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a survey for toxoplasma gondii antibodies in deer and other wildlife on a sheep range.blood samples were obtained from native mammals and birds on a sheep range (hopland field station) in northern california. serums were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. of 382 deer that were tested from 1964 to 1973, 77 (20%) were seropositive for t gondii. among 36 serums representing 6 species of wild carnivores (badgers, bobcats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and skunks), 18 (50%) were seropositive. all of the 5 bobcats tested were seropositive, wit ...19751176348
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006.during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ...200717696853
toxoplasma antibodies among bobcats and other carnivores of norther california.the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was investigated among five species of wild carnivores in norther ccalifornia. the highest prevalence was among bobcats (lynx rufus), with 15 of 21 tested being serologically positive. other results included serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in two of seven raccoons (procyon lotor), one of three badgers (taxidea taxus) and two of three coyotes (canis latrans). two gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were serologically negative. oone badger ...19751142562
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008.during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ...200919751163
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...200516379626
serologic evidence of west nile virus exposure in north american mesopredators.sera from 936 mammalian mesopredators (virginia opossums, gray foxes, striped skunks, hooded skunks, raccoons, a bobcat, and a red fox) were collected during 2003 and 2004 in california, arizona, texas, louisiana, ohio, and wyoming and screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies by an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking elisa). serum samples positive for antibodies against flaviviruses were screened for west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies by blocking elisa and sele ...200717255248
modest genetic differentiation among north american populations of sarcocystis neurona may reflect expansion in its geographic range.sarcocystis neurona is an important cause of neurological disease in horses (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, epm) and sea otters in the united states. in addition, epm-like disease has been diagnosed in several other land and marine mammals. opossums are its only definitive hosts. little genetic diversity among isolates of s. neurona from different hosts has been reported. here, we used 11 microsatellites to characterize s. neurona dna isolated from natural infections in 22 sea otters (enhyd ...200818243561
a suspected canine distemper epidemic as the cause of a catastrophic decline in santa catalina island foxes (urocyon littoralis catalinae).the island fox (urocyon littoralis catalinae) population on santa catalina island, california, usa declined precipitously in 1999 with an approximate 95% reduction on their eastern range, an area representing 87% of the island. during this investigation, between october 1999 and april 2000, evidence of live foxes dramatically decreased. the only carcass recovered during the decline succumbed to a co-infection of canine distemper virus (cdv) and toxoplasmosis. sequence analysis of the viral p gen ...200919395743
trematodes in snails near raccoon latrines suggest a final host role for this mammal in california salt marshes.of the 18 trematode species that use the horn snail, cerithidea californica, as a first intermediate host, 6 have the potential to use raccoons as a final host. the presence of raccoon latrines in carpinteria salt marsh, california, allowed us to investigate associations between raccoons and trematodes in snails. two trematode species, probolocoryphe uca and stictodora hancocki, occurred at higher prevalences in snails near raccoon latrines than in snails away from latrines, suggesting that racc ...200515986632
raccoon roundworm eggs near homes and risk for larva migrans disease, california communities.the raccoon roundworm, baylisascaris procyonis, is increasingly recognized as a cause of serious or fatal larva migrans disease in humans and animals. we assessed the potential for infection in three northern california communities by determining the density and distribution of raccoon latrines, where transmission primarily occurs, and the prevalence of eggs at private residences. we collected fecal samples from 215 latrines and found that 44%-53% of the latrines contained b. procyonis eggs and ...200314720389
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...200415643834
baylisascaris procyonis (nematoda: ascaridoidea) eggs in raccoon (procyon lotol) latrine scats in orange county, california.baylisascaris procyonis is the common intestinal nematode of the raccoon and is well-recognized as a cause of visceral, ocular, and neural larva migrans in many species of wild and domestic birds and mammals, including humans. to develop data on the prevalence of b. procyonis in orange county, california, 800 distinct raccoon latrine sites were sampled in 4 spatial zones from 15 january to 31 december 2000. counts of fecal eggs per gram (epg) were determined and evaluated with reference to spati ...200212053964
