| estimation of age-specific rates of acquisition and loss of wuchereria bancrofti infection. | this study uses a reversible catalytic model to estimate the age-specific rates of gain and loss of wuchereria bancrofti infection from data collected during a control programme in pondicherry, south india. the data describe the infection status in 1981 and 1986 of two cohorts of individuals, one living in an area where vector reduction had been achieved, and the other in a comparable endemic area. the rate of loss of infection in the absence of reinfection is estimated for the cohort in the con ... | 1989 | 2694504 |
| relative impact of integrated vector control strategy vis-a-vis conventional control strategy on bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry. | | 1986 | 3309031 |
| micro-spatial variation in filarial disease and risk of developing disease associated with microfilaremia in urban situation. | clinical and parasitological surveys were carried out concurrently during 1986 in pondicherry. the analyses showed that there was no significant micro-spatial variation in prevalence of total diseases (acute and chronic) and the manifestations such as hydrocele and lymphedema in the different zones and stations of pondicherry urban area, a stable endemic area. analyses on different filariometric indices in different stations showed a significant correlation between disease and mf prevalence (r = ... | 1994 | 7667721 |
| evaluation of integrated vector control measures on filariasis transmission in pondicherry. | | 1988 | 3049328 |
| control of bancroftian filariasis by diethylcarbamazine medicated common salt in karaikal, pondicherry, india. | a trial of diethylcarbamazine (dec) mixed in crystal common salt at a concentration of 0.15 to 0.2 per cent was carried out for 46 months (1982 to 1986) in karaikal town and five commune panchayats of pondicherry for control of bancroftian filariasis. comparison of pre and post trial surveys showed 97.6 per cent reduction of microfilaria rate. no microfilaria or disease case was found in less than 5 years age group in the post trial survey. there was about 72 per cent reduction of disease rate. ... | 1989 | 2693530 |
| bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india: 2. epidemiological evaluation of the effect of vector control. | this article examines the evaluation of a bancroftian filariasis control programme undertaken in pondicherry from 1981-5. integrated vector management was applied in one half of the town, and routine operations under the national programme (larviciding and chemotherapy) continued in the comparison area. the programme was evaluated by monitoring relative change in the epidemiological statistics of both populations. the results indicate that there was significant reduction in prevalence of microfi ... | 1989 | 2691270 |
| the preferential site of adult wuchereria bancrofti: an ultrasound study of male asymptomatic microfilaria carriers in pondicherry, india. | the traditional method of detection of microfilaria in night blood specimens for the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection is being replaced with circulating filarial antigen in day blood specimens, which has a high sensitivity. however, both methods are indirect tests to detect the presence of adult worms in vivo. localization of adult worms in vivo in their natural habitat may help in understanding better the end-point of drug treatment, the adulticidal action of antifilarial drugs, and ... | 2004 | 15372761 |
| bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india: 1. pre-control epidemiological observations. | a 5-year integrated vector management (ivm) project was implemented in pondicherry, south india, for the control of bancroftian filariasis. the efficacy of the ivm strategy was compared with routine control strategy under the national programme. the present paper describes the pre-control epidemiological features of filariasis as determined by a mass blood survey in 1981. of 24946 persons examined 8.41% were microfilaraemic. microfilaraemia prevalence was homogeneous throughout the study area. t ... | 1989 | 2691269 |
| a simple deterministic model for bancroftian filariasis transmission dynamics. | a differential equation model for bancroftian filariasis transmission dynamics is developed. fluctuations of the mosquito vector population are related to environmental variables such as climate and vector control operations. prevalence in the mosquito population and mean worm burden in the human population are considered. the behaviour of the model is compared with epidemiologic and entomological data from pondicherry (south india). the model enables one to make predictions on the effect of fut ... | 1990 | 2255837 |
| a mathematical analysis of various factors involved in transmission of bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry. | the variation of clumping factor in microfilaraemia among different age groups was observed in pondicherry for 1981 and 1986. the clumping factor was minimum in the age group 0-5 yr and it was maximum in 16-20 yr group in 1981 and 21-25 yr in 1986. the variation in clumping factor resembled the changes in microfilaria (mf) rate. multiple linear regression analysis showed that the multiple correlation between mf rate and the other parameters i.e., median microfilarial density (mfd50), clumping fa ... | 1990 | 2228060 |
| frequency distribution of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in human populations and its relationships with age and sex. | this paper examines the effects of host age and sex on the frequency distribution of wuchereria bancrofti infections in the human host. microfilarial counts from a large data base on the epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india are analysed. frequency distributions of microfilarial counts divided by age are successfully described by zero-truncated negative binomial distributions, fitted by maximum likelihood. parameter estimates from the fits indicate a significant tren ... | 1990 | 2092298 |
| clinical epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis: effect of age and gender. | a cross-sectional survey was used to determine the prevalence of disease (n = 6493) and microfilaraemia (n = 24,946) due to wuchereria bancrofti in pondicherry, south india. the total disease attributable to filariasis was significantly higher in males (13.67%) than females (2.26%), due to the occurrence of hydrocele in males. while the prevalence of chronic signs was clearly age-dependent in both sexes, that of acute signs was independent of age. thus the age and gender structure of the survey ... | 1991 | 1887488 |
| the dynamics of infection and disease in bancroftian filariasis. | this study examines the relationship between the dynamic of wuchereria bancrofti infection and the development of chronic lymphatic disease. data sets from pondicherry, south india, and calcutta are used to estimate the age-specific proportion of the endemic population which has converted from microfilaria positive to amicrofilaraemia, and is assumed to be at risk of disease. for men, but not women, the age-prevalence profile of the estimated population 'at risk' is shown to correspond closely t ... | 1991 | 1887487 |
| biting periodicity index of culex quinquefasciatus & its relationship with microfilaria periodicity in pondicherry. | the biting periodicity index of the bancroftian filariasis vector, c. quinquefasciatus, was calculated on the basis of a large longitudinal data base and compared with the periodicity index of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti. the biting periodicity index of the vector population was 29.78 and found to be close to the periodicity index of the microfilariae. the peak biting activity of the vector and peak appearance of microfilariae in the peripheral blood occurred at about 01.00 h, which ac ... | 1991 | 1797648 |
| bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india--epidemiological impact of recovery of the vector population. | an integrated vector management (ivm) strategy was implemented from 1981 to 1985 in one part of pondicherry, south india, for the control of the bancroftian filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus (the ivm area). the rest of the town (the comparison area) received the conventional larvicidal input. after 1985 both the areas were managed conventionally. the switch to conventional strategy resulted in an increase of vector density in both areas. the microfilaraemia prevalence in humans showed a g ... | 1992 | 1601082 |
| non-involvement of nulliparous females in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis. | the possible involvement of nulliparous females of culex quinquefasciatus in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis under field conditions was examined in pondicherry, south india. biting nulliparous females that had previously ingested partial blood meals were found infected with microfilariae/l1 stage larvae. none of them harboured infective-stage larvae. these findings suggest that nulliparous females are not involved in the transmission of filariasis. therefore, their inclusion for estim ... | 1992 | 1363179 |
| seasonality of adult culex quinquefasciatus and transmission of bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india. | seasonal variations in biting culex quinquefasciatus and transmission of bancroftian filariasis were investigated in pondicherry, south india. the biting density of c. quinquefasciatus, the principal vector species, was lowest in the summer months and higher during the monsoon and winter months. the survival of the vectors as indicated by the proportion of parous mosquitoes was found to be less in the summer season. biting mosquitoes with infective stage larvae were not encountered during the ho ... | 1992 | 1356298 |
| some aspects of transmission of wuchereria bancrofti and ecology of the vector culex pipiens fatigans in pondicherry. | | 1977 | 336534 |
| prospects for elimination of bancroftian filariasis by mass drug treatment in pondicherry, india: a simulation study. | lymfasim, a microsimulation model for transmission and control of lymphatic filariasis, was used to simulate the effects of mass treatment, in order to estimate the number of treatment rounds necessary to achieve elimination. simulations were performed for a community that represented pondicherry, india, and that had an average precontrol microfilariae (mf) prevalence of 8.5%. when ivermectin was used, 8 yearly treatment rounds with 65% population coverage gave a 99% probability of elimination. ... | 2003 | 14593597 |
| tolerability and efficacy of single-dose diethyl carbamazine (dec) or ivermectin in the clearance of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in pondicherry, south india. | in a double blind design the tolerability and efficacy of single-dose dec (6 mg/kg/body weight) or ivermectin (400 microg/kg/body weight) was studied in 30 asymptomatic w. bancrofti parasite carriers each. although both drugs were tolerated well, the adverse reaction score (dec 0.5; ivermectin 1.5) and overall incidence (dec 65.0%; ivermectin 93.3%) were significantly higher in the ivermectin group. major adverse reactions were fever, headache and myalgia, all of which peaked on the second day p ... | 2000 | 11123825 |
| trend of wuchereria bancrofti infection in pondicherry urban agglomeration after the withdrawal of a five year vector control programme. | a study was undertaken to investigate the changes in the prevalence of bancroftian filariasis after six years of withdrawal of a five year (1981-85) vector control programme in pondicherry and the results are presented in this paper. though there was a drastic increase in the intensity of transmission of filariasis after the withdrawal of vector control operations in 1986, the prevalence of microfilaria (mf rate) of the population declined from 6.35% in 1986 to 4.80% in 1992 (p < 0.05). however, ... | 1997 | 9465531 |
| natural history, trend of prevalence and spectrum of manifestations of bancroftian filarial disease in pondicherry (south india). | the study examines the changes in the disease parameters of lymphatic filariasis over a period of time based on three surveys during 1957, 1986 and 1992 in pondicherry, south india. the overall prevalence of filarial disease in the three surveys was 4.7, 6.7 and 9.9% respectively. it was significantly higher in males (1957:5.3%; 1986:13.7%; 1992:18.8%) when compared to females (1957:3.8%; 1986:2.3%; 1992:2.7%) in all the three surveys (p <0.05). the overall prevalence of acute adenolymphangitis ... | 1996 | 9133167 |
| past exposure and the dynamics of lymphatic filariasis infection in young children. | this study utilizes parallel, longitudinal entomological and parasitological data collected during a 5-year vector control programme in pondicherry, south india, to quantify wuchereria bancrofti transmission from the vector to the human population. a simple mathematical model, derived from the standard catalytic model, is used to examine the hypothesis that current infection prevalence in young children is a dynamical function of their cumulative past exposure to infective bites. maximum likelih ... | 1996 | 8760969 |
| mass administration of dec-medicated salt for filariasis control in the endemic population of karaikal, south india: implementation and impact assessment. | dec (diethylcarbamazine)-medicated salt, at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 mg per 100 mg, was given to the entire population of karaikal (119 978) in south india for a 4-year period from 1982. the per capita consumption of dec in medicated salt was 13.3 grams for the entire period. the prevalence of microfilaraemia declined significantly from 4.5% in 1982 to 0.14% in 1985 and 0.4% in 1993. vector infection declined from 0.6% in 1982 to zero after two years. the mechanism of preparation and regula ... | 1996 | 8653820 |
| spatial and temporal variations in prevalence, intensity and aggregation of microfilaria in the human host. | the prevalence, intensity and the frequency distribution of microfilaria (mf) of wuchereria bancrofti in the human blood and their variation in time (pre-vector control, control and post control periods) and space have been examined. the prevalence and intensity showed significant variation between time and different areas of urban pondicherry. the significant reduction in the prevalence and intensity of microfilaremia in the areas of high endemicity indicated that the effect of vector control w ... | 1993 | 8266237 |
| estimation of permissible levels of transmission of bancroftian filariasis based on some entomological and parasitological results of a 5-year vector control programme. | the impact of a 5-year vector control programme on transmission of bancroftian filariasis and microfilaraemia levels in the human population was examined in pondicherry, south india. the programme reduced and maintained the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti at appreciably low levels in many localities of pondicherry town, but its impact on overall microfilaraemia prevalence was only limited. however, prevalence of infection was reduced drastically in children born after establishment of the p ... | 1994 | 8203298 |
| risk of infection of wuchereria bancrofti to humans by culex quinquefasciatus in pondicherry and its relationship with microfilaria prevalence. | the risk of infection (ri) with wuchereria bancrofti by vector mosquitoes has been conventionally estimated from the biting population of all age classes. this estimate of ri had no correlation with microfilaria (mf) prevalence and intensity of infection in humans. a new method for estimating ri from a resting population of culex quinquefasciatus is proposed based on a longitudinal study in seventeen sites in pondicherry, india. unlike previous estimates, ri calculated by the present method cons ... | 1993 | 8147280 |
