| growth characteristics in cell culture and pathogenicity in mice of two terrestrial rabies strains indigenous to canada. | two strains of street rabies virus from striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were used to infect either a murine neuroblastoma (na 1300) or a baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell culture and the cell infection rates were noted during 4 days postinfection. these cultures were then passaged for four consecutive passages, and the viruses obtained in the supernatant fluids of passage 4 were then treated as original isolates and used to infect both neuroblastoma and baby hamster kidney cells. the mort ... | 1988 | 3378201 |
| immune response in skunks to a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were vaccinated with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. virus neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus were present at 14 days postvaccination by the following routes: scarification (6/6), intramuscular (4/4) and intestinal (5/8). six out of seven skunks that ate vaccine filled baits had virus neutralizing antibodies at 28 days. when challenged intramuscularly with street virus, the survival rates were 5/7 for the bait-fed gro ... | 1987 | 3651890 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: mechanisms of infection of the salivary glands. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated into the right submandibular salivary gland with street rabies virus. they were killed at various times after inoculation and several tissues were examined by immunofluorescence and light microscopy. right and left superior cervical, nodose and trigeminal ganglia, medulla oblongata and at least three regions of right and left submandibular salivary glands were examined by the fluorescent antibody technique. intracerebral titrations of salivary g ... | 1983 | 6357414 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: effects of immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated with street rabies virus and immunosuppressed with several doses of cyclophosphamide. control skunks were inoculated with street virus only. the skunks were killed in terminal stages of the disease and several tissues were collected for examination by immunofluorescence, light microscopy and viral titration. sera collected at euthanasia from most of the principals did not contain detectable rabies neutralizing antibodies, whereas high titers occ ... | 1984 | 6370390 |
| identification of regional variants of the rabies virus within the canadian province of ontario. | although rabies outbreaks in most parts of the world tend to be host species-specific the rabies currently enzootic in the canadian province of ontario is hosted by two wildlife species, the red fox and the striped skunk. previous studies employing monoclonal antibody panels failed to identify any host-specific differences in ontario rabies virus street isolates, but certain observations suggested the existence of more than one viral strain in terrestrial mammals of this region. the extent of va ... | 1993 | 8492088 |
| experimental rabies in skunks and foxes. pathogenesis of the spongiform lesions. | the pathogenesis of rabies spongiform lesions in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was studied by light and electron microscopy and peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. studies in skunks included use of several street virus variants (different antigenic profiles as tested by monoclonal antibodies) different routes of inoculation (intranasal, intracerebral and intramuscular), immunosuppression of infected skunks, different preparations of virus (brain and ... | 1987 | 3695410 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: immune response and salivary gland infection. | groups of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of street rabies virus. at various intervals after inoculation, saliva and sera were tested for rabies virus and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. skunks that developed rabies were killed in terminal stages of the disease and the following examinations were made: titers of virus and antibody in submandibular salivary glands and brain, extent of immunofluorescence in submandibular salivary glands, ... | 1987 | 3427891 |
| comparison of spongiform lesions in experimental scrapie and rabies in skunks. | striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior ataxia, and emaciation after incubated periods of 8 to 23 months. those inoculated with rabies virus developed clinical signs of rabies (aggressive behavior, hyperexcitability, ataxi ... | 1988 | 3213430 |
| persistent infections of a field strain of rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures. | rabies virus from the brain of a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) from ontario was inoculated into murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures. these cultures were incubated and the cells were subcultured every three to four days. the presence of viral antigen in the cell cultures was monitored by direct immunofluorescent staining and in the culture fluids by titration in either baby hamster kidney (bhk/c13) or na cells or in experimental mice. the virus-infected na cultures evolved from an i ... | 1989 | 2590871 |
