| epidemiological and serological study of scrub typhus among chinese military in the pescadores islands of taiwan. | an outbreak of 69 cases of scrub typhus occurred among chinese military personnel stationed in the pescadores islands, taiwan province, republic of china between may and november 1975. a retrospective epidemiological study of this outbreak indicated that military personnel over 40 were more likely to have scrub typhus than those under 40. high risk groups included the garrison force (home guard), anti-aircraft gunners and infantry and armoured units stationed at hsing-jen. the onset of symptoms ... | 1977 | 413217 |
| isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from mammals and chiggers (fam. trombiculidae) in the pescadores islands, taiwan. | | 1978 | 418538 |
| changing risk of scrub typhus in relation to socioeconomic development in the pescadores islands of taiwan. | long term changes in risk of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection among civilian residents of the pescadores islands of taiwan were associated with changing social conditions. age specific incidence rates of scrub typhus in the pescadores before 1940 were highest among children under 5 years of age. rickettsiae can be demonstrated in vectors, wild animals continue to be infected and scrub typhus occurs in military personnel. a serologic survey for antibody to r. tsutsugamushi was conducted during ... | 1979 | 425961 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection and scrub typhus incidence among chinese military personnel in the pescadores islands. | personnel assigned to infantry units of the army of the republic of china (taiwan) stationed in the pescadores islands experienced the highest incidence rate of scrub typhus (4%) and the highest rate of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection (12%) of the units studied during 1976. the ratio of scrub typhus to infection with r. tsutsugamushi was 30%. non-immune personnel, when infected, were more likely to develop scrub typhus than were those who had previously been infected. there was a correlation ... | 1977 | 888820 |
| scrub typhus in eastern taiwan, 1970. | | 1974 | 4211123 |
| humoral and cellular responses in scrub typhus patients reflecting primary infection and reinfection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | | 1982 | 6805348 |
| serologic analysis of scrub typhus isolates from the pescadores and philippine islands. | | 1982 | 6819372 |
| [isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from the blood samples of patients in taiwan]. | scrub typhus, an acute febrile eruptive disease caused by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, is one of the most commonly reported communicable diseases in taiwan. however, information about the epidemic trends of scrub typhus in taiwan is still very limited. therefore, this study was performed to isolate the causative agent and determine the prevalence of three different serotypes. from june 1992 to december 1994, lymphocyte cell cultures were grown from different regions of taiwan. cell cultures were as ... | 1995 | 8672939 |
| elisa-based colorimetric detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from patient sera by nested polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus was established using colorimetric detection of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this system relied on binding the amplified dna via a sequence in one of oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the dna-binding protein gcn4 coated on the well of a micotiter dish. the primer pairs used for the nested pcr were designed on the basis of the homologous nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56 kda antigen of serovariants. with this colorimetric pcr, diag ... | 1996 | 9031416 |
| characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. | a total of 10 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from field rodents and chiggers in taiwan, and characterized by immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 56-kilodalton (kda) protein gene. the isolates were divided into two groups consisting of 1 and 9 strains which showed some relation to gilliam and karp type strains, respectively. however, all these isolates possessed characteristics distinct not only fr ... | 1997 | 9170266 |
| [molecular typing of taiwanese orientia tsutsugamushi isolates by restriction fragment profile]. | scrub typhus, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is one of the reportable diseases in taiwan, roc. positive cases seemed to be increasing in recent years and our laboratory had confirmed a total of 247 cases in 1997. in this study, 71 strains of o. tsutsugamushi were isolated from heparinized blood of the patients by cell culture, and their dna was isolated. two-step polymerase chain reaction was then used to amplify a specific sequence from the dna, which was digested with restriction e ... | 1999 | 11565564 |
| development of a recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its applications in field surveillance of rodent mice for presence of immunoglobulin g against orientia tsutsugamushi. | a recombinant protein containing the immunodominant conserved epitope region of the 56-kda outer membrane protein of the karp strain of orientia tsutsugamushi was purified to near homogeneity using recombinant dna techniques. the purified protein was used to immunize rabbits and produced an antibody that could recognize different strains of o. tsutsugamushi, as demonstrated both by western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on this recombina ... | 2003 | 12738648 |
