmodium falciparum infections. to analyze this phenomenon, the in vitro response of clinical isolates to pyrimethamine and the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene sequence were analyzed in 2000-2001 and compared with the results obtained since 1994 in yaounde, cameroon. of 139 samples obtained in 2000-2001, 10 (7.2%) isolates were ... | 2003 | 14506773 |
| malaria-associated cytokine changes in the placenta of women with pre-term deliveries in yaounde, cameroon. | the prevalence of pre-term deliveries (ptds) is increased in women who become infected with plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy. because prematurity is a risk factor for newborns, it is important to identify conditions that contribute to malaria-associated ptds. plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes sequester in the placenta and attract activated mononuclear cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. increased inflammatory cytokine levels in other microbial infections are associated ... | 2003 | 14740871 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. xviii. polymorphisms of the plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 gene in isolates from symptomatic patients. | merozoite surface antigen-2 (msa-2) is a polymorphic genetic marker that is highly discriminatory for characterizing plasmodium falciparum field isolates. genetic diversity of isolates obtained from symptomatic patients residing in yaounde, cameroon was analyzed by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of amplification products. of 137 isolates, 25 (18%) had only fc27-type alleles, 40 (29%) had only 3d7-type alleles, and 72 (53%) had multiple parasite populations wit ... | 2004 | 15031510 |
| transmission of plasmodium falciparum in urban yaoundé, cameroon, is seasonal and age-dependent. | data on malaria transmission intensity and prevalences of asexual parasites and of gametocytes were obtained in an urban district of yaoundé, cameroon. the transmission level from mosquito to human was determined by indoor night capture of mosquitoes on human volunteers, revealing a calculated entomological inoculation rate of 34 infectious bites per person per year. only anopheles gambiae and a. funestus contributed to malaria transmission and their distribution was seasonal. cross-sectional su ... | 2003 | 15259460 |
| malaria in pregnant cameroonian women: the effect of age and gravidity on submicroscopic and mixed-species infections and multiple parasite genotypes. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods were used to investigate malaria in pregnant women residing in yaounde, cameroon. microscopy and species-specific pcr-based diagnosis show that at delivery 82.4% of the women were infected with plasmodium falciparum (27.5% blood-smear positive and 54.9% submicroscopic infections). the prevalence of p. malariae and p. ovale was 7.6% and 2.5%, respectively, with 9.4% infected with more than one species. based on genotyping of the merozoite surface prot ... | 2005 | 15772312 |
| risk factors for placental malaria and its effect on pregnancy outcome in yaounde, cameroon. | between 1996 and 2001, the prevalence of placental malaria in pregnant women living in yaounde, cameroon and its effect on pregnancy outcome were evaluated with respect to gravidity and maternal age. results showed that 19.9% of the women had placental malaria at delivery. after adjusting for relevant covariates, the major risk factor for placental malaria was an age < 25 years old. placental malaria significantly increased the prevalence of anemia in women regardless of gravidity or age. in add ... | 2005 | 15772313 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking immunity in three areas with perennial or seasonal endemicity and different levels of transmission. | plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking immunity (tbi) was investigated in 3 different endemic areas. reared anopheles gambiae s.s. were experimentally infected with the blood of gametocyte carriers, either in the presence of autologous plasma (own) or after replacement of the own plasma with a nonimmune serum of ab blood group (control). transmission reduction was defined by a lower level of mosquito infection in the own batch compared with the control. after controlling for the effect of g ... | 2005 | 16354818 |
| [malaria vector control in cameroon: past, present, future. reflections]. | during the fifties, large scale malaria vector control projects based upon house spraying were implemented in southern and northern parts of cameroon in line of malaria eradication concept. in the south, the pilot zone of yaounde gathered about 150,000 inhabitants, in the forest area. first operations started in 1953 but the programme became actually operational in 1956. it was divided in two parts: the western part was treated with ddt, while the eastern one was treated with dieldrin. at the sa ... | 2001 | 16579079 |
| the comparative efficacies of malartin, with and without amodiaquine, in the treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria in the buea district of cameroon. | the in-vivo efficacies of the artesunate malartin, alone and in combination with amodiaquine, have been assessed against uncomplicated cases of plasmodium falciparum malaria attending two treatment centres in cameroon (the who/university of buea malaria health post in bolifamba and the university of buea's health centre in molyko). the 213 participants were treated for 3 days (malartin-amodiaquine) or 5 days (malartin alone) and then followed-up on days 3, 7 and 14. only 86 of the patients given ... | 2007 | 17316495 |
