| weekly update: west nile virus activity--united states, july 17-23, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and verified by states and other jurisdictions as of july 23, 2002. during the reporting week of july 17-23, nine human cases of wnv were reported from two states (louisiana and mississippi). during the same period, wnv infections were reported in 202 dead crows, 48 other dead birds, 13 horses, and 69 mosquito pools. | 2002 | 12186223 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 31-august 7, 2002, and louisiana, january 1-august 7, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of august 7, 2002. | 2002 | 12233908 |
| acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with west nile virus infection--mississippi and louisiana, july-august 2002. | west nile virus (wnv) infection can cause severe, potentially fatal neurologic illnesses including encephalitis and meningitis. acute wnv infection also has been associated with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) attributed to a peripheral demyelinating process (guillain-barré syndrome [gbs]), or to an anterior myelitis. however, the exact etiology of afp has not been assessed thoroughly with electrophysiologic, laboratory, and neuroimaging data. this report describes six cases of wnv-associated afp ... | 2002 | 12353741 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with west nile virus infection--mississippi and louisiana, july-august 2002. | | 2002 | 12377069 |
| west nile virus outbreak in louisiana reflects growing problem across the nation. | | 2002 | 12386627 |
| surveillance for acute insecticide-related illness associated with mosquito-control efforts--nine states, 1999-2002. | ground and aerial applications of insecticides are used to control populations of adult mosquitoes, which spread such diseases as west nile virus--related illness, eastern equine encephalitis, and dengue fever. this report summarizes investigations of illnesses associated with exposures to insecticides used during 1999-2002 to control mosquito populations in nine states (arizona, california, florida, louisiana, michigan, new york, oregon, texas, and washington) (estimated 2000 population: 118 mi ... | 2003 | 12855943 |
| case reports of viral meningitis/encephalitis. | the purpose of this paper is to present three case reports of patients who presented to a local hospital in northern louisiana with symptoms of viral meningitis and encephalitis. it also updates physicians on the signs and symptoms of persons infected with west nile virus (wnv), a new and emerging infection in the western hemisphere. beginning in june 2002, persons in louisiana, particularly the southern part of the state, started presenting to health facilities with symptoms of infection with t ... | 2003 | 12873102 |
| west nile virus infection in nonhuman primate breeding colony, concurrent with human epidemic, southern louisiana. | during the summer of 2002, an epidemic of west nile meningoencephalitis occurred in southern louisiana. following the outbreak, blood samples were collected from 1,692 captive rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), pigtail macaques (m. nemestrina), and baboons (papio spp.) that were permanently housed outdoors at a nonhuman primate breeding facility in st. tammany parish, louisiana. the serum samples were examined for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv). overall, 36% of the captive nonhuman primates h ... | 2003 | 14718080 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 4-10, 2004. | during august 4-10, a total of 89 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 14 states (alabama, arizona, california, florida, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, north dakota, south dakota, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15306758 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 11-17, 2004. | during august 11-17, a total of 194 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 17 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, florida, illinois, louisiana, maryland, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, ohio, south dakota, texas, utah, and virginia). | 2004 | 15318160 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 22-28, 2004. | during september 22-28, a total of 180 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported in the district of columbia (dc) and 24 states (alabama, arizona, california, georgia, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, utah, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15457147 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 6-12, 2004. | during october 6-12, a total of 86 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (arizona, florida, illinois, kansas, louisiana, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nevada, new jersey, new mexico, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, tennessee, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15483530 |