| intramuscular vaccination of skunks and raccoons against rabies. | live-captured striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (procyon lotor) were immunized with inactivated rabies vaccine by intramuscular injection and released at the point of capture during a rabies control program in metropolitan toronto (ontario, canada). serum samples collected prior to and following vaccination revealed that 100% of the skunks and 98% of the raccoons seroconverted. rabies antibody was still detectable 314 to 757 days postvaccination. five of six skunks vaccinated in th ... | 1990 | 2338727 |
| ineffectiveness and comparative pathogenicity of attenuated rabies virus vaccines for the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). | three attenuated rabies virus vaccines (sad-b19, era/bhk-21, aza 2) were compared for efficacy and safety in the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) by the oral and intranasal routes. the sad-b19 and era/bhk-21 vaccines were given orally; all three vaccines were given intranasally. oral administration of sad-b19 and era/bhk-21 vaccines induced neither seroconversion nor significant protection against rabies challenge. one skunk which consumed a sad-b19 vaccine-laden bait succumbed to vaccine-induc ... | 1990 | 2304207 |
| large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine. | rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. the major disease vector in europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. although some european countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not bee ... | 1991 | 1758494 |
| oral vaccination of skunks with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies glycoprotein or the nucleoprotein. | twenty nine skunks (mephitis mephitis) were vaccinated orally with raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants: 10 with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rcnrg), 10 with rcnrg mixed with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein (rcnrn) and nine with rcn alone. rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in six of the 20 skunks; five skunks (three given rcnrg, two given a mixture of recombinants) survived a rabies challenge that was lethal for nine skunks vacci ... | 1991 | 1758034 |
| oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine. | a new recombinant rabies vaccine (human adenovirus 5 containing the rabies glycoprotein gene) was given to striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). groups of skunks received the vaccine in baits, by direct instillation into the mouth, or intramuscularly. foxes were given vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity (dioc). selected groups of vaccinated skunks and foxes were challenged with street rabies virus. there were high rates of seroconversion (generally wit ... | 1992 | 1550495 |
| rabies in hooded and striped skunks in arizona. | arizona is home to four species of skunks, and rabies is enzootic in the region in which their ranges overlap. examination of state health data from 1985 to 2004 revealed an irregular 4-10 yr periodicity in the number of cases annually, which may be related to past precipitation patterns. the number of rabid skunks peaked during springtime. locations of rabies epizootics changed over time, but there was no evidence of a large-scale geographic spread. skunks live-trapped during 1996-2002 had a lo ... | 2006 | 17255450 |
| experimental inoculation of raccoons (procyon lotor) with rabies virus of skunk origin. | to determine raccoon (procyon lotor) susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response to a skunk salivary gland rabies virus, raccoons were inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a naturally-infected striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). raccoons were divided into four groups of three animals each. a dilution of the rabies virus suspension, 10(2.4), 10(3.4), or 10(4.8), mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (micld50), was administered into the masseter muscles of each animal. three negativ ... | 1992 | 1548802 |
| studies on the oral infectivity of rabies virus in carnivora. | mature and immature red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were fed varying numbers of white mice infected with street isolates and a fixed strain of rabies virus. rabies deaths and the development of serum neutralizing antibody to rabies virus occurred in both species. the epizootiological implications of these findings are discussed. | 1975 | 1097742 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: oral, nasal, tracheal and intestinal exposure. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were exposed to challenge virus standard rabies virus by feeding infected mouse brain in suspension or as intact brain free choice, by forced feeding of suspension, and by intranasal, intratracheal and intraintestinal instillation of suspension. all of five skunks exposed intranasally, two of five exposed intratracheally and two of ten exposed by forced feeding developed rabies. none of the skunks exposed to challenge virus standard virus, by other methods, bec ... | 1979 | 497886 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: immunofluorescence light and electron microscopic studies. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated into the abductor digiti quinti muscle with street rabies virus isolated from salivary glands of rabid skunks. using the immunofluorescence technique, antigen was detected in muscle cells at the inoculation site before it was detected in the central nervous system. neurons and their processes in nearly all regions of the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves contained antigen in terminal stages of the disease. electron ... | 1979 | 376938 |