| hitchhiking and selective sweeps of plasmodium falciparum sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance alleles in a population from central africa. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) resistance in plasmodium falciparum is encoded by a number of mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes. here, we have characterized point mutations in dhfr and dhps and microsatellite loci around dhfr on chromosome 4 and dhps on chromosome 8 as well as neutral markers on chromosomes 2 and 3 in 332 samples from yaoundé, cameroon. the triple mutant dhfr haplotype that originated in southeast asia is the most predomin ... | 2008 | 18765692 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. xxviii. in vitro activity of dihydroartemisinin against clinical isolates of plasmodium falciparum and sequence analysis of the p. falciparum atpase 6 gene. | the plasmodium falciparum atpase 6 (pfatp6), homolog of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum, calcium-dependent atpase in malaria parasites, has been proposed to be the main target of artemisinins. four distinct point mutations (l263e, e431k, a623e, and s769n) have been reported to be associated with artemisinin resistance. the pfatp6 sequence polymorphism was determined to evaluate the prevalence of these mutations in fresh clinical isolates in yaounde, cameroon, and compare sequence data with in vitro ... | 2009 | 19556559 |
| use of a histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid diagnostic test for malaria by health personnel during routine consultation of febrile outpatients in a peripheral health facility in yaounde, cameroon. | the role of a rapid diagnostic test (rdt) in the case management of plasmodium falciparum malaria infections has not been determined in africa. our study was conducted during november 2007-january 2008 to assess test accuracy of an rdt in the management of febrile outpatients in a peripheral urban health facility in cameroon. we found the overall sensitivity to be 71.4% and a specificity of 82.2%; the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 73.8% and 80.4%, respectively. fal ... | 2009 | 19635896 |
| efficacy of amodiaquine, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and their combination for the treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in cameroon at the time of policy change to artemisinin-based combination therapy. | the efficacy of amodiaquine (aq), sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) and the combination of sp+aq in the treatment of cameroonian children with clinical malaria was investigated. the prevalence of molecular markers for resistance to these drugs was studied to set the baseline for surveillance of their evolution with time. | 2010 | 20105282 |
| analysis of an ordinal outcome in a multicentric randomized controlled trial: application to a 3- arm anti- malarial drug trial in cameroon. | malaria remains a burden in sub-saharan countries. the strategy proposed by the world health organization (who) is to systematically compare the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs using as primary outcome for efficacy, a four-category ordered criterion. the objective of the present work was to analyze the treatment effects on this primary outcome taking into account both a center-effect and individual covariates. a three-arm, three-centre trial of amodiaquine (aq), sulfadoxine-pyrimetham ... | 2010 | 20565837 |
| potent antiplasmodial extracts from cameroonian annonaceae. | in a search for new antimalarial leads, we have carried out a preliminary ethnopharmacological study with the aim of evaluating the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts from thirteen annonaceae species growing in cameroon, and of assessing the acute toxicity of promising fractions in swiss albino mice. | 2011 | 21256952 |
| molecular epidemiology of malaria in cameroon. xxx. sequence analysis of plasmodium falciparum atpase 6, dihydrofolate reductase, and dihydropteroate synthase resistance markers in clinical isolates from children treated with an artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination. | plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes are reliable molecular markers for antifolate resistance. the p. falciparum atpase 6 (pfatp6) gene has been proposed to be a potential marker for artemisinin resistance. in our previous clinical study, we showed that artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is highly effective against uncomplicated malaria in yaound+®, cameroon. in the present study, dhfr, dhps, and pfatp6 mutations in p. falciparum isolat ... | 2011 | 21734119 |
| asymptomatic carriage of malaria parasites in blood donors in yaoundé | background: malaria can be transmitted through blood transfusion, but there is paucity of data concerning transfusion-transmitted malaria in cameroun. objective: to determine prevalence of malaria infection and association with epidemiological and clinical data obtained from donors' responses. methods: microscopic examination of stained thick and thin blood smears for the detection, quantification and specification of plasmodium sp was performed on 493 blood donors in two main hospitals in yaoun ... | 2011 | 22141368 |