| west nile virus activity--united states, june 2-8, 2004. | as of june 8, two states had reported a total of seven human cases of west nile virus (wnv) illness to cdc through arbonet. six cases were reported from arizona and one case from new mexico. four (57%) of the cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 53 years (range: 22-69 years), and the dates of onset of illness ranged from may 9 to june 1. | 2004 | 15190246 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, june 23-29, 2004. | as of june 29, eight states had reported a total of 57 human cases of west nile virus (wnv) illness to cdc through arbonet in 2004. a total of 38 cases had been reported from arizona, 10 from california, three from new mexico, two from florida, and one each from michigan, nebraska, south dakota, and wyoming. thirty-six (64%) of the cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 53 years (range: 9-84 years), and dates of illness onset ranged from april 23 to june 15. of the 57 cases, one ... | 2004 | 15229416 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, june 30-july 6, 2004. | during june 30-july 6, a total of 21 human cases of west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from two states (arizona and california). during 2004, eight states have reported a total of 78 human cases of wnv illness to cdc through arbonet. of these, 57 (73%) were reported from arizona. forty-seven (61%) of the 78 cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 53 years (range: 1-84 years); the dates of illness onset ranged from april 23 to june 28; and one case was fatal. | 2004 | 15241302 |
| west nile virus activity united states, july 7-13, 2004. | during the week of july 7-13, a total of 30 human west nile virus illness cases were reported from four states (arizona, california, colorado, and iowa). during 2004, a total of 10 states have reported a total of 108 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness to cdc through arbonet. of these, 66 (61%) were reported from arizona. sixty-one (58%) of the 108 cases occurred in males; median age of patients was 52 years (range: 1-84 years); dates of illness onset ranged from april 23 to july 5; and ... | 2004 | 15254454 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 18-24, 2004. | during august 18-24, a total of 154 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, florida, georgia, illinois, kentucky, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, nevada, new mexico, north carolina, south dakota, tennessee, and wisconsin). | 2004 | 15329654 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 22-28, 2004. | during september 22-28, a total of 180 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported in the district of columbia (dc) and 24 states (alabama, arizona, california, georgia, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, utah, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15457147 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 20-26, 2004. | during october 20-26, a total of 80 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 16 states (arizona, california, florida, iowa, kentucky, louisiana, michigan, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, new york, ohio, south dakota, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15514584 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 27-november 2, 2004. | during october 27-november 2, a total of 10 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from eight states (arizona, georgia, iowa, michigan, new mexico, ohio, oklahoma, and pennsylvania). | 2004 | 15525902 |
| culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) as a potential west nile virus vector in tucson, arizona: blood meal analysis indicates feeding on both humans and birds. | most reports from the united states suggest culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes feed minimally on humans. given the abundance of c. quinquefasciatus in residential tucson and parts of metropolitan phoenix, and the arrival of west nile virus to this area, discovering the blood meal hosts of the local population is important. using a sandwich elisa technique, the local c. quinquefasciatus were found to feed on both humans and birds. this suggests they should be considered potential west nile virus v ... | 2004 | 15861236 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, january 1-august 15, 2006. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet as of 3 a.m. mountain daylight time, august 15, 2006. a total of 26 states had reported 388 cases of human wnv illness to cdc. a total of 214 (56%) cases for which such data were available occurred in males; median age of patients was 49 years (range: 2-91 years). dates of illness onset ranged from january 6 to august 10; a total of 13 cases were fatal. a total of 68 presumptive west nile viremic blood ... | 2006 | 16915222 |
| west nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases --- united states, 2010. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. since west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in the western hemisphere in 1999, it has become the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the united states. however, several other arboviruses continue to cause sporadic cases and seasonal outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease (i.e., meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis). this report summarizes su ... | 2011 | 21814163 |
| modifiable risk factors for west nile virus infection during an outbreak--arizona, 2010. | west nile virus (wnv) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the united states; however, risk factors for infection are poorly defined. we performed a case-control study to identify modifiable risk factors for wnv infection. case-patients (n = 49) had laboratory evidence of recent wnv infection, whereas control-subjects (n = 74) had negative wnv serology. we interviewed participants, surveyed households, and assessed environmental data. wnv infection was associated with living in or n ... | 0 | 22556093 |