| year-round west nile virus activity, gulf coast region, texas and louisiana. | west nile virus (wnv) was detected in 11 dead birds and two mosquito pools collected in east texas and southern louisiana during surveillance studies in the winter of 2003 to 2004. these findings suggest that wnv is active throughout the year in this region of the united states. | 2004 | 15498169 |
| west nile virus economic impact, louisiana, 2002. | west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause illness in humans ranging from mild fever to encephalitis. in 2002, a total of 4,156 wnv cases were reported in the united states; 329 were in louisiana. to estimate the economic impact of the 2002 wnv epidemic in louisiana, we collected data from hospitals, a patient questionnaire, and public offices. hospital charges were converted to economic costs by using medicare cost-to-charge ratios. the estimated cost of the louisiana epid ... | 2004 | 15504258 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 20-26, 2004. | during october 20-26, a total of 80 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 16 states (arizona, california, florida, iowa, kentucky, louisiana, michigan, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, new york, ohio, south dakota, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15514584 |
| impact of west nile virus outbreak upon st. tammany parish mosquito abatement district. | st. tammany parish, louisiana, experienced an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) in 2002, with 40 human cases and 4 deaths, most occurring from june to august. culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was believed to be the primary vector of wnv during the outbreak, although circumstantial evidence suggests that aedes albopictus also may have been involved in transmission. dead bird reports were the 1st indication of the outbreak and were an excellent indicator of wnv activity; however, sentinel chickens w ... | 2005 | 15825759 |
| serologic survey of cats and dogs during an epidemic of west nile virus infection in humans. | to estimate west nile virus (wnv) infection rates, assess environmental variables that correlated with seropositivity in dogs and cats, and assess whether pets should be considered as possible sentinels for wnv and therefore of potential human exposure. | 2005 | 15844427 |
| one-year sequelae in patients with west nile virus encephalitis and meningitis in louisiana. | west nile virus (wnv) infection can be severe and complicated by neuroinvasive disease, such as meningitis and encephalitis. not much is known about the one-year sequelae following a complicated wnv infection. from july to december 2002, the first large outbreak of wnv in the southern united states occurred in louisiana. this epidemic resulted in 329 cases of wnv infection including 125 cases of west nile fever and 204 cases complicated by meningitis and encephalitis. one year later, during the ... | 2005 | 15887668 |
| serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern united states. | serosurveys were conducted to obtain flavivirus and west nile virus (wnv) seroprevalence data from mammals. sera from 513 small- and medium-sized mammals collected during late summer and fall 2003 from colorado, louisiana, new york, ohio, and pennsylvania were screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies. sera samples containing antibody to flaviviruses were screened for wnv-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and confirmed with plaque reduction neutralizati ... | 2005 | 15891139 |
| experimental and natural infection of north american bats with west nile virus. | big brown (eptesicus fuscus) and mexican free-tailed (tadarida brasiliensis) bats were inoculated with the new york 99 strain of west nile virus to assess their potential to serve as amplifying hosts and determine the clinical effect of infection. groups of three or four bats were bled at daily intervals between 1 and 6 days after inoculation to determine the pattern of viremia. beginning 2 days after inoculation, virus was isolated each day from one or more e. fuscus bats, in titers ranging fro ... | 2005 | 16103624 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, slidell, louisiana, 2002. | after an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) infections in slidell, louisiana, in 2002, we detected neutralizing antibodies to wnv in 13 of 120 mammals, representing five of six species sampled. seroprevalence was measured in opossum, didelphis virginiana (75%, n = 8), raccoons, procyon lotor (60%, n = 5), black rats, rattus rattus (6%, n = 36), hispid cotton rats, sigmodon hispidus (4%, n = 24), and eastern gray squirrels, sciurus carolinensis (2%, n = 43). | 2005 | 16187899 |