| the long incubation period in rabies: delayed progression of infection in muscle at the site of exposure. | the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) is a host of rabies in large areas of canada and the united states. in each of two experiments, equal numbers of skunks in two groups were inoculated intramuscularly with low doses of a field strain of rabies virus (street rabies virus). in each experiment, skunks in one group surviving to 2 months were killed at this time and selected tissues were used for examination by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method or by immunohistochemistry for rabies antige ... | 1997 | 9224533 |
| early events in rabies virus infection of the central nervous system in skunks (mephitis mephitis). | twenty-four striped skunks were inoculated intramuscularly (long digital extensor muscle of right pelvic limb) with street rabies virus. groups of two clinically normal skunks were killed at various times after inoculation; skunks that developed rabies were killed in early stages of the clinical signs. four clinically normal skunks (numbered 1-4) had slight infection in lumbar spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain. these four skunks were used for detailed immunohistochemical (rabies antigen) stu ... | 1996 | 8773152 |
| further studies on the susceptibility of raccoons (procyon lotor) to a rabies virus of skunk origin and comparative susceptibility of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). | two raccoons (procyon lotor) were inoculated in the masseter muscles with 10(5.9) mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (micd50) of a rabies virus isolated from a naturally infected iowa (usa) striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). five striped skunks were inoculated with either 10(0.7) or 10(2.1) micld50 of the same isolate. all five skunks died within 35 days following inoculation. both raccoons survived 273 days without adverse effects, and virus was not isolated from saliva samples taken at between ... | 1993 | 8355351 |
| experimental rabies infection of non-nervous tissues in skunks (mephitis mephitis) and foxes (vulpes vulpes). | non-neural tissues, from three male and four female stripped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 5 to 7 months old, and one male and two female red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 12 to 16 months old, experimentally infected with street rabies virus, were examined by light microscopic immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. this is the first report of ultrastructural lesions in rabies-infected adrenal medulla, cornea, and nasal glands. using the streptavidin biotin peroxidase technique, antigen was ... | 1994 | 8140732 |
| re-assessment of direct fluorescent antibody negative brain tissues with a real-time pcr assay to detect the presence of raccoon rabies virus rna. | the first report of the raccoon variant of rabies virus was in ontario, canada in 1999. as part of the control of this outbreak a point infection control (pic) strategy of trapping and euthanizing vector species was implemented. to evaluate whether this strategy was indeed removing diseased animals, rabies diagnosis was performed on these specimens. during a pic program conducted in 2003, 721 animals (raccoons, striped skunks and red foxes) were collected and euthanized and brain material from e ... | 2011 | 21514325 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus in central ontario and western quebec. | rabies persists in ontario wildlife in two predominant species: the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). a protocol applying reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (rt/pcr) and restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was previously reported by nadin-davis et al. (journal of general virology 74, 829-837, 1993) to be useful for discrimination of rabies virus variants in ontario. four main types, which showed no host spec ... | 1994 | 7931145 |
| experimental rabies in skunks: persistence of virus in denervated muscle at the inoculation site. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated into the denervated abductor digiti quinti muscle with street rabies virus. they were killed at various times after inoculation and several tissues were examined by immunofluorescence and light microscopy. muscle at the inoculation site was examined electron microscopically. rabies antigen was detected in muscle fibers first on day 7 and persisted until day 28. light and electron microscopic lesions at the inoculation site included atrophic and ... | 1981 | 7337867 |
| transplacental transmission of rabies virus from a naturally infected skunk. | a female skunk (mephitis mephitis) was submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. rabies infection was confirmed by fluorescent rabies antibody examination on brain tissue. additional tissues, including uterus, ovaries, and 6 embryos, were collected to study rabies pathogenesis. the fluorescent rabies antibody examination showed rabies virus antigen in 1 embryo, the uterus, and ovaries. | 1981 | 7332132 |
| rabies virus tropism in naturally infected skunks (mephitis mephitis). | | 1981 | 7041707 |
| rabies virus titer from tissues of naturally infected skunks (mephitis mephitis). | rabies virus was titrated from the hippocampus and salivary glands (mandibular, parotid, and sublingual) of 19 naturally infected skunks. selection of the skunks was based on a positive fluorescent antibody test (fat) on the hippocampus. one fat- and virus isolation-negative skunk served as a control. the fat was positive on 19 mandibular salivary glands, 16 parotid glands, and 17 sublingual glands. rabies virus was subsequently isolated in albino swiss mice from all (ie, 19) hippocampi and mand ... | 1981 | 7034605 |
