| viraemic transmission of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus to ticks. | in order to determine the way in which vertebrates infected with crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus and potential ixodid tick vectors interact in nature, immature and adult ticks of several species were fed on viraemic mammals and then assayed for virus content at varying times after feeding. cchf virus was not isolated from ticks of six species tested after feeding as adults and immature forms on sheep with viraemia of 10(2.5-3.2) ld 50/ml, nor from larval ticks fed on guinea-pigs an ... | 1991 | 1902186 |
| distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever viral antibody in senegal: environmental and vectorial correlates. | the spatial pattern in senegal of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus igg antibody prevalence in human and sheep was determined as was the relative abundance of potential tick vectors. a systematic, country-wide serological survey of sheep demonstrated that 10.4% of sheep exhibited igg to cchf virus. sexes were infected equally. antibody prevalence increased with age from 2.1% during the first year to 18.2% among sheep greater than or equal to 3 years of age. igg prevalence was highest ... | 1990 | 2122750 |
| characteristics of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (xinjiang strain) in china. | virus strains isolated from blood of patients during a hemorrhagic fever outbreak in 1968 in southern xinjiang, china, from hyalomma asiaticum and from sheep, were found to be identical or closely related to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (c-chf) virus by complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests with convalescent sera of patients and with c-chf reference antibody. the virus was inactivated by ether and acid. viral synthesis was not suppressed by 5-iododeoxyuridine suggesting an ... | 1985 | 2422968 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in south africa. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus was isolated for the first time in south africa in february 1981, from the blood of a 13-year-old boy who died in johannesburg after attending a camp in a nature reserve in the western transvaal. virus was isolated from 21/120 pools of questing ticks from the nature reserve, the infected species being hyalomma marginatum rufipes and h. truncatum. virus was also isolated from 4/38 pools of partially engorged ticks and other ectoparasites collected off hosts, ... | 1983 | 6418019 |
| antibodies to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals in iraq: a seroepidemiological survey. | a seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus and its circulation among animals in iraq was carried out in 1980. sera were collected from 2205 animals of different species in three different faunal areas of the country. sera were tested by complement fixation test for quantitative determination of antibodies to cchf virus. among 769 sheep tested 443 (57.6%) were positive; 279 of 562 (49.64%) goat sera; 122 of 411 (29.28%) cattle sera; 1 ... | 1981 | 6806205 |
| laboratory characteristics of the "yarmouk" strain of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. | the "yarmouk" strain of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus lost 78% and 42% of its infective titers after treatment with ether and chloroform respectively. it lost completely its infectivity property after treatment with sodium deoxycholate. the virus was completely inactivated by heating at 56, 60 and 70 degrees c for 30, 10 and 5 minutes respectively. neither virus growth nor viral antigen were detected in primary cell cultures of lamb testis, rabbit kidney and chicken embryo fibrol ... | 1981 | 6806206 |
| host-passage-induced phenotypic changes in crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. | changes in virulence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus toward intracerebrally inoculated suckling mice (sm) were studied in relation to different host-passage histories. two cchf virus strains, one isolated from a human and the other from a tick, were passaged through various vertebrate and tick hosts and then reisolated and tested for their virulence toward sm. in various experiments, sm were inoculated with 12 different viral suspensions, each having a specific passage history. ... | 1995 | 7638437 |
| polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and identification of distinct variants of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the united arab emirates. | viral hemorrhagic fever has re-emerged in the united arab emirates (uae) since november 1993. genomic rna of crimean-congo hemorrhagic virus (c-chfv) was detected by a newly developed, nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the sera of four (25.0%) of 16 suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. the rt-pcr was based on oligonucleotide primers deducted from the small rna segment encoding the nucleoprotein of the virus. by comparison with a nucleotide sequence of a c- ... | 1996 | 8780459 |
| detection of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in humans and imported livestock in saudi arabia. | a survey of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibody, using the reversed passive haemagglutination inhibition test, was carried out in saudi arabia on sera from imported livestock at jeddah seaport, as well as humans who had contact with imported animals on farms and in quarantine stations. antibodies were detected in 3/354 (0.8%) humans, 88/2162 (4.1%) sheep, 14/432 (3.2%) goats and 1/182 (0.6%) cattle. camel and horse sera were negative. the sudanese small ruminants had the highest sero ... | 1997 | 9463660 |