| phylogenetic characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan according to the sequence homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes. | fourteen strains of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan were characterized by sequencing 56-kda type-specific antigen genes and patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) predicted by a computer program. the strains showed high varieties in sequence homologies and were classified to 10 types by predicted patterns of rflp. furthermore, all taiwan strains were not identical in typing with strains analyzed previously. these results suggest that there are various types of o. t ... | 2003 | 14524618 |
| epidemiology of scrub typhus in eastern taiwan, 2000-2004. | the epidemiology of scrub typhus in eastern taiwan was studied by analyzing the data from the cdc web reporting system. a total of 1,396 cases with 403 confirmed cases were reported in the period of 2000 to 2004. the cases were commonly found in all counties with the highest number in yuli township, hualien county (53 cases) and taitung city, taitung county (40 cases). monthly changes in the number of cases showed epidemic periods in the spring with a peak in may, and again in the fall, with an ... | 2006 | 16936341 |
| molecular detection and characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in taiwan. | rickettsioses are emerging infectious diseases caused by rickettsiae in association with arthropods. we report the detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in taiwan using molecular methods. phylogenetic analyses of the 17-kd protein and citrate synthase (glta) genes showed that sfgr twkm01 detected in rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks was most similar to rickettsia rhipicephali. three twkm01 isolates were obtained from three individual r. haemaphysaloides ticks. small, intracellul ... | 2007 | 17984347 |
| acute q fever and scrub typhus, southern taiwan. | acute q fever and scrub typhus are zoonoses endemic to southern taiwan. among the 137 patients with acute q fever (89, 65.0%) or scrub typhus (43, 31.4%), we identified 5 patients (3.6%) who were co-infected with coxiella burnetii and orientia tsutsugamushi. | 2009 | 19861068 |
| phylogenetic analysis of 56-kda type-specific antigen gene of orientia tsutsugamushi isolates in taiwan. | scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease transmitted to humans through the bite of chigger mites infected with orientia tsutsugamushi, and is an endemic disease in taiwan. to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of o. tsutsugamushi, the complete open reading frame of the 56-kda type-specific antigen gene sequence of strains isolated from scrub typhus patients were determined and analyzed. a total of 116 isolates of o. tsutsugamushi were successfully isolated from patients infected in diverse geogra ... | 2010 | 20810835 |
| genetic typing, based on the 56-kilodalton type-specific antigen gene, of orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated from chiggers collected from wild-caught rodents in taiwan. | orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiological agent of scrub typhus, a mite-borne, febrile illness that occurs in the asia-pacific region. we conducted strain characterization of o. tsutsugamushi isolates from chiggers obtained from rodents based the nucleotide sequence of the 56-kda outer membrane protein gene. with the use of pcr, a total of 68 dna sequences of 56-kda antigen genes were amplified. phylogenetic analysis revealed that there were at least six definable clusters among the 68 isolates: ... | 2011 | 21441323 |
| spatial analysis of scrub typhus infection and its association with environmental and socioeconomic factors in taiwan. | we analyzed the spatial distribution of human cases of scrub typhus on the main island of taiwan from 2003 to 2008 and implemented an island-wide survey of scrub typhus vectors (trombiculid chiggers) in 2007 and 2008. the standardized incidence rate 'sir' incorporating inter-district variations in population, gender and age was correlated with environmental and socioeconomic variables. higher incidence and sir rates were clustered in the less developed, mountainous regions of central and eastern ... | 2011 | 21703220 |
| prevalence of antibodies against ehrlichia spp. and orientia tsutsugamushi in small mammals around harbors in taiwan. | tick-borne ehrlichiosis and mite-borne scrub typhus represent important emerging zoonotic rickettsial diseases. although scrub typhus has been recognized by the taiwanese public health system, information on ehrlichial infections is scarce in taiwan. in this study, the risk of spread of ectoparasites on rodents through aerial and marine transportation was assessed in international and domestic harbors. here, we report the first systematic surveillance of seroprevalence against ehrlichia spp. in ... | 2016 | 26817445 |
| associated factors and clinical implications of serum aminotransferase elevation in scrub typhus. | timely diagnosis and prompt treatment can reduce the complications of scrub typhus. it is thus important to find easy laboratory tests to help in the diagnosis, especially in patients without eschar at initial presentation. because serum aminotransferase elevation is common in scrub typhus, its associated factors and clinical implications need further investigations. | 2016 | 25556044 |
| identification of potential hosts and vectors of scrub typhus and tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae in eastern taiwan. | scrub typhus and tick-borne spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are transmitted by chiggers (larval trombiculid mites) and hard ticks, respectively. we assessed exposure to these disease vectors by extensively sampling both chiggers and ticks and their small mammal hosts in eastern taiwan during 2007 and 2008. the striped field mouse apodemus agrarius pallas (rodentia: muridae) was the most common of the small mammals (36.1% of 1393 captures) and presented the highest rate of infestation wit ... | 2011 | 21223345 |
| levofloxacin versus tetracycline antibiotics for the treatment of scrub typhus. | scrub typhus is an important febrile disease in southeast asia and is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. fluoroquinolones have proved to be effective for scrub typhus in an animal model. however, it is unclear whether they are also effective clinically. | 2010 | 19501007 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. | scrub typhus is a mite-borne infectious disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a serious complication of scrub typhus. this study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 72 patients diagnosed with scrub typhus from january 1998 to august 2006 in kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital in taiwan. eight of 72 scrub typhus patients with ards were included in the study; the other patients without ards were used as controls. the mortality rate f ... | 2007 | 17556627 |
| scrub typhus: a frequently overlooked cause of acute renal failure. | acute renal failure associated with scrub typhus infection is not rare as previously thought. the possibility of scrub typhus should be borne in mind when patients present with fever and varying degrees of acute renal failure, particularly if an eschar exists, along with a history of environmental exposure in an area like taiwan, where scrub typhus is endemic. prompt diagnosis and the use of appropriate antibiotics can rapidly alter the clinical course of the disease and prevent the development ... | 2003 | 12803503 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. | | 2002 | 11861962 |
| prevention of scrub typhus. prophylactic administration of doxycycline in a randomized double blind trial. | we conducted a prospective randomized double blind study on the effects of doxycycline as a prophylactic antibiotic against scrub typhus. a total of 1,125 military subjects was followed for periods as long as 5 months of exposure in a hyperendemic focus in the pescadores islands of taiwan. oral 200 mg doses of doxycycline (vibramycin) or placebo were given once each week throughout the trial. the incidence rate of scrub typhus in the placebo group was 2.5 times greater than that of the group tak ... | 1980 | 7435798 |
| scrub typhus cases in a teaching hospital in penghu, taiwan, 2006-2010. | scrub typhus is a mite-borne infectious disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi (previously called rickettsia tsutsugamushi). the severity of this disease varies from only mild symptoms to death, and its manifestations are nonspecific. therefore, clinicians may not correctly diagnose scrub typhus early enough for successful treatment. reports of infections in travelers returning from asia to their home countries are increasingly common. thus, it is important that even clinicians in nonepidemic ... | 2013 | 23421889 |
| field assessment of orientia tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals and its association with the occurrence of human scrub typhus in taiwan. | we conducted an extensive study in taiwan of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) infection in small wild mammals. field trapping was carried out at six districts in eastern and western taiwan as well as various offshore islands during the period 2006-2010. a total of 1061 specimens representing 11 rodent species were captured. the presence of ot infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction assays of 56-kda type-specific antigen gene. the chigger infestation r ... | 2014 | 24361181 |
| a checklist of chigger mites (acari: trombiculidae and leeuwenhökiidae) from taiwan, with descriptions of three new species. | scrub typhus is a lethal human disease transmitted by larval trombiculid mites (i.e., chiggers) that have been infected with the rickettsia orientia tsutsugamushi. in total, 21 chigger species are known from taiwan. we update the checklist of chiggers of taiwan based on an intensive survey of shrew and rodent hosts in grasslands and agricultural fields in lowland taiwan, coupled with surveys of forests in one mountainous site and an opportunistic examination of submitted host specimens. three ne ... | 2015 | 26438572 |
| surveillance of potential hosts and vectors of scrub typhus in taiwan. | scrub typhus is a lethal infectious disease vectored by larval trombiculid mites (i.e. chiggers) infected with orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) and recent decades have witnessed an emergence of scrub typhus in several countries. identification of chigger species and their vertebrate hosts is fundamental for the assessment of human risks to scrub typhus under environmental changes, but intensive and extensive survey of chiggers and their hosts is still lacking in taiwan. | 2015 | 26626287 |
| new genotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from humans in eastern taiwan. | scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness, is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium orientia tsutsugamushi. in our study, o. tsutsugamushi was rapidly detected and typed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the 56-kda type-specific antigen (tsa) gene. to investigate the genotypes of clinical variants of o. tsutsugamushi, we collected 3223 blood samples from eastern taiwanese patients with suspected scrub typhus from 2002 to 2008 ... | 2012 | 23071693 |
| cascading effect of economic globalization on human risks of scrub typhus and tick-borne rickettsial diseases. | the increase in global travel and trade has facilitated the dissemination of disease vectors. globalization can also indirectly affect vector-borne diseases through the liberalization of cross-border trade, which has far-reaching, worldwide effects on agricultural practices and may in turn influence vectors through the modification of the ecological landscape. while the cascading effect of economic globalization on vector-borne diseases, sometimes acting synergistically with regional agricultura ... | 2012 | 23092017 |