| avian hosts of west nile virus in arizona. | west nile virus (wnv) causes sporadic outbreaks of human encephalitis in phoenix, arizona. to identify amplifying hosts of wnv in the phoenix area, we blood-sampled resident birds and measured antibody prevalence following an outbreak in the east valley of metropolitan phoenix during summer, 2010. house sparrow (passer domesticus), house finch (haemorhous mexicanus), great-tailed grackle (quiscalus mexicanus), and mourning dove (zenaida macroura) accounted for most wnv infections among locally r ... | 2013 | 23857022 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, november 9-16, 2004. | during november 9-16, a total of 31 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from eight states (arizona, georgia, maryland, michigan, missouri, new york, pennsylvania, and texas). | 2004 | 15549023 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 13-19, 2004. | during october 13-19, a total of 200 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 20 states (arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, illinois, indiana, iowa, kansas, maryland, michigan, mississippi, missouri, nevada, new mexico, north carolina, oklahoma, pennsylvania, south dakota, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15499683 |
| west nile virus in california. | west nile virus (wnv) was first isolated in california during july 2003 from a pool of culex tarsalis collected near el centro, imperial county. wnv transmission then increased and spread in imperial and coachella valleys, where it was tracked by isolation from pools of cx. tarsalis, seroconversions in sentinel chickens, and seroprevalence in free-ranging birds. wnv then dispersed to the city of riverside, riverside county, and to the whittier dam area of los angeles county, where it was detecte ... | 2004 | 15496236 |
| concurrent outbreaks of st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus disease - arizona, 2015. | st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) and west nile virus (wnv) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that can cause outbreaks of acute febrile illness and neurologic disease. both viruses are endemic throughout much of the united states and have the same culex species mosquito vectors and avian hosts (1); however, since wnv was first identified in the united states in 1999, slev disease incidence has been substantially lower than wnv disease incidence, and no outbreaks involving the two ... | 2015 | 26656306 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 6-12, 2004. | during october 6-12, a total of 86 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (arizona, florida, illinois, kansas, louisiana, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nevada, new jersey, new mexico, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, tennessee, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15483530 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 29-october 5, 2004. | during september 29-october 5, a total of 81 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, florida, georgia, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, minnesota, missouri, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, south dakota, texas, and virginia). | 2004 | 15470326 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 15-21, 2004. | during september 15-21, a total of 218 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 21 states (arizona, california, florida, illinois, indiana, kansas, maryland, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, north dakota, oklahoma, south dakota, texas, utah, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15385920 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 8-14, 2004. | during september 8-14, a total of 195 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 26 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, florida, georgia, idaho, illinois, iowa, kansas, maryland, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, new york, north dakota, oklahoma, oregon, pennsylvania, south dakota, tennessee, texas, and wisconsin). | 2004 | 15371969 |
| transfusion-associated transmission of west nile virus--arizona, 2004. | blood transfusion-associated transmission (tat) of west nile virus (wnv) in the united states was first identified in 2002. in 2003, blood collection agencies (bcas) responded by screening donations for wnv by using nucleic acid-amplification tests (nats). the majority of bcas use a two-tiered nat-screening algorithm. on the basis of the test manufacturer's format, nats are conducted on minipools of samples from either six or 16 blood donations. if a minipool is nonreactive, its constituent dona ... | 2004 | 15371966 |
| neuroinvasive st. louis encephalitis virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. | in summer 2015, three unrelated solid organ transplant recipients in phoenix, arizona, had meningoencephalitis suggestive of west nile virus (wnv) infection. testing was inconclusive but was later confirmed as st. louis encephalitis (sle). we retrospectively reviewed clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcomes of these transplant recipients. common symptoms were fever, rigors, diarrhea, headache, and confusion. one patient died 3 days after hospitalization. therapy for the other two patient ... | 2017 | 28452107 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 25-31, 2004. | during august 25-31, a total of 210 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 14 states (arizona, california, florida, illinois, indiana, kansas, maryland, minnesota, montana, nevada, new mexico, north dakota, oklahoma, and pennsylvania). | 2004 | 15343148 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 11-17, 2004. | during august 11-17, a total of 194 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 17 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, florida, illinois, louisiana, maryland, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, ohio, south dakota, texas, utah, and virginia). | 2004 | 15318160 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 4-10, 2004. | during august 4-10, a total of 89 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 14 states (alabama, arizona, california, florida, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, north dakota, south dakota, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15306758 |