| cumulative exposure and its relationship with chronic filarial disease in bancroftian filariasis. | several hypotheses have been put forth about the factors influencing the dynamics of infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis. however, appropriate validation of these hypotheses by real situation analyses of epidemiological data is lacking. the present analyses examine the relationship between cumulative exposure to infection and prevalence of disease by utilizing the existing entomological and clinical data collected between 1981 and 1986 in pondicherry, south india, endemic for bancrofti ... | 1994 | 7777918 |
| age determination of man-biting population of culex pipiens fatigans with particular reference to transmission of wuchereria bancrofti in pondicherry. | | 1981 | 7021409 |
| presence of wolbachia endosymbionts in microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) from different geographical regions in india. | in view of the recent discovery of rickettsial endosymbionts, wolbachia in lymphatic filarial parasites, wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi and subsequently of their vital role in the survival and development of the latter, antibiotics such as tetracycline are being suggested for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis, by way of eliminating the endosymbiont. but, it is essential to assess their presence in parasites from areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis before such a new control tool is ... | 2003 | 15049082 |
| the dynamics of wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from pondicherry, india. | this paper presents a model-based analysis of longitudinal data describing the impact of integrated vector management on the intensity of wuchereria bancrofti infection in pondicherry, india. the aims of this analysis were (1) to gain insight into the dynamics of infection, with emphasis on the possible role of immunity, and (2) to develop a model that can be used to predict the effects of control. using the lymfasim computer simulation program, two models with different types of immunity (anti- ... | 2004 | 15180315 |
| meta-analysis of age-prevalence patterns in lymphatic filariasis: no decline in microfilaraemia prevalence in older age groups as predicted by models with acquired immunity. | the role of acquired immunity in lymphatic filariasis is uncertain. assuming that immunity against new infections develops gradually with accumulated experience of infection, models predict a decline in prevalence after teenage or early adulthood. a strong indication for acquired immunity was found in longitudinal data from pondicherry, india, where mf prevalence was highest around the age of 20 and declined thereafter. we reviewed published studies from india and subsaharan africa to investigat ... | 2004 | 15552405 |
| tolerability and efficacy of single dose diethylcarbamazine (dec) alone or co-administration with ivermectin in the clearance of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in pondicherry, south india. | the tolerability and efficacy of single dose dec (12mg/kg body weight) or co-administration of dec (6mg/kg body weight) with ivermectin (200 or 400 mcg/kg of body weight) was studied in 60 asymptomatic w. bancrofti microfilariae (mf) carriers following a double blind randomized design. the drugs were tolerated well. the incidence of adverse reactions of dec (85.0%), dec + ivermectin 200mcg (95.0%) and dec + ivermectin 400mcg (100%) did not vary significantly (p>0.05). the mean score of adverse r ... | 2004 | 16506546 |
| genetic heterogeneity of wuchereria bancrofti populations at spatially hierarchical levels in pondicherry and surrounding areas, south india. | lymphatic filariasis (lf), caused by wuchereria bancrofti is widely distributed in areas of india with variable geoclimatic factors. these factors, coupled with chemotherapeutic pressure exerted for past half a century may have influenced the genetic structure of the parasite populations. a complex genetic structure of parasite populations will have major consequences to the on-going global lf elimination programme. hence, it is of interest to understand the genetic heterogeneity of w. bancrofti ... | 2008 | 18634904 |
| prolonged persistence of residual wuchereria bancrofti infection after cessation of diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt programme. | a diethylcarbamazine (dec)-fortified salt intervention programme was implemented between 1982 and 1986 in karaikal district, union territory of pondicherry, south india, to control culex transmitted bancroftian filariasis. the intervention reduced the microfilaria (mf) rate from 4.49% to 0.08%. to eliminate the residual microfilaraemia, the health department detected and treated mf carriers from 1987 to 2005 and mass-administered drugs in 2004 and 2005. surveillance from 1987 to 2005 revealed pe ... | 2009 | 19552662 |
| molecular characterization of a truncated antigen (wb14) of sxp-1 of wuchereria bancrofti from four endemic regions in india. | wb14 of wuchereria bancrofti, an orthologue of brugia malayi sxp-1 and w. bancrofti sxp-1, was amplified from genomic dna of w. bancrofti microfilaria collected from four distant geographical locations in india viz., vellore, bhubaneshwar, pondicherry and sevagram. the gene was sub-cloned in a prokaryotic vector prset and expressed in escherichia coli as a truncated protein (approximately 23kda). the nucleotide sequence of the gene is 98% similar to that of wbsxp-1 and is found to be intron-less ... | 2010 | 20138869 |