| west nile virus-infected mosquitoes, louisiana, 2002. | human cases of west nile virus (wnv) disease appeared in st. tammany and tangipahoa parishes in southeastern louisiana in june 2002. cases peaked during july, then rapidly declined. we conducted mosquito collections from august 3 to august 15 at residences of patients with confirmed and suspected wnv disease to estimate species composition, relative abundance, and wnv infection rates. a total of 31,215 mosquitoes representing 25 species were collected by using primarily gravid traps and co2-bait ... | 2005 | 16229769 |
| avian hosts for west nile virus in st. tammany parish, louisiana, 2002. | west nile virus (wnv) infections in free-ranging birds were studied in slidell, st. tammany parish, louisiana, after a human encephalitis outbreak peaked there in july 2002. seroprevalence in resident, free-ranging wild birds in one suburban site was 25% and 24% in august and october, respectively, indicating that most transmission had ceased by early august. mortality rates, seroprevalence rates, host competence, and crude population estimates were used in mathematical models to predict actual ... | 2005 | 16354808 |
| surveillance for west nile virus cases in louisiana 2001-2004. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in louisiana during august of 2001. an outbreak of 204 human cases of neuro-invasive disease (nid) and 25 deaths occurred in 2002. in the 2 years following, lower numbers of human cases were identified (101 nid cases in 2003 and 84 in 2004) but intense localized foci were observed. the incidence of nid has been particularly high in the elderly (65 years and older). the distribution of west nile cases has consisted of sporadic cases with a few very intense ... | 2005 | 16374972 |
| quantification of west nile virus in the saliva of culex species collected from the southern united states. | culex quinquefasciatus, cx. restuans, cx. pipiens complex, and cx. nigripalpus were collected as larvae or egg rafts from the southern usa. adult female mosquitoes were intrathoracically inoculated with approximately 1,000 plaque-forming units of west nile virus (wnv) and saliva was collected from them 5 days later. the amount of infectious wnv in the saliva samples was quantified by plaque assay and wnv rna was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). more than 90% ... | 2006 | 16646323 |
| detection of west nile virus rna in pools of three species of ceratopogonids (diptera: ceratopogonidae) collected in louisiana. | light traps were used to collect ceratopogonids in east baton rouge parish, louisiana. in total, 46,496 ceratopogonids were sorted from 4,968 light trap collections from 20 november 2002 through 25 november 2004. two hundred and nine pools containing specimens of 18 species of culicoides latreille, seven pools containing specimens of atrichopogon kieffer, and five pools containing specimens of forcipomyia meigen were tested for west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) rna usi ... | 2006 | 17017242 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus exposure in north american mesopredators. | sera from 936 mammalian mesopredators (virginia opossums, gray foxes, striped skunks, hooded skunks, raccoons, a bobcat, and a red fox) were collected during 2003 and 2004 in california, arizona, texas, louisiana, ohio, and wyoming and screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies by an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking elisa). serum samples positive for antibodies against flaviviruses were screened for west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies by blocking elisa and sele ... | 2007 | 17255248 |
| seroprevalence of west nile virus in nonhuman primates as related to mosquito abundance at two national primate research centers. | west nile virus (wnv) surfaced as an emerging infectious disease in the northeastern united states in 1999, gradually spread across the continent, and is now endemic throughout north america. outdoor-housed nonhuman primates at the tulane national primate research center (tnprc) in louisiana were documented with a relatively high prevalence (36%) of antibodies to west nile virus. we examined the prevalence of antibodies to wnv in a nonhuman primate population housed in outdoor colonies at the ye ... | 2007 | 17348299 |
| west nile virus surveillance in east baton rouge parish, louisiana. | west nile virus (wnv) was detected for the first time in louisiana in the fall of 2001. surveillance data collected from east baton rouge parish in 2002 were examined to establish baseline data on wnv activity, to support the current design of disease surveillance programs, and to target vector control efforts in the parish. the first indications of wnv activity were from a dead northern cardinal collected in february and from a live male cardinal sampled on 14 march. in mosquito pools, wnv was ... | 2007 | 17536365 |
| effect of hurricane katrina on arboviral disease transmission. | | 2007 | 17953117 |