| infectious disease surveillance update. | | 2004 | 15298027 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 28-august 3, 2004. | during july 28-august 3, a total of 141 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 11 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, florida, illinois, nevada, new york, north dakota, south dakota, and texas). during 2004, a total of 20 states have reported a total of 406 cases of human wnv illness to cdc through arbonet. of these, 247 (61%) were reported from arizona. a total of 226 (57%) of the 406 cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 51 years (range: 1 ... | 2004 | 15295314 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 21-27, 2004. | during july 21-27, a total of 83 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 13 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, florida, illinois, iowa, missouri, new mexico, ohio, pennsylvania, and south dakota). | 2004 | 15282450 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 14-20, 2004. | during the week of july 14-20, a total of 74 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from seven states (arizona, california, florida, new mexico, new york, south dakota, and texas). | 2004 | 15269701 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, june 16-22, 2004. | as of june 22, 2004, seven states reported a total of 32 human cases of west nile virus (wnv) illness to cdc through arbonet. twenty cases were reported from arizona, six cases from california, two cases from florida, and one case each from nebraska, new mexico, south dakota, and wyoming. twenty-three (72%) of the cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 52 years (range: 9-78 years), and dates of illness onset ranged from may 8 to june 7. sixteen (50%) of the patients had neuroinv ... | 2004 | 15215743 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, june 9-15, 2004. | as of june 15, a total of 14 human cases of west nile virus (wnv) illness had been reported to cdc through arbonet from five states. ten cases were reported from arizona, and one case each from california, new mexico, south dakota, and wyoming (figure). ten (71%) of the cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 53 years (range: 9-69 years), and dates of illness onset ranged from may 8 to june 1. | 2004 | 15201846 |
| surveillance for acute insecticide-related illness associated with mosquito-control efforts--nine states, 1999-2002. | ground and aerial applications of insecticides are used to control populations of adult mosquitoes, which spread such diseases as west nile virus--related illness, eastern equine encephalitis, and dengue fever. this report summarizes investigations of illnesses associated with exposures to insecticides used during 1999-2002 to control mosquito populations in nine states (arizona, california, florida, louisiana, michigan, new york, oregon, texas, and washington) (estimated 2000 population: 118 mi ... | 2003 | 12855943 |
| reduced west nile virus transmission around communal roosts of great-tailed grackle (quiscalus mexicanus). | west nile virus has caused several outbreaks among humans in the phoenix metropolitan area (arizona, southwest usa) within the last decade. recent ecologic studies have implicated culex quinquefasciatus and culex tarsalis as the mosquito vectors and identified three abundant passerine birds-great-tailed grackle (quiscalus mexicanus), house sparrow (passer domesticus), and house finch (haemorhous mexicanus)-as key amplifiers among vertebrates. nocturnal congregations of certain species have been ... | 2014 | 25480320 |
| entomologic investigations during an outbreak of west nile virus disease in maricopa county, arizona, 2010. | entomologic investigations were conducted during an intense outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) disease in maricopa county, arizona during july 31-august 9, 2010. the investigations compared the east valley outbreak area, and a demographically similar control area in northwestern metropolitan phoenix where no human cases were reported. five mosquito species were identified in each area, and species composition was similar in both areas. significantly more culex quinquefasciatus females were collec ... | 2012 | 23109372 |
| methods for detection of west nile virus antibodies in mosquito blood meals. | we describe and compare 2 qualitative serologic techniques for detecting west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies in mosquito blood meals. the techniques are the biotin microsphere immunoassay (b-mia) and the inhibition platform of the vectortest™ wnv antigen assay (vectest-inhibition). to demonstrate the ability of these tests to detect wnv-neutralizing antibodies, we experimentally exposed feeding mosquitoes to blood containing 5 concentrations of 6b6c-1, a flavivirus-neutralizing monoclonal ... | 0 | 25843170 |
| Completeness of West Nile virus testing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona, USA. | SUMMARYAccurate data on West Nile virus (WNV) cases help guide public health education and control activities, and impact regional WNV blood product screening procedures. During an outbreak of WNV disease in Arizona, records from patients with meningitis or encephalitis were reviewed to determine the proportion tested for WNV. Of 60 patients identified with meningitis or encephalitis, 24 (40%) were tested for WNV. Only 12 (28%) of 43 patients aged <50 years were tested for WNV compared to 12 (71 ... | 2011 | 22123531 |
