| respiratory virus surveillance and outbreak investigation. | sensitive, rapid detection of respiratory viruses is needed for surveillance and for investigation of epidemiologically linked cases. the utility of rapid antigen-based methods for detection of common respiratory viruses and to confirm the cause of outbreaks is well established. however, nucleic acid amplification tests (nats) offer some benefits above antigen or culture-based procedures, with the main advantages being sensitivity and range of pathogens detectable. it is important to understand ... | 2007 | 18162251 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult. | a pan-viral dna microarray, the virochip (university of california, san francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (hpiv-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. the virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for hpiv-4. conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiologi ... | 2006 | 16983602 |
| human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests. | owing to the difficulties in isolating the virus and the lack of routine surveillance, the clinical significance of human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv-4) is less well defined than that of the other human parainfluenza viruses. we describe the first outbreak of hpiv-4 infection in a developmental disabilities unit, involving 38 institutionalized children and three staff members, during a 3-week period in autumn 2004. most subjects had upper respiratory tract infections (urti), while lower respirat ... | 2005 | 16145100 |
| studies of a new human hemadsorption virus. i. isolation, properties and characterization. | | 1960 | 14407482 |
| parainfluenza viruses. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) were first discovered in the late 1950s. over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. this has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. hpiv is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. further major subtypes of hpiv-4 (a and b) and subgroups/genotypes of hpiv-1 and hpiv-3 have been described. hpiv-1 to hpiv-3 are major caus ... | 2003 | 12692097 |
| development and evaluation of nuclisens basic kit nasba for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with 'end-point' and 'real-time' detection. | new methods for the detection of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) were developed. these were based on nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and utilised the nuclisens basic kit. primers and probes were selected from the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (hn) gene of hpiv1, hpiv2 and hpiv3, and from the phosphoprotein (p) of hpiv4a and -4b. synthetic rna, titrated control virus stocks and respiratory specimens (n=44) were utilised to evaluate performance of the assays. detection of nasb ... | 2003 | 12609681 |
| incomplete replication of human parainfluenza virus type 4 in llc-mk2 cells and in l929 cells. | human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and type 4b (hpiv-4b) were tested for their ability to replicate in the monkey kidney llc-mk2 cell line (mk2 cells) and the murine l929 cell line (l929 cells). these cells are normally non-permissive for replication of hpiv-4; however, treatment with acetylated trypsin led to virus replication in mk2 cells, but was less effective for l929 cells. endogenously produced interferon (ifn) played no role in virus replication in l929 cells. synthesis of virus ... | 2000 | 10917155 |
| simultaneous detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 from clinical samples by multiplex pcr. | reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays have been widely described for use in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) and other respiratory virus pathogens. however, these assays are mostly monospecific, requiring separate amplifications for each hpiv type. in the present work, we describe multiplex rt-pcr assays that detect and differentiate hpiv serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in a combined reaction. specifically, a mixture of three pairs of primers to conserved regions of the hemagglutinin-n ... | 1998 | 9574711 |
| virus-specific polypeptides of human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their synthesis in infected cells. | we have studied the structural components of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4a) and identified some virus-specific polypeptides by immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies followed by one- or two-dimensional sds-page. hn polypeptides existed as monomer, disulfide-linked dimer, and disulfide-linked larger oligomer in cells infected with piv-4a. interestingly, the nonreduced np, the nonreduced fusion, and the reduced f1 proteins migrated as doublets. two f1 polypeptide ... | 1989 | 2545032 |
| current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections. | parainfluenza viruses (piv) have been generally disregarded as pathogens in spite of their importance in pediatric lower respiratory illness. because pivs account for 17% of hospitalized illness associated virus isolation, the development of piv vaccine would be a major advance in preventing lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. we will review in detail several piv vaccine candidates and recent newer approaches to piv vaccine development. intranasally administered bovi ... | 2008 | 18820572 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| [conservativism of the matrix protein of paramyxoviruses]. | cross reactions among paramyxoviruses were determined by the immunoblot method. human parainfluenza viruses, types 1-3, avian parainfluenza virus type 4, mumps, sendai, and measles viruses were used. antisera to human parainfluenza viruses were shown to cross-interact with proteins np and m of other types, and all antisera to the members of paramyxovirus genus cross-reacted with m proteins of other paramyxoviruses. no cross reactions with measles virus proteins were observed. it is concluded tha ... | 1989 | 2609644 |