| risk factors for human disease emergence. | a comprehensive literature review identifies 1415 species of infectious organism known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. out of these, 868 (61%) are zoonotic, that is, they can be transmitted between humans and animals, and 175 pathogenic species are associated with diseases considered to be 'emerging'. we test the hypothesis that zoonotic pathogens are more likely to be associated with emerging di ... | 2001 | 11516376 |
| [serologic studies of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in bachu county, 2001]. | to investigate the situation of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever (xhf) in patients who have been diagnosed as xhf by clinical methods and to predict the condition in people who were liable to infection and in the host-animals. | 2002 | 12411084 |
| tick-borne viruses. | at least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. virus-tick-vertebrate host relationships are highly specific and less than 10% of all tick species (argasidae and ixodidae) are known to play a role as vectors of arboviruses. however, a few tick species transmit several (e.g. ixodes ricinus, amblyomma variegatum) or many (i. uriae) tick-borne viruses. tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (asfarviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, flaviviri ... | 2004 | 15938513 |
| isolation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus from ticks on imported sudanese sheep in saudi arabia. | | 2000 | 17322717 |
| a serological survey of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in animals in the sharkia governorate of egypt. | a surveillance survey was conducted over a period of 12 months between september 2004 and august 2005 by the tropical medicine department of zagazig university in collaboration with naval medical research unit no. 3 (namru-3), egypt, to evaluate the role of ruminants as a reservoir host for crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). a total of 1,022 serum samples from 313 cattle, 264 water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), 270 sheep and 175 goats were included in the survey. all samples were colle ... | 2008 | 20405447 |
| epidemiological, serological and herd immunity of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in kosovo. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is primarily a zoonotic disease, mostly present as sporadic cases, but outbreaks also occur, especially in the family. disease as endemic form is presents in some countries of africa, europe and asia. in 2001, outbreak of cchf was registered in kosova, albania, pakistan, iran, and south africa. goal of the research was to establish a pattern of the disease, its natural flow and herd immunity. for this purpose we used epidemiological methods, laboratory con ... | 2010 | 20514773 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome l rna segment and encoded protein. | sequence analysis of the l rna genome segment and predicted encoded l polymerase protein of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae) demonstrates that they are approximately twice the size of those found in viruses of other bunyavirus genera. the cchf virus l segment and encoded protein (12,164 nucleotides and 3944 amino acids, respectively) are similar in size and sequence to those of the nairovirus dugbe virus (12,255/62% and 4036/62% nucleotide and ... | 2004 | 15033562 |
| detection of immunoglobulin g to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sheep sera by recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunofluorescence assays. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus is a tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic symptoms with an up to 50% mortality rate in humans. wild and domestic animals, such as sheep, cattle and goats, are the reservoirs. the recombinant nucleoprotein-based crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody detection systems for sheep sera were developed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay techniques. the samples used for evaluation were 80 sera co ... | 2003 | 12565161 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the sultanate of oman. | in 1995 and 1996, 4 persons from the sultanate of oman were confirmed with clinical crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf). to assess the prevalence of cchf virus infection in oman, a convenience sample of imported and domestic animals from farms, abattoirs and livestock markets was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to cchf virus. ticks were collected from selected animals, identified, pooled by species, host and location and tested for ... | 2000 | 10747269 |
| biological and clinical responses of west african sheep to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus experimental infection. | west african sheep appear to play a central role as virus hosts in the maintenance cycle of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in endemic areas and also because of their role as a principal host of the cchf virus tick vector. in an effort to clarify cchf epidemiological significance in sheep, we studied the biological and clinical aspects of sheep experimentally infected with cchf virus. west african sheep breeds were infected either by intraperitoneal inoculation or by infestation wi ... | 1998 | 9923021 |