| west nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence in the united states, 2002-2006. | as the geographic range of reported human west nile virus (wnv) disease has expanded across the united states, seasonal transmission and outbreaks have persisted over several years in many areas of the country. west nile virus neuroinvasive disease (wnnd) case reports from 2002 to 2006 were reviewed to determine which areas of the country have the highest reported cumulative incidence and whether those areas have had consistently high annual incidence. during the 5-year period examined, 9632 cas ... | 2008 | 18237264 |
| west nile virus detection in mosquitoes in east baton rouge parish, louisiana, from november 2002 to october 2004. | the prevalence of west nile virus (wnv) was determined in mosquitoes between november 2002 and october 2004 in east baton rouge parish, la. a total of 244,374 female mosquitoes were collected and tested by viral isolation. additionally, 131,896 female mosquitoes were collected in 2003 and tested by vectest and 167,175 female mosquitoes were collected in 2004 and tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). west nile virus was isolated by cell culture from 17 (47.2%) out of ... | 2008 | 18437811 |
| increase in west nile neuroinvasive disease after hurricane katrina. | after hurricane katrina, the number of reported cases of west nile neuroinvasive disease (wnnd) sharply increased in the hurricane-affected regions of louisiana and mississippi. in 2006, a >2-fold increase in wnnd incidence was observed in the hurricane-affected areas than in previous years. | 2008 | 18439367 |
| complete genome analysis and virulence characteristics of the louisiana west nile virus strain lsu-ar01. | west nile virus (wnv) is a member of the flaviriridae family, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality in birds, horses, and humans. the wnv-lsu-ar01 strain was isolated from a dead blue jay in louisiana in 2001. phylogenetic analysis using 75 full wnv genomes revealed that the lsu-ar01 strain belongs to a distinct subclade among the north american strains. the lsu-ar01 strain differed from the ny-99 prototypic strain by 26 nucleotides causing six amino acid changes. an asparagine-to- ... | 2009 | 19130199 |
| helminthic eosinophilic meningitis: emerging zoonotic diseases in the south. | today most emerging infectious diseases, such as west nile virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), arise in the natural environment as zoonoses and are often imported into the united states (us). the most common helminthic infections that can cause eosinophilic meningitis (eom) in the us, neuroangiostrongyliasis and baylisascariasis, share many of the characteristics of emerging infectious diseases. neuroangiostrongyliasis, a rodent zoonosis caused by the rat lungworm, angiostrongylu ... | 2008 | 19283982 |
| spatio-temporal cluster analysis of county-based human west nile virus incidence in the continental united states. | west nile virus (wnv) is a vector-borne illness that can severely affect human health. after introduction on the east coast in 1999, the virus quickly spread and became established across the continental united states. however, there have been significant variations in levels of human wnv incidence spatially and temporally. in order to quantify these variations, we used kulldorff's spatial scan statistic and anselin's local moran's i statistic to uncover spatial clustering of human wnv incidence ... | 2009 | 19594928 |
| evaluation of surveillance methods for detection of west nile virus activity in east baton rouge parish, louisiana, 2004-2006. | a 3-year study was conducted to determine if testing mosquitoes collected in modified sentinel chicken boxes for west nile virus (wnv) or testing sentinel chickens for wnv antibody would detect wnv activity before onset of human cases in east baton rouge parish, la. in each year mosquitoes tested positive for wnv before the onset of human cases were detected, but seroconversions of sentinel chickens were detected after the human cases occurred. in 1 year we also compared the effectiveness of cen ... | 2009 | 19653493 |
| west nile virus transmission via organ transplantation and blood transfusion - louisiana, 2008. | three years after the introduction and spread of west nile virus (wnv) in the united states, transmission through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation was documented in 2002. within a year, these findings led to nationwide screening of blood donors for wnv. although screening is extremely sensitive, current methods still do not detect all wnv-infected blood donations, and organ donors are not screened routinely. in october 2008, the louisiana department of health (ldh) was notified ... | 2009 | 19940831 |
| endemic tickborne infectious diseases in louisiana and the gulf south. | most emerging infectious diseases today, such as west nile virus and sudden acute respiratory distress syndrome (sars), arise from zoonotic reservoirs and many are transmitted by arthropod vectors. ticks are among the most competent and versatile arthropod vectors of infectious diseases because ticks of all ages and both sexes remain infectious for generations without having to reacquire infections from reservoir hosts. today, ticks transmit the most common arthropod-borne infectious disease in ... | 2009 | 20108827 |