| population genetic data suggest a role for mosquito-mediated dispersal of west nile virus across the western united states. | after introduction, west nile virus (wnv) spread rapidly across the western united states between the years 2001 and 2004. this westward movement is thought to have been mediated by random dispersive movements of resident birds. little attention has been placed on the role of mosquito vectors in virus dispersal across north america. the mosquito vector largely responsible for wnv amplification and transmission of wnv in the western usa is culex tarsalis. here we present population genetic data t ... | 2010 | 20298466 |
| genetic deficiency of chemokine receptor ccr5 is a strong risk factor for symptomatic west nile virus infection: a meta-analysis of 4 cohorts in the us epidemic. | west nile virus (wnv) causes disease in approximately 20% of infected humans. we previously reported that homozygosity for ccr5delta32, a nonfunctional variant of chemokine receptor ccr5, is markedly increased among symptomatic wnv-seropositive patients from arizona and colorado. to confirm this, we analyzed cohorts from california and illinois. an increase in ccr5-deficient subjects was found in both (for california, odds ratio [or], 4.2 [95% confidence interval {ci}, 1.5-11.9] [p= .004]; for i ... | 2008 | 18179388 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus exposure in north american mesopredators. | sera from 936 mammalian mesopredators (virginia opossums, gray foxes, striped skunks, hooded skunks, raccoons, a bobcat, and a red fox) were collected during 2003 and 2004 in california, arizona, texas, louisiana, ohio, and wyoming and screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies by an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking elisa). serum samples positive for antibodies against flaviviruses were screened for west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies by blocking elisa and sele ... | 2007 | 17255248 |
| co-circulation of west nile virus variants, arizona, usa, 2010. | molecular analysis of west nile virus (wnv) isolates obtained during a 2010 outbreak in maricopa county, arizona, usa, demonstrated co-circulation of 3 distinct genetic variants, including strains with novel envelope protein mutations. these results highlight the continuing evolution of wnv in north america and the current complexity of wnv dispersal and transmission. | 0 | 24447818 |
| a temperature-limited assessment of the risk of rift valley fever transmission and establishment in the continental united states of america. | the rapid spread of west nile virus across north america after its introduction in 1999 highlights the potential for foreign arboviruses to become established in the united states of america. of particular concern is rift valley fever virus (rvfv), which has been responsible for multiple african epidemics resulting in death of both humans and livestock, as well as major economic disruption due to livestock loss and trade restrictions. modern globalization, travel, and commerce allow viruses to e ... | 2012 | 22639118 |
| managing mosquito spaces: citizen self-governance of disease vectors in a desert landscape. | public health agencies' strategies to control disease vectors have increasingly included "soft" mosquito management programs that depend on citizen education and changing homeowner behaviors. in an effort to understand public responses to such campaigns, this research assesses the case of tucson, arizona, where west nile virus presents a serious health risk and where management efforts have focused on public responsibility for mosquito control. using surveys, interviews, and focus groups, we con ... | 2017 | 27894018 |
| bald eagle nestling mortality associated with argas radiatus and argas ricei tick infestation and successful management with nest removal in arizona, usa. | eight bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) nestlings heavily infested with larval ticks were found in or under a nest near the confluence of the verde and salt rivers in arizona in 2009-11. the 8-12-wk-old nestlings were slow to respond to stimuli and exhibited generalized muscle weakness or paresis of the pelvic limbs. numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous hemorrhages were associated with sites of tick attachment. ticks were identified as argas radiatus and argas ricei. treatment with acaricid ... | 2016 | 27479902 |
| willingness to pay for mosquito control in key west, florida and tucson, arizona. | mosquito-borne illnesses like west nile virus (wnv) and dengue are growing threats to the united states. proactive mosquito control is one strategy to reduce the risk of disease transmission. in 2012, we measured the public's willingness to pay (wtp) for increased mosquito control in two cities: key west, fl, where there have been recent dengue outbreaks, and tucson, az, where dengue vectors are established and wnv has been circulating for over a decade. nearly three quarters of respondents in b ... | 2016 | 26903603 |
| west nile virus outbreak in phoenix, arizona--2010: entomological observations and epidemiological correlations. | in 2010, arizona experienced an unusually early and severe outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) centered in the southeast section of maricopa county. entomological data were collected before and during the outbreak, from may 25 through july 31, 2010, using the co2-baited light trap monitoring system maintained by maricopa county vector control. in the outbreak area, the most abundant species in the town of gilbert and in the area covered by the roosevelt water conservation district was culex quinqu ... | 2013 | 23923326 |
| fine scale spatial urban land cover factors associated with adult mosquito abundance and risk in tucson, arizona. | it is currently unclear what role microhabitat land cover plays in determining the seasonal spatial distribution of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus, disease vectors of dengue and west nile virus, respectively, in tucson, az. we compared mosquito abundance to sixteen land cover variables derived from 2010 naip multispectral data and 2008 lidar height data. mosquitoes were trapped with 30-9 traps from may to october of 2010 and 2011. variables were extracted for five buffer zones (10-50 m ... | 2012 | 23181866 |