| an outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the united arab emirates, 1994-1995. | a multi-faceted investigation was conducted in the united arab emirates to characterize the epidemiologic and ecologic factors underlying an outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) noted in november 1994 among abattoir workers. a chart review was conducted among hospitalized suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever with onset between january 1994 and march 1995 coupled with serologic testing of available specimens for the presence of virus antigen and igg and igm antibodies by elisa ... | 1997 | 9392589 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in the western province of saudi arabia. | in 1990, an outbreak of suspected viral haemorrhagic fever involving 7 individuals occurred in mecca in the western province of saudi arabia. congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever (cchf), not previously known to be present in saudi arabia, was incriminated. a study of the epidemiology of this virus was therefore carried out in mecca, and in nearby jeddah and taif in 1991-1993; 13 species of ixodid ticks (5 hyalomma spp., 5 rhipicephalus spp., 2 amblyomma spp., 1 boophilus sp.) were collected from liv ... | 1997 | 9231193 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibody to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the sera of livestock and wild vertebrates. | igm antibody response to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus was monitored in experimentally infected sheep and cattle by an igm capture enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa). specific binding of antigen was detected by a rabbit anti-cchf horseradish peroxidase conjugate or a sandwich technique with hyperimmune mouse anti-cchf ascitic fluid and commercially available anti-mouse immunoglobulin peroxidase conjugate. the persistence of igm antibody activity was found to be of shorter duration ... | 1993 | 8270014 |
| antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in niger: rift valley fever and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. | a repository of domestic animal sera collected in niger between 1984 and 1988 was assayed for antibody against two zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses known to be present in the west african sahel. a total of 2,540 serum samples from 2,324 cattle, sheep, goats, and camels were tested by an igg-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the 80% plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt80) for rift valley fever (rvf) virus antibody. of the 2,540 sera tested for rvf-specific igg antibod ... | 1995 | 7573699 |
| congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever in iraq. | congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever was recognized for the first time in iraq in 1979. the first case was reported on 3 september 1979 and since then a further 9 patients have been investigated. eight patients gave a history of previous contact with sheep or cattle, while 2 patients, a resident doctor and an auxiliary nurse, acquired their infections in hospital by direct contact with patients. the causal virus was isolated from patients' blood and postmortem liver specimens. the virus isolates wer ... | 1981 | 6790183 |
| reversed passive hemagglutination and inhibition with rift valley fever and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever viruses. | reversed passive hemagglutination (rpha) tests were performed by coating glutaraldehyde-fixed and tannic acid-treated sheep erthrocytes with antibodies to rift valley fever (rvf) and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) viruses. cells coated with crude antibody, in the form of mouse immune ascitic fluid, reacted with high specificity and sensitivity in rpha tests with live or inactivated virus antigens. in inhibition (rphi) tests, rvf antibody titers in human and sheep sera were similar to tho ... | 1983 | 6407347 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in iraq: isolation, identification and electron microscopy. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus was isolated for the first time in iraq from the blood of three patients. it caused a cytopathic effect in lamb kidney and bhk-21 cell cultures. the virus particles were spherical, enveloped and had 90 nm in diameter similar particles were found in ultrathin sections of the liver from two fatal cases. the isolated virus proved to be antigenically closely related to cchf virus. | 1980 | 6111209 |
| experimental studies on the replication and transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in some african tick species. | seven african tick species were studied as potential vectors of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus. engorged nymphae of 4 ixodid species, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, h. truncatum, rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus, and amblyomma hebraeum, were inoculated intracoelomically with cchf virus and assayed for virus content at varying times post-inoculation. the virus replicated in all 4 species, reaching maximum titers of 4.6-5.5(10) fluorescence focus units per ml on days 5-9 post-inoculatio ... | 1989 | 2494900 |
| a fatal case of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in mauritania: virological and serological evidence suggesting epidemic transmission. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), a tick-borne viral zoonosis, is focally endemic throughout parts of eurasia, the middle east and africa. in sub-saharan west africa only 2 previous cases, both non-fatal, have been reported. we documented a fatal human case of cchf in south-western mauritania during may 1988 by demonstrating cchf virus-specific class m antibodies and by isolating cchf virus. five of 7 other patients simultaneously in hospital with haemorrhagic fever symptoms also exhibite ... | 1990 | 2128671 |
| rna probes detect nucleotide sequence homology between members of two different nairovirus serogroups. | cloned cdna derived from the small (s) and medium (m) genomic rna segments of dugbe (dug) virus, isolate ard44313, a member of the nairobi sheep disease (nsd) serogroup of nairoviruses (family, bunