| the prevalence of small terrestrial mammals infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospirae in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany. | in the district of grafenau/freyung (bavaria, germany), 266 specimens of small terrestrial mammals of 8 species were captured using live traps. from these mammals, apodemus flavicollis (42.1%) and clethrionomys glareolus (39.5%) were prevalent. all animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and agglutinating antibodies to leptospirae. seropositivity against tbe virus was 14.0% and against leptospirae 7.9%, respectively. seropositivity to leptospirae ap ... | 1993 | 8298661 |
| detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ticks in several federal "länder" of germany by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)--characterization of the virus. | the aim of the present study was to analyse the current epidemiological situation with respect to tbe in the new federal "länder" of germany and in saarland through detection of the tbev genome in unengorged ticks using an rt-pcr technique. 22,273 ticks (ixodes ricinus) were collected in the five new "länder" (and some in bavaria and baden-württemberg) and divided into 294 pools. it was possible to detect tbev rna in six pools of ticks from mecklenburg western-pomerania [4], brandenburg [1], thu ... | 1996 | 8923058 |
| annual and seasonal variation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) prevalence in ticks in selected hot spot areas in germany using a nrt-pcr: results from 1997 and 1998. | the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ixodes ricinus tick populations in endemic areas of germany with the highest tbe risk is unknown. annual and seasonal differences in tbev prevalence have also not been studied. against this background, in may 1997 we started a systematic virus surveillance programme in ticks collected in locations known to have a high incidence of autochthonous tbe cases. these were 5 locations in baden-württemberg (black forest) and 8 locations in bavari ... | 1999 | 10652722 |
| tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in germany--epidemiological data, development of risk areas and virus prevalence in field-collected ticks and in ticks removed from humans. | in germany, 100-300 autochthonous clinical tbe cases have been recorded annually. there are high-risk areas in bavaria and baden-wuerttemberg and ongoing low-risk areas in hesse, thuringia, and the rhineland-palatinate and single cases in saxony. in order to be able to evaluate the epidemiological changes described here, it must be mentioned that a new definition of tbe risk areas was introduced on the district level in 1998 in germany and in 2001 with the new infection protection act (infektion ... | 2004 | 15146987 |
| tbe incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the tbe virus in ixodes ricinus removed from humans. | traditionally, the classification of risk areas of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is based on the recording of autochthonous cases of the disease. in germany, an extension of these areas over the years and an increasing virus prevalence in ticks have been observed in recent years. registration of foci with autochthonous tbe cases, recording of disease incidence and virus prevalence in ticks are all proven epidemiological methods to characterize tbe risk areas. these data are necessary for a scien ... | 2006 | 16495152 |
| evidence for an increased geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in germany and detection of rickettsia sp. rpa4. | two studies were performed to elucidate the current distribution of the tick dermacentor reticulatus in germany. in the first one in 2003, a total of 365 dogs from 171 sites in the states of berlin and brandenburg was screened for ticks, and the corresponding outdoor sites that the dogs usually visited were searched for host-seeking ticks by the flagging method. a total of 1155 ticks was removed from the dogs. the majority were ixodes ricinus (88.5%), followed by d. reticulatus (9.1%) and i. hex ... | 2006 | 16524777 |
| [tick infestation and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens in cattle in bavaria]. | during the grazing period 2002 319 cattle from 31 farms located in 6 districts of southern bavaria were examined for the presence of ticks in 4- to 5-week intervals, and 287 serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens. ticks were detected in all 31 farms with a mean prevalence of 69%. 3218 out of 3453 collected ticks were ixodes ricinus; 139 nymphs, 19 larvae and 77 damaged adult specimens could only be determined to the genus level ... | 2006 | 17009719 |
| rickettsia spp. in ixodes ricinus ticks in bavaria, germany. | this study aims to provide information on the occurrence of spotted fever rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus ticks in southern germany. a total of 2,141 i. ricinus ticks was collected in bavaria. pools of 5-10 ticks were studied by a pcr targeting the rickettsial citrate synthase gene glta. the average prevalence rate was 12% (257 of 2,141). sequencing data exclusively identified rickettsia helvetica dna. results and other data demonstrate the possible role of r. helvetica in i. ricinus as a source o ... | 2006 | 17114766 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ixodes ricinus, bavaria, germany. | anaplasma phagocytophilum dna was detected by real-time pcr, which targeted the msp2 gene, in 2.9% of questing ixodes ricinus ticks (adults and nymphs; n = 2,862), collected systematically from selected locations in bavaria, germany, in 2006. prevalence was significantly higher in urban public parks in munich than in natural forests. | 2008 | 18507918 |
| tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus prevalence and virus genome characterization in field-collected ticks (ixodes ricinus) from risk, non-risk and former risk areas of tbe, and in ticks removed from humans in germany. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is recognized as the most important viral tick-borne zoonosis in 27 countries in europe. in this study, ticks were collected in germany from two non-risk areas in the states of saxony-anhalt and mecklenburg-western pomerania, where several single human tbe cases have occurred in recent years. ticks were also collected from a region in thuringia, known to be a former risk area for tbe virus (tbev), where numerous human cases were reported between 1960 and 1975. detec ... | 2010 | 19906276 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus with severe cases in bavaria, germany. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is the most important viral infection transmitted by ticks in central europe. in germany, where tbe was classified as a notifiable disease in 2001, a highly variable number of clinically apparent human cases was reported in the last few years, ranging from the lowest number of 238 in 2007 to a maximum of 546 in 2006. the dynamics of the virus and its vector tick remain poorly understood. we investigated a highly active tbe focus in south-eastern germany where from 2 ... | 2010 | 21771510 |