| west nile virus encephalitis and myocarditis in wolf and dog. | | 2003 | 14609468 |
| west nile virus detection in american crows. | | 2003 | 14609472 |
| west nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in illinois. | west nile virus (wnv) infection was diagnosed in 13 gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) and 3 fox squirrels (sciurus niger) that were observed with neurologic signs before death or found dead. all 16 had gliosis throughout all sections of the brain. most had lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, many with admixed neutrophils. neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were also prominent features. west nile virus antigen was demonstrated in the brain, spleen, heart or kidney in 10 of ... | 2004 | 15152831 |
| antibody prevalence of west nile virus in birds, illinois, 2002. | antibodies to west nile virus were detected in 94 of 1,784 illinois birds during 2002. captive and urban birds had higher seropositivity than did birds from natural areas, and northern and central illinois birds' seropositivity was greater than that from birds from the southern sites. adult and hatch-year exposure rates did not differ significantly. | 2004 | 15207067 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 21-27, 2004. | during july 21-27, a total of 83 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 13 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, florida, illinois, iowa, missouri, new mexico, ohio, pennsylvania, and south dakota). | 2004 | 15282450 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 28-august 3, 2004. | during july 28-august 3, a total of 141 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 11 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, florida, illinois, nevada, new york, north dakota, south dakota, and texas). during 2004, a total of 20 states have reported a total of 406 cases of human wnv illness to cdc through arbonet. of these, 247 (61%) were reported from arizona. a total of 226 (57%) of the 406 cases occurred in males; the median age of patients was 51 years (range: 1 ... | 2004 | 15295314 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 4-10, 2004. | during august 4-10, a total of 89 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 14 states (alabama, arizona, california, florida, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, north dakota, south dakota, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15306758 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 11-17, 2004. | during august 11-17, a total of 194 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 17 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, florida, illinois, louisiana, maryland, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, new mexico, ohio, south dakota, texas, utah, and virginia). | 2004 | 15318160 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 18-24, 2004. | during august 18-24, a total of 154 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (alabama, arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, florida, georgia, illinois, kentucky, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, nevada, new mexico, north carolina, south dakota, tennessee, and wisconsin). | 2004 | 15329654 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 25-31, 2004. | during august 25-31, a total of 210 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 14 states (arizona, california, florida, illinois, indiana, kansas, maryland, minnesota, montana, nevada, new mexico, north dakota, oklahoma, and pennsylvania). | 2004 | 15343148 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 8-14, 2004. | during september 8-14, a total of 195 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 26 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, florida, georgia, idaho, illinois, iowa, kansas, maryland, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, new york, north dakota, oklahoma, oregon, pennsylvania, south dakota, tennessee, texas, and wisconsin). | 2004 | 15371969 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 15-21, 2004. | during september 15-21, a total of 218 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 21 states (arizona, california, florida, illinois, indiana, kansas, maryland, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, north dakota, oklahoma, south dakota, texas, utah, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15385920 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 22-28, 2004. | during september 22-28, a total of 180 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported in the district of columbia (dc) and 24 states (alabama, arizona, california, georgia, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, utah, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15457147 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 29-october 5, 2004. | during september 29-october 5, a total of 81 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, florida, georgia, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, minnesota, missouri, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, south dakota, texas, and virginia). | 2004 | 15470326 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 6-12, 2004. | during october 6-12, a total of 86 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 18 states (arizona, florida, illinois, kansas, louisiana, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nevada, new jersey, new mexico, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, tennessee, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15483530 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 13-19, 2004. | during october 13-19, a total of 200 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 20 states (arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, illinois, indiana, iowa, kansas, maryland, michigan, mississippi, missouri, nevada, new mexico, north carolina, oklahoma, pennsylvania, south dakota, wisconsin, and wyoming). | 2004 | 15499683 |
| the emergence of west nile virus during a large outbreak in illinois in 2002. | in 2002, the world's largest outbreak of neuroinvasive west nile virus (wnv) disease occurred. illinois reported 21% of the total cases in the united states, the most among all states. the epidemiology of wnv in illinois in 2002 was examined to determine factors associated with severe disease and death. a total of 884 cases were identified and there were 66 deaths. the overall attack rate of wnv infection was 7.1 per 100,000 population and this increased with age. the median ages of patients and ... | 2005 | 15964962 |
| modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of culex restauns and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae), vectors of west nile virus in illinois. | the aim of this study was to model the impact of temperature on the timing of the seasonal shift in relative proportion of culex restuans theobald and culex pipiens l. in illinois. the temporal pattern of west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus transmission in the midwest exhibits a late summer to early fall peak in activity, which parallels the temporal increase in the abundance of cx. pipiens. the daily number of egg rafts oviposited by each species has been monitored at multipl ... | 2006 | 16407364 |
| changes in seroprevalence of west nile virus across illinois in free-ranging birds from 2001 through 2004. | of the 5,236 birds sampled for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) in illinois from 2001 through 2004, 348 (6.6%) birds were seropositive. our multiple year surveillance identified several avian species that had particularly high percentages of seropositive individuals. the importance of these species in the enzootic and/or epizootic transmission of wnv is discussed relative to their regional abundance and literature on host competency. the species with the highest exposure rates to wnv differed ... | 2006 | 16407365 |
| a comparison of two west nile virus detection assays (taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and vectest antigen assay) during three consecutive outbreaks in northern illinois. | mosquitoes identified as female culex (culex) species, primarily mixtures or uniform batches of culex pipiens and culex restuans, were collected daily from gravid traps by 2 mosquito abatement districts (mads) in cook county, illinois. from 2002 through 2004, batches (pools) of mosquitoes were tested by the mads for west nile virus (wnv) by using vectest wnv antigen assays and the same samples were retested, usually within 1-2 wk, for wnv rna by the taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ... | 2006 | 16646326 |
| a survey for west nile virus in bats from illinois. | a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test 97 serum samples from big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) captured in six counties in illinois between may 2002 and february 2004 for west nile virus (wnv) antibodies. one female big brown bat tested positive for wnv antibodies. samples of kidney, liver, and heart tissue were collected from 312 bats of seven species that were submitted to the illinois (usa) department of public health or the illinois department of agriculture diagnostic ... | 2006 | 16870875 |
| first record of aedes japonicus japonicus in illinois: defining its spatial distribution and associated mosquito species. | since the initial discovery of aedes japonicus japonicus in 1998 from sites in the northeastern united states (new york, connecticut, and new jersey), this invasive mosquito species now permeates local faunas throughout eastern north america and continues to expand its distribution westward. in july and august of 2006, the 1st reported specimens of ae. japonicus were detected in east central illinois at 2 woodlots in southern urbana. sampling efforts were concentrated around the site of the orig ... | 2007 | 17939502 |
| genetic deficiency of chemokine receptor ccr5 is a strong risk factor for symptomatic west nile virus infection: a meta-analysis of 4 cohorts in the us epidemic. | west nile virus (wnv) causes disease in approximately 20% of infected humans. we previously reported that homozygosity for ccr5delta32, a nonfunctional variant of chemokine receptor ccr5, is markedly increased among symptomatic wnv-seropositive patients from arizona and colorado. to confirm this, we analyzed cohorts from california and illinois. an increase in ccr5-deficient subjects was found in both (for california, odds ratio [or], 4.2 [95% confidence interval {ci}, 1.5-11.9] [p= .004]; for i ... | 2008 | 18179388 |
| fine-scale genetic variation and evolution of west nile virus in a transmission "hot spot" in suburban chicago, usa. | mosquitoes and birds were sampled for west nile virus (wnv) in suburban chicago, usa, in a "hot spot" of arboviral transmission. viral genetic diversity within this area was similar to that within illinois and the united states. diversity was higher among viruses from mosquitoes than from birds, higher among viruses from birds in urban "green spaces" than from birds in residential areas, but lower among viruses from mosquitoes in green spaces than from mosquitoes in residential areas. viral tran ... | 2008 | 18261758 |
| predictable ecology and geography of west nile virus transmission in the central united states. | west nile virus (wnv) arrived in north america and spread rapidly through the western hemisphere. we present a series of tests to determine whether ecological factors are consistently associated with wnv transmission to humans. we analyzed human wnv cases in the states of illinois, indiana, and ohio in 2002 and 2003, building ecological niche models to associate wnv case occurrences with ecological and environmental parameters. in essentially all tests, both within states, among states, between ... | 2008 | 19263855 |
| genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in culex pipiens from a west nile virus epidemic region in chicago, illinois. | mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex are important vectors of west nile virus in the united states. we examined the genetic variations of cx. pipiens mosquitoes from chicago, illinois that were determined to be principally ornithophilic but exhibited a relatively higher inclination for mammalian hosts including humans. microsatellite analysis of 10 polymorphic markers was performed on 346 engorged cx. pipiens specimens with identified avian or mammalian blood meals. our results indicated that ... | 2009 | 19281434 |
| the culex pipiens complex in the mississippi river basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts. | members of the culex pipiens complex are the primary vectors of st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus in the mississippi river basin (mrb). the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb is composed of 4 taxa: cx. p. pipiens form pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, hybrids between cx. p. pipiens f. pipiens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and cx. p. pipiens form molestus. three studies on bloodmeal hosts with large sample sizes have been conducted on members of the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb includ ... | 2012 | 23401948 |
| an inverse association between west nile virus serostatus and avian malaria infection status. | various ecological and physiological mechanisms might influence the probability that two or more pathogens may simultaneously or sequentially infect a host individual. concurrent infections can have important consequences for host condition and fitness, including elevated mortality risks. in addition, interactions between coinfecting pathogens may have important implications for transmission dynamics. | 2014 | 25178911 |
| identification of avian and hemoparasite dna in blood-engorged abdomens of culex pipiens (diptera; culicidae) from a west nile virus epidemic region in suburban chicago, illinois. | multiple mosquito-borne parasites cocirculate in nature and potentially interact. to understand the community of parasites cocirculating with west nile virus (wnv), we screened the bloodmeal content of culex pipiens l. mosquitoes for three common types of hemoparasites. blood-fed cx. pipiens were collected from a wnv-epidemic area in suburban chicago, il, from may to september 2005 through 2010. dna was extracted from dissected abdomens and subject to pcr and direct sequencing to identify the ve ... | 2015 | 26334822 |
| west nile virus infection rates and avian serology in east-central illinois. | understanding the geographic role of different species of mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts in west nile virus (wnv) transmission cycles can facilitate the development and implementation of targeted surveillance and control measures. this study examined the relationship between wnv-antibody rates in birds and mosquito infection rates and bloodfeeding patterns in east-central illinois. the earliest detection of wnv-rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction taqman was from culex r ... | 2013 | 23923325 |
| wild birds as sentinels for multiple zoonotic pathogens along an urban to rural gradient in greater chicago, illinois. | wild birds are important in the maintenance and transmission of many zoonotic pathogens. with increasing urbanization and the resulting emergence of zoonotic diseases, it is critical to understand the relationships among birds, vectors, zoonotic pathogens, and the urban landscape. here, we use wild birds as sentinels across a gradient of urbanization to understand the relative risk of diseases caused by three types of zoonotic pathogens: salmonella pathogens, mosquito-borne west nile virus (wnv) ... | 2012 | 22353581 |
| dispersal of adult culex mosquitoes in an urban west nile virus hotspot: a mark-capture study incorporating stable isotope enrichment of natural larval habitats. | dispersal is a critical life history behavior for mosquitoes and is important for the spread of mosquito-borne disease. we implemented the first stable isotope mark-capture study to measure mosquito dispersal, focusing on culex pipiens in southwest suburban chicago, illinois, a hotspot of west nile virus (wnv) transmission. we enriched nine catch basins in 2010 and 2011 with 15n-potassium nitrate and detected dispersal of enriched adult females emerging from these catch basins using cdc light an ... | 2014 | 24676212 |
| fine-scale variation in vector host use and force of infection drive localized patterns of west nile virus transmission. | the influence of host diversity on multi-host pathogen transmission and persistence can be confounded by the large number of species and biological interactions that can characterize many transmission systems. for vector-borne pathogens, the composition of host communities has been hypothesized to affect transmission; however, the specific characteristics of host communities that affect transmission remain largely unknown. we tested the hypothesis that vector host use and force of infection (i.e ... | 2011 | 21886821 |