| presence of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus in striped skunks from areas free of skunk rabies in alberta. | nine percent of 198 serum samples from striped skunks, mephitis mephitis (schreber) from five areas of alberta were positive for rabies neutralizing antibody. positive samples were minimal (2%) from specimens sampled in an area enzootic for rabies and occurred at greater rates in areas negative for skunk rabies. transmission of rabies virus to skunks may have been from a source other than skunks in those areas, most probably from bats. | 1984 | 6492318 |
| rabies virus in the salivary glands and nasal mucosa of naturally infected skunks. | several salivary glands and the nasal mucosa of rabid skunks (mephitis mephitis) contained rabies virus. generally titers were high in the submandibular, moderate in the parotid and low to moderate in the zygomatic, molar and sublingual salivary glands. the nasal mucosa (glands and epithelium) contained virus at low to moderate titers that occasionally were equal to titers in brain. | 1984 | 6478304 |
| efficacy of an oral vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine in controlling epidemic raccoon rabies in new jersey. | a field trial to evaluate the efficacy of an oral vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in controlling epidemic raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies was conducted by distributing 180,816 doses (10(8.2)tcid50/ml) of vaccine in wax ampules within fish-meal polymer baits at a rate of 64 doses/km2/treatment throughout a 552 km2 area, forming an 18 km wide band across the northern cape may peninsula of new jersey (usa). vaccination treatments were conducted in the spring and fall between m ... | 1998 | 9813845 |
| typing of rabies virus isolates by dna enzyme immunoassay. | alternatives to antigenic typing are needed for epidemiologic surveys of the rabies virus associated with translocated coyotes and foxes, especially in areas where a closely related rabies virus is transmitted by striped skunks. | 1999 | 10073409 |
| oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons. | raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ... | 2002 | 12038142 |
| safety studies of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). | safety of the modified live rabies virus vaccine, sad b19, was studied in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). seven skunks received 10(7.9) foci formatting units by direct oral administration. in four cages, a vaccinated animal was placed with a control animal, the other three vaccinated skunks were housed individually. saliva and nasal swabs were collected 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post-vaccination. from all vaccinated and control animals (n = 11) blood samples were collected 0, 28, 56, 84, an ... | 2002 | 12038143 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| population monitoring in support of a rabies vaccination program for skunks in arizona. | three population monitoring methods were evaluated in support of a trap/vaccinate/release program for controlling a bat variant of rabies virus in skunks (mephitis mephitis) in flagstaff, arizona (usa). skunks were the primary species targeted for population monitoring during the program, but feral cats were also monitored as they represented an abundant secondary vector species capable of rabies transmission. skunks were vaccinated and released, except for a subset tested for rabies. all captur ... | 2003 | 14567243 |
| genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa. | molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ... | 2005 | 16417429 |
| global mammal parasite database version 2.0. | illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ... | 2017 | 28273333 |
| rabies detection in road-killed skunks (mephitis mephitis). | three diagnostic techniques (1) microscopic examination for negri bodies, (2) mouse inoculation and (3) fluorescent antibody tagging were compared as to their ability to detect rabies virus in 14 experimentally infected striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) exposed to normal summer weather conditions after death. the fluorescent antibody technique correctly identified rabies virus longer than either of the other methods. rabies incidence in 61 road-killed skunks collected on the day following death ... | 1970 | 16512164 |
| behavior, movements, and demographics of rabid raccoons in ontario, canada: management implications. | during 1999-2003, 127 cases of raccoon variant rabies were reported in raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in ontario, canada. raccoons accounted for 98% (125/127) of the reported cases with behaviors/conditions including aggression, fighting with dogs, ataxia, vocalizations, appearance of being sick, and the presence of porcupine (erethizon dorsatum) quills. seventy-eight percent of the rabid raccoons were adults. juveniles were underrepresented (22%) compared with t ... | 2006 | 17092890 |
| rabies challenge of captive striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) following oral administration of a live vaccinia-vectored rabies vaccine. | twenty-four adult striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were administered the raccoon product formulation of rabies vaccine, live vaccinia-vectored (raboral v-rg, merial limited, athens, georgia, usa), either by oral instillation or in vaccine-filled coated sachets either as single or multiple doses. a control group remained unvaccinated. twenty-three of the skunks were challenged 116 days postvaccination with rabies virus (skunk isolate). six of six naive skunks succumbed to challenge. four of six ... | 2007 | 17347402 |
