| presence of hepatitis e virus in sewage in northern india: frequency and seasonal pattern. | outbreaks of acute hepatitis e, associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water, are frequent in india. sewage is a major source for contamination of surface water. data on the presence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in sewage in india are limited. the aim of this study was to look for the presence of hev rna in concentrates of sewage specimens collected from a major open sewage drain in lucknow, india during august 2004 to july 2006, by the polymerase chain reaction, using primers specif ... | 2007 | 17935174 |
| hepatitis e: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. | the relative significance of intrafamilial transmission and continued water contamination in the spread of hepatitis e is not known. to resolve this question, two surveys were conducted during a large bimodal waterborne epidemic of hepatitis e in kanpur, india, affecting an estimated 79,000 persons: i) april 1991: covering 420 houses (60 houses each in seven municipal wards) selected using multistage sampling and random number tables, and ii) may 1992: covering the same families in five municipa ... | 1994 | 7890884 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis e virus within and between three epidemics in india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries, including india. we evaluated the genetic variability within two regions (a 476-nt long orf1 segment and a 304-nt long orf2 segment) from specimens collected during three outbreaks in the cities of karnal (1987), yamunanagar (1989), and meerut (1996), india, and from one patient, residing in lucknow, india, who had a case of sporadic hepatitis (1996). within an outbreak, seq ... | 1999 | 10854164 |
| routes of transmission in the hepatitis e epidemic of saharanpur. | a large waterborne epidemic of hepatitis e occurred in the city of saharanpur (uttar pradesh, india) between december 1992 and april 1993. a random survey was conducted in the affected area of saharanpur. source of water supply, number of family members, number and characteristics of affected persons were noted. blood, stool and water samples were collected. the incidence of hepatitis was 14% in the affected area of the city. a total of 3682 individuals were affected with the disease. attack rat ... | 1998 | 9828709 |