baylisascaris procyonis (nematoda: ascaridae) in raccoons (procyon lotor) in orange county, california.baylisascaris procyonis is one of the common nematodes of the raccoon (procyon lotor), being well recognized as a cause of visceral, ocular, and neural larval migrans in many species of wild and domestic birds and mammals, including humana. between january 15 and december 31, 2000 in orange county, ca, 640 raccoons (p. lotor) were live-trapped in four spatial distributions zones, and b. procyonis egg shedding prevalence and fecal egg per gram (epg) counts were determined in relation to spatial d ...200112653152
moellerella wisconsensis isolated from the oral cavity of a wild raccoon (procyon lotor).this report describes the isolation of moellerella wisconsensis from the oral secretions of a wild raccoon in northern california. human enteric disease has previously been associated with this organism. this represents the first isolation of this rare enterobacterial species from a non-captive animal and only the third from a non-human source.200212737549
baylisascaris procyonis (nematoda: ascarididae) larva migrans in free-ranging wildlife in orange county, california.baylisascaris procyonis is well recognized as a cause of visceral (vlm), ocular, and neural (nlm) larva migrans in birds and mammals, including man. a study of the prevalence of larva migrans in free-ranging wildlife associated with raccoon latrines as well as a retrospective study of wildlife mortalities with neurological disease was conducted in 2000 in orange county, california. eighty-seven birds of 18 species and 64 mammals of 8 species were found to have nlm or vlm or both. nlm clinical si ...200212054001
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern california.wild and domestic animals from 3 geographic-climatologic areas in northern california were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii. a total of 2,796 serum samples representing 37 species of wild mammals, 35 species of wild birds, and 5 species of domestic animals were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test. of 1,174 wild mammal serums tested, 10.8% were positive, which compared with 14.7% of the 1,221 domestic mammal serums. of 229 wild carnivores tested, 45% were seropositive, inc ...1976977457
serologic evidence of yersinia pestis infection in small mammals and bears from a temperate rainforest of north coastal california.from 1983 to 1985, 463 serum samples from 11 species of mammals in redwood national park (rnp) (california, usa) were evaluated for antibodies to yersinia pestis by the passive hemagglutination method. yersinia pestis antibodies occurred in serum samples from 25 (36%) of 69 black bears (ursus americanus), one (50%) of two raccoons (procyon lotor), five (3%) of 170 dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes), and one (less than 1%) of 118 deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). two hundred seventy-three ...19892915403
selenium accumulation by raccoons exposed to irrigation drainwater at kesterson national wildlife refuge, california, 1986.in february-march 1986, eight raccoons (procyon lotor) were collected at kesterson reservoir (merced co., california), which had received selenium-contaminated irrigation drainwater, and four raccoons were collected at the nearby volta wildlife area, which had not. selenium concentrations in kesterson raccoons averaged 19.9 ppm (micrograms/g dry wt) in liver, 28.3 ppm (dry wt) in hair, 21.6 ppm (dry wt) in feces, and 2.61 ppm (wet wt) in blood and exceeded volta concentrations by 12, 30, 21, and ...19892619319
serologic evidence of jamestown canyon and keystone virus infection in vertebrates of the delmarva peninsula.serological data accumulated during the past decade indicated that a variety of feral and domestic animals of the delaware-maryland-virginia (delmarva) peninsula were infected with jamestown canyon (jc) and/or keystone (key) viruses (bunyaviridae, california serogroup). neutralizing (n) antibody to jc virus was most prevalent in white-tailed deer, sika deer, cottontail rabbits and horses. key virus n antibody was detected most frequently in gray squirrels and domestic goats. n antibody indicativ ...19827149110
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...200314690203
natural la crosse virus infection in the red fox (vulpes fulva), gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoon (procyon lotor), and opossum (didelphis virginiana).natural infection of sentinel red foxes (vulpes fulva) and free-ranging red foxes, gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (procyon lotor) with la crosse (lac) virus was demonstrated. one isolate of lac virus was obtained from a sentinel red fox in an enzootic area. the viremia titer of the lac virus-infected red fox was above the threshold of infection for aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. antibody responses were measured by the microneutralization test employing four california group vi ...19817258486