| host feeding patterns of culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in east baton rouge parish, louisiana. | host feeding patterns were examined for four species of culex mosquitoes collected from 18 sites in or adjacent to east baton rouge parish, la, from november 2002 to october 2004. host dna from 37 bloodfed culex coronator dyar and knab, 67 bloodfed cx. salinarius coquillett, 112 bloodfed cx. nigripalpus theobald, and 684 bloodfed cx. quinquefasciatus say were identified. the percentages of bloodmeals containing mammalian dna were 94.6% for cx. coronator, 82.1% for cx. salinarius, 66.1% for cx. n ... | 2010 | 20380306 |
| factors associated with mosquito pool positivity and the characterization of the west nile viruses found within louisiana during 2007. | west nile virus (wnv) is an arbovirus of public health importance in the genus flavivirus, a group of positive sense rna viruses. the ns3 gene has a high level of substitutions and is phylogenetically informative. likewise, substitutions in the envelope region have been postulated to enable viruses to subvert immune responses. analysis of these genes among isolates from positive mosquitoes collected in louisiana illustrates the variation present in the regions and provides improved insight to a ... | 2010 | 20579348 |
| west nile virus in a kidney transplant recipient. | | 2010 | 20629468 |
| detection of west nile virus rna in mosquitoes and identification of mosquito blood meals collected at alligator farms in louisiana. | since 2001, alligator farms in the united states have sustained substantial economic losses because of west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). once an initial infection is introduced into captive alligators, wnv can spread among animals by contaminative transmission. some outbreaks have been linked to feeding on infected meat or the introduction of infected hatchlings, but the initial source of wnv infection has been uncertain in other outbreaks. we c ... | 2010 | 20695278 |
| the culex pipiens complex in the mississippi river basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts. | members of the culex pipiens complex are the primary vectors of st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus in the mississippi river basin (mrb). the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb is composed of 4 taxa: cx. p. pipiens form pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, hybrids between cx. p. pipiens f. pipiens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and cx. p. pipiens form molestus. three studies on bloodmeal hosts with large sample sizes have been conducted on members of the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb includ ... | 2012 | 23401948 |
| characterization of west nile viruses isolated from captive american flamingoes (phoenicopterus ruber) in medellin, colombia. | serum samples from a total of 71 healthy captive birds belonging to 18 species were collected in july of 2008 in medellin (colombia) and tested for flaviviruses. eighteen of 29 samples from american flamingoes (phoenicopterus ruber) were positive for west nile virus (wnv) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. selected positive samples were serially passaged and wnv was confirmed by immunofluorescence. two isolates (524/08, 9835/08) were characterized in vitro and in vivo. sequence ... | 2012 | 22802436 |
| ecology of potential west nile virus vectors in southeastern louisiana: enzootic transmission in the relative absence of culex quinquefasciatus. | a study of west nile virus (wnv) ecology was conducted in st. tammany parish, louisiana, from 2002 to 2004. mosquitoes were collected weekly throughout the year using centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light traps placed at 1.5 and 6 m above the ground and gravid traps. a total of 379,466 mosquitoes was collected. wnv was identified in 32 pools of mosquitoes comprising four species; 23 positive pools were from culex nigripalpus collected during 2003. significantly more positive poo ... | 2013 | 23478575 |
| culex flavivirus and west nile virus in culex quinquefasciatus populations in the southeastern united states. | little is known of the interactions between insect-only flaviviruses and other arboviruses in their mosquito hosts, or the potential public health significance of these associations. the specific aims of this study were to describe the geographic distribution, prevalence, and seasonal infection rates of culex flavivirus (cxfv) and west nile virus (wnv) in culex quinquefasciatus say in the southeastern united states, investigate the potential association between cxfv and wnv prevalence in cx. qui ... | 2012 | 22308785 |