| era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004. | a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ... | 2008 | 18263823 |
| aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada. | during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ... | 2009 | 19395746 |
| animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006. | in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ... | 2009 | 19395747 |
| immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species. | immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ... | 2010 | 20484176 |
| contrasting landscape epidemiology of two sympatric rabies virus strains. | viral strain evolution and disease emergence are influenced by anthropogenic change to the environment. we investigated viral characteristics, host ecology, and landscape features in the rabies-striped skunk disease system of the central great plains to determine how these factors interact to influence disease emergence. we amplified portions of the n and g genes of rabies viral rna from 269 samples extracted from striped skunk brains throughout the distribution of two different rabies strains f ... | 2010 | 20546130 |
| high-density baiting with onrab® rabies vaccine baits to control arctic-variant rabies in striped skunks in ontario, canada. | the arctic variant of rabies virus has been maintained in striped skunks in small foci in southwestern ontario, canada, despite the control of the disease in red foxes. to control the disease in skunks, high-density baiting with onrab(®) oral rabies vaccine baits was conducted by air and by hand distribution of baits in the vicinity of skunk cases. during 2009, antibody prevalences in skunks were higher in areas baited at a density of 300 baits/km(2) and flight-line spacing of 0.25 km than at 0. ... | 2011 | 21441200 |
| beyond rabies: are free-ranging skunks (mephitis mephitis) in british columbia reservoirs of emerging infection? | wild animal reservoirs are an important source of emerging and zoonotic infection. skunks (mephitis mephitis) are a reservoir of skunk strain rabies virus in canada, with the exception of some areas including the province of british columbia (bc). beyond rabies, the reservoir status of skunks for emerging and zoonotic pathogens in bc is unknown. from march 2011 to february 2015, 50 free-ranging skunks were necropsied and tested for 4 pathogens: influenza a, aleutian disease virus (adv), leptospi ... | 2017 | 26392297 |
| rabies: spongiform lesions in the brain. | striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) experimentally infected with street rabies virus developed spongiform lesions that light- and electron-microscopically were indistinguishable from those found in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of man and animals. these previously unreported lesions were also detected in naturally occurring cases of rabies. the spongiform lesions consisted of round or oval vacuoles in the neuropil, rarely in neuronal perikarya. the most severely affected areas wer ... | 1984 | 6464676 |
| oral vaccination and protection of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) against rabies using onrab®. | skunks are one of the most important rabies vector species in north america due to their wide geographic distribution, high susceptibility to the rabies virus, and tendency to inhabit areas around human dwellings and domestic animals. oral vaccination is a cost-effective, socially acceptable technique often used to control rabies in terrestrial wildlife; however, control of rabies in skunks has proven especially challenging due to the lack of a vaccine effective by the oral route in this species ... | 2014 | 24814554 |
| safety and immunogenicity of ontario rabies vaccine bait (onrab) in the first us field trial in raccoons (procyon lotor). | in 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural west virginia, usa to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (adrg1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (ontario rabies vaccine bait; onrab) in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). we selected onrab for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in ontario and quebec, canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a ... | 2014 | 24807178 |
| ultra-deep sequencing of intra-host rabies virus populations during cross-species transmission. | one of the hurdles to understanding the role of viral quasispecies in rna virus cross-species transmission (cst) events is the need to analyze a densely sampled outbreak using deep sequencing in order to measure the amount of mutation occurring on a small time scale. in 2009, the california department of public health reported a dramatic increase (350) in the number of gray foxes infected with a rabies virus variant for which striped skunks serve as a reservoir host in humboldt county. to better ... | 2013 | 24278493 |
| oral rabies vaccination in raccoons: comparison of onrab® and raboral v-rg® vaccine-bait field performance in québec, canada and vermont, usa. | the control of rabies in raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in north america has been conducted mainly through aerial distribution of oral vaccine-baits. the effectiveness of the vaccine-bait used is therefore of prime importance for disease eradication. in a previous field comparison between the onrab(®) bait in the province of new brunswick, canada, and raboral v-rg(®) bait in the state of maine, usa, the onrab bait produced a higher percentage of antibody-positive ... | 2013 | 23307388 |