rabies surveillance, united states, 1988.the primary purpose of the annual report on rabies surveillance is to assist local and state public health officials in the planning of rabies control programs and to guide health professionals in evaluating the need for rabies postexposure prophylaxis in patients who are exposed to animals that may be rabid. in 1988, a total of 4,724 cases of animal rabies were reported by 47 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico, similar to the total (4,729) for 1987. no human cases of rabies were ...19892505046
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1991.in 1991, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 6,972 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control. ninety-one percent (6,354 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8.9% (618 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases of rabies increased 42.9% over that of 1990 (4,881 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of the epizootic of rabies in raccoons in the mid-atlantic and northeas ...19921483899
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...200212494966
seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi among eleven potential reservoir species from six states across the southern united states.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, is a substantial public health concern in latin america. although rare in humans and domestic animals in the united states, t. cruzi is commonly detected in some wildlife species, most commonly raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana). to increase our understanding of the reservoir host species range and geographic distribution, 11 species of mammals from six states spanning the known range of t. cruzi (arizo ...201020020815
from the centers for disease control and prevention. raccoon roundworm encephalitis--chicago, illinois, and los angeles, california, 2000. 200211838448
diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. morphometric, serologic, and epidemiologic support for baylisascaris as a causative agent.several nematodes have been postulated as etiologic agents in diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (dusn), but the cause of this condition remains uncertain. the authors report the first case of dusn from the western united states (northern california), along with morphometric, serologic, and epidemiologic evidence supporting baylisascaris procyonis as its cause.19938233397
oral papillomatosis caused by enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (elpv-1) in southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) in california, usa.the southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) is a threatened marine sentinel. during postmortem investigations of stranded sea otters from 2004 to 2013 in california, us, papillomas were detected in the oral cavity of at least seven otters via necropsy and histopathology. next-generation sequencing of viral particles purified from a single papilloma revealed a novel papillomavirus, enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (elpv-1). the genome of elpv-1 was obtained, representing the first fully sequenc ...201525647597
variable infection dynamics in four peromyscus species following experimental inoculation with baylisascaris procyonis.wild rodents such as peromyscus spp. are intermediate hosts for the zoonotic ascarid baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm), and previous studies indicate peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) likely serves an important role in parasite ecology. natural infections have been sporadically identified in a few peromyscus spp., but no data are available on differences in susceptibility among the many other species. we compared survival and infection dynamics of b. procyonis in 4 species ( p. ...201627351237
baylisascaris procyonis demography and egg production in a california raccoon population.california has more reported human raccoon roundworm cases than any other state due to large and overlapping human and raccoon populations. infection by this parasite, baylisascaris procyonis , is relatively benign in raccoons but can cause severe pathology in other species. disease risk is driven by environmental egg contamination which increases with raccoon density, worm intensity, and worm prevalence. to improve knowledge about risk to humans and other species, 189 raccoons from southern cal ...201627556367
trivittatus virus infections in wild mammals and sentinel rabbits in central iowa.a serological survey was conducted in iowa to determine the prevalence rate of california group virus antibodies in sera of several vertebrate species. serum specimens were assayed for infectivity-neutralizing antibody in a microneutralization system with baby hamster kidney cell culture. of 77 sera assayed, 21 (27%) neutralized trivittatus (tvt) virus infectivity. the antibody prevalence rate was highest for eastern cottontail rabbits inasmuch as 46% (10/22) of the serum specimens form this spe ...19751200251