| developing operational algorithms using linear and non-linear squares estimation in python for the identification of culex pipiens and culex restuans in a mosquito abatement district (cook county, illinois, usa). | in this research, community level spatial models were developed for determining mosquito abundance and environmental factors that could aid in the risk prediction of west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks. adult culex pipiens and culex restuan mosquitoes and multiple habitat covariates were collected from nine sites within cook county, illinois, usa, to provide spatio-temporal information on the abundance of wnv vectors from 2002 to 2005. regression analyses of the sampled covariates revealed that the ... | 2009 | 19440960 |
| avian host community structure and prevalence of west nile virus in chicago, illinois. | vertebrate host diversity has been postulated to mediate prevalence of zoonotic, vector-borne diseases, such that as diversity increases, transmission dampens. this "dilution effect" is thought to be caused by distribution of infective bites to incompetent reservoir hosts. we quantified avian species richness, avian seroprevalence for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv), and infection of wnv in culex mosquitoes, in the chicago metropolitan area, illinois, usa, a region of historically high wnv a ... | 2009 | 19034529 |
| nestling passerines are not important hosts for amplification of west nile virus in chicago, illinois. | nestling birds have been hypothesized to be important hosts for mosquito-borne arboviruses, but the role of nestlings for west nile virus (wnv) amplification remains unclear. we sampled open-cup and cavity-nesting passerines in chicago, illinois, an area of intense wnv transmission, to determine infection rates in nestlings and mosquitoes, and to test whether mosquitoes are attracted to nesting birds. analysis of culex pipiens mosquito populations demonstrated wnv amplification to high mosquito ... | 2008 | 18759639 |
| rapid amplification of west nile virus: the role of hatch-year birds. | epizootic transmission of west nile virus (wnv) often intensifies rapidly leading to increasing risk of human infection, but the processes underlying amplification remain poorly understood. we quantified epizootic wnv transmission in communities of mosquitoes and birds in the chicago, illinois (usa) region during 2005 and 2006. using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods, we detected wnv in 227 of 1195 mosquito pools (19%) in 2005 and 205 of 1685 (12%) in 2006; nearly all were cul ... | 2008 | 18237262 |
| diversity and evolution of west nile virus in illinois and the united states, 2002-2005. | evolutionary analyses of west nile virus (wnv) have been limited by uneven sampling across geographic regions and over time. in this study, an expanded data set of 68 wnv envelope gene sequences from the midwest (illinois) was created and combined with published sequences to investigate spatial and temporal structuring in the united states viral population. results indicate an overall lack of geographic structure to wnv in the united states, supporting the notion of wnv as a rapidly expanding pa ... | 2007 | 17113619 |
| culex population dynamics and west nile virus transmission in east-central illinois. | temporal changes in the abundance culex restuans and culex pipiens were monitored in east-central illinois for over a decade using infusion-baited oviposition traps. the 2 species typically exhibited a seasonal shift in relative abundance with a mean crossover date (when the proportion of egg rafts from both species is equal) of august 10 or 11, depending on leap year, with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 10.7 days. the date of crossover was linearly related to the date of last spring frost and ... | 2006 | 17067036 |
| does the roosting behavior of birds affect transmission dynamics of west nile virus? | the potential role of many urban passerine birds in the transmission of west nile virus (wnv) is well-documented by studies on host competency, seroprevalence in wild birds, and identification of vector blood meal source. in contrast, the impact of bird behavior on transmission dynamics is largely unexplored. bird roosting (perching) behavior may be a critical component regulating wnv transmission because of the crepuscular/nocturnal feeding behavior of culex mosquitoes, the primary vectors of w ... | 2006 | 16896147 |
| hematology, plasma biochemistry, and antibodies to select viruses in wild-caught eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (sistrurus catenatus catenatus) from illinois. | during the 2004 field season, blood was collected from eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (sistrurus catenatus catenatus) in the carlyle lake (carlyle, illinois, usa) and allerton park (monticello, illinois, usa) populations to derive baseline complete blood count and plasma biochemistry data and to assess the prevalence of antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) and ophidian paramyxovirus (opmv). massasaugas were located for sampling through visual encounter surveys. body weight, snout-vent length, to ... | 2006 | 16699153 |
| spatio-temporal analyses of west nile virus transmission in culex mosquitoes in northern illinois, usa, 2004. | after a severe outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) in cook county, illinois, in 2002, detections of wnv in mosquitoes were frequent across the state in the following years despite small numbers of human cases. we conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of culex (subgenus culex) mosquitoes collected in 2004 in three mosquito abatement districts (mad) in cook county by calculating monthly estimates of mosquito density, prevalence of infected mosquitoes, and exposure intensity, which in turn is a produc ... | 2006 | 16584331 |