| oral rabies vaccination of raccoons and striped skunks with onrab® baits: multiple factors influence field immunogenicity. | multiple control methods have been used in north america to manage the spread of rabies caused by the raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies virus variant (rrvv). recently, oral vaccination with onrab(®) vaccine baits, which contain an adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant, has been made available as an additional tool for rabies control. our objectives were to estimate rabies antibody prevalence in wild-caught raccoons and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), and identify factors influencing the pr ... | 2012 | 23060499 |
| comparing onrab® and raboral v-rg® oral rabies vaccine field performance in raccoons and striped skunks, new brunswick, canada, and maine, usa. | control of rabies in mesocarnivore reservoirs through oral rabies vaccination (orv) requires an effective vaccine bait. oral rabies vaccine performance in the field may be affected by a variety of factors, including vaccine bait density and distribution pattern, habitat, target species population density, and the availability of competing foods. a field study in which these covariates were restricted as much as possible was conducted along the international border of the state of maine (me), usa ... | 2012 | 22247384 |
| safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species. | a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ... | 2009 | 19698811 |
| a permanent host shift of rabies virus from chiroptera to carnivora associated with recombination. | bat virus host shifts can result in the spread of diseases with significant effects. the rabies virus (rabv) is able to infect almost all mammals and is therefore a useful model for the study of host shift mechanisms. carnivore rabvs originated from two historical host shifts from bat viruses. to reveal the genetic pathways by which bat rabvs changed their host tropism from bats to carnivores, we investigated the second permanent bat-to-carnivore shift resulting in two carnivore variants, known ... | 2017 | 28325933 |
| ecological potential for rabies virus transmission via scavenging of dead bats by mesocarnivores. | multiple species of bats are reservoirs of rabies virus in the americas and are occasionally the source of spillover infections into mesocarnivore species. although rabies transmission generally is assumed to occur via bite, laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential for rabies transmission via ingestion of rabid animals. we investigated the ecological potential for this mode of transmission by assessing mesocarnivore scavenging behavior of dead bats in suburban habitats of flagstaff, ar ... | 2017 | 28094609 |
| diabolical effects of rabies encephalitis. | rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis in humans and animals caused by rabies virus (rabv) infection. because the neuropathological changes are very mild in rabies, it has been assumed that neuronal dysfunction likely explains the severe clinical disease. recently, degenerative changes have been observed in neuronal processes (dendrites and axons) in experimental rabies. in vitro studies have shown evidence of oxidative stress that is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. recent work has shown that ... | 2016 | 25994917 |
| population and movement characteristics of radio-collared striped skunks in north dakota during an epizootic of rabies. | we observed a total of 102 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from march to july of both 1991 and 1992 in stutsman county, north dakota (usa) during an experiment with food supplementation. twenty-three apparently healthy skunks in 1991 and 56 in 1992 were equipped with radio-collars. in 1991, one of the 23 was tested and found to be rabid. in 1992, 50 of 56 were tested; 35 (70%) were rabid. of skunks with ages estimated, 19 (66%) of 29 were first year animals in 1991 compared with nine (22%) of ... | 1997 | 9131552 |
| resampling method for applying density-dependent habitat selection theory to wildlife surveys. | isodar theory can be used to evaluate fitness consequences of density-dependent habitat selection by animals. a typical habitat isodar is a regression curve plotting competitor densities in two adjacent habitats when individual fitness is equal. despite the increasing use of habitat isodars, their application remains largely limited to areas composed of pairs of adjacent habitats that are defined a priori. we developed a resampling method that uses data from wildlife surveys to build isodars in ... | 2015 | 26042998 |
| bayesian spatiotemporal pattern and eco-climatological drivers of striped skunk rabies in the north central plains. | striped skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in north america, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. in this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-tempo ... | 2016 | 27127994 |
| oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency. | oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. however, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. the mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, spb ... | 2017 | 28641888 |