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2012.summary-during 2012, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,162 rabid animals and 1 human rabies case to the cdc, representing a 2.1% increase from the 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human cases reported in 2011. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,953 raccoons (31.7%), 1,680 bats (27.3%), 1,539 skunks (25.0%), 340 foxes (5.5%), 257 cats (4.2%), 115 cattle (1.9%), and 84 dogs (1.4%). compared with 2011, there wa ...201324004227
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2011.during 2011, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 1.9% decrease from the 6,153 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2010. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,981 raccoons (32.8%), 1,627 skunks (27.0%), 1,380 bats (22.9%), 427 foxes (7.1%), 303 cats (5.0%), 65 cattle (1.1%), and 70 dogs (1.2%). compared with 2010, there was a subs ...201222947154
baylisascaris procyonis-associated meningoencephalitis in a previously healthy adult, california, usa.after severe neurocognitive decline developed in an otherwise healthy 63-year-old man, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and enhancing lesions. the patient tested positive for antibodies to baylisascaris spp. roundworms, was treated with albendazole and dexamethasone, and showed improvement after 3 months. baylisascariasis should be considered for all patients with eosinophilic meningitis.027434260
disseminated histoplasmosis in two juvenile raccoons (procyon lotor) from a nonendemic region of the united states.two 6-month-old raccoon kits, which had been rescued and fostered in preparation for return to the wild, became acutely ill and died 3 weeks before scheduled release. at necropsy, the kits had grossly enlarged livers and spleens, diffusely consolidated lungs, and generalized lymphadenopathy. histologically, extensive infiltrates of macrophages containing yeast organisms were identified in lung, liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, intestinal tissues, brain, adrenal gland, bone marrow, and thymus ...201424557751
seroprevalence of baylisascaris procyonis infection among humans, santa barbara county, california, usa, 2014-2016.baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm) infection is common in raccoons and can cause devastating pathology in other animals, including humans. limited information is available on the frequency of asymptomatic human infection. we tested 150 adults from california, usa, for b. procyonis antibodies; 11 were seropositive, suggesting that subclinical infection does occur.201728726612
trypanosoma cruzi and chagas' disease in the united states.chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi and causes potentially life-threatening disease of the heart and gastrointestinal tract. the southern half of the united states contains enzootic cycles of t. cruzi, involving 11 recognized triatomine vector species. the greatest vector diversity and density occur in the western united states, where woodrats are the most common reservoir; other rodents, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes are also infected with t. cruzi. in the east ...201121976603
consideration of natural sources in a bacteria tmdl-lines of evidence, including beach microbial source tracking.total maximum daily load (tmdl) stipulations remained unmet at a southern california beach despite a suite of management actions carried out since 2001, prompting exploration of a natural sources exclusion (nse) provision within the tmdl. quantitative microbial source tracking (mst) was employed from 2012 to 2015 to inventory sources of natural and anthropogenic fecal indicator bacteria (fib). data suggested fib exceedances could be traced to gulls based on gull marker prevalence and correlation ...201728633521
temporal and geographic clustering of polyomavirus-associated olfactory tumors in 10 free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor).reports of primary nervous system tumors in wild raccoons are extremely rare. olfactory tumors were diagnosed postmortem in 9 free-ranging raccoons from 4 contiguous counties in california and 1 raccoon from oregon within a 26-month period between 2010 and 2012. we describe the geographic and temporal features of these 10 cases, including the laboratory diagnostic investigations and the neuropathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of these tumors in the affected anim ...201424045888
novel polyomavirus associated with brain tumors in free-ranging raccoons, western united states.tumors of any type are exceedingly rare in raccoons. high-grade brain tumors, consistently located in the frontal lobes and olfactory tracts, were detected in 10 raccoons during march 2010-may 2012 in california and oregon, suggesting an emerging, infectious origin. we have identified a candidate etiologic agent, dubbed raccoon polyomavirus, that was present in the tumor tissue of all affected animals but not in tissues from 20 unaffected animals. southern blot hybridization and rolling circle a ...201323260029
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