| rhabdomyolysis in patients with west nile encephalitis and meningitis. | since 1999, more than 6,500 cases of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease (wnnd) have been reported in the united states. patients with wnnd can present with muscle weakness that is often assumed to be of neurological origin. during 2002, nearly 3,000 persons with wnv meningitis or encephalitis (or both) were reported in the united states; in suburban cook county, illinois, with 244 persons were hospitalized for wnv illnesses. the objective of this investigation was to describe the clinical and ... | 2005 | 16187894 |
| a local department of public health and the geospatial data infrastructure. | local health departments (lhd) are the most widely distributed aspect of the united states public health infrastructure. the role of lhds has changed since the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, and an increased concern about bioterrorism. this concern resulted in more emphasis on disease surveillance and the need for new institutional linkages of lhds with other entities for effective response. these changes coincide with technological changes in spatial data integration and the growth of ... | 2004 | 15366243 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, august 21-28, 2002, and illinois, january 1-august 27, 2002. | | 2002 | 12353500 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 21-28, 2002, and illinois, january 1-august 27, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m. mountain daylight time, august 28, 2002, and highlights wnv activity in illinois. | 2002 | 12219748 |
| assessing human risk of illness with west nile virus mosquito surveillance data to improve public health preparedness. | surveillance for west nile virus (wnv) and other mosquito-borne pathogens involves costly and time-consuming collection and testing of mosquito samples. one difficulty faced by public health personnel is how to interpret mosquito data relative to human risk, thus leading to a failure to fully exploit the information from mosquito testing. the objective of our study was to use the information gained from historic west nile virus mosquito testing to determine human risk relative to mosquito infect ... | 2017 | 28816022 |
| vector competence of culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) from two regions of chicago with low and high prevalence of west nile virus human infections. | vector competence studies for west nile virus (wnv) were conducted for two culex (culex) restuans theobald populations edison park (ep) and illinois medical district (imd), in chicago, il. the aim was to determine if there were differences between mosquito populations that contributed to the observed differences in the prevalence of wnv. percentages of orally infected, disseminated, and transmitting mosquitoes were estimated using a generalized linear mixed effects model including a random effec ... | 2012 | 22679877 |
| land use patterns and the risk of west nile virus transmission in central illinois. | understanding how human land use patterns influence mosquito ecology and the risk of mosquito-borne pathogens is critical for the development of disease management strategies. we examined how different environments influenced mosquito species composition, abundance, and west nile virus (wnv) infection rates in central illinois. using a combination of gravid traps and cdc light traps, adult mosquitoes were collected every other week from june 24 to september 16, 2012, in four major land use categ ... | 2014 | 24746038 |
| divergent host preferences of above- and below-ground culex pipiens mosquitoes and their hybrid offspring. | culex pipiens form pipiens and cx. pipiens form molestus (diptera: culicidae) belong to a cosmopolitan taxonomic group known as the pipiens assemblage. hybridization between these forms is thought to contribute to human transmission of west nile virus (wnv) in north america. complementary choice and no-choice landing assays were developed to examine host acceptance by north american cx. pipiens in the laboratory. populations collected from above- and below-ground sites in suburban chicago were i ... | 2015 | 25600086 |
| evaluation of culex pipiens populations in a residential area with a high density of catch basins in a suburb of chicago, illinois. | the north shore mosquito abatement district applies extended release larvicides including methoprene-based altosid® xr extended residual briquets to approximately 40,000 catch basins in the southern half of the district's operational area at the beginning of each season. treatments begin in may and typically again 9 to 10 wk later when larvicide efficacy appears to wane. in 2013 spinosad-based natular™ xrt tablets were applied to basins, and a subset were monitored for larvae and pupae weekly wi ... | 2014 | 25843100 |
| west nile virus antibody decay rate in free-ranging birds. | antibody duration, following a humoral immune response to west nile virus (wnv) infection, is poorly understood in free-ranging avian hosts. quantifying antibody decay rate is important for interpreting serologic results and for understanding the potential for birds to serorevert and become susceptible again. we sampled free-ranging birds in chicago, illinois, us, from 2005 to 2011 and atlanta, georgia, us, from 2010 to 2012 to examine the dynamics of antibody decay following natural wnv infecti ... | 2015 | 25919465 |
| terrestrial vegetation and aquatic chemistry influence larval mosquito abundance in catch basins, chicago, usa. | an important determinant of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission is the spatial distribution of vectors. the primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv) in illinois are culex pipiens linnaeus (diptera: culicidae) and culex restuans theobald. in urban environments, these mosquitoes commonly oviposit in roadside storm water catch basins. however, use of this habitat is inconsistent, with abundance of larvae varying significantly across catch basins at a fine spatial scale. | 2013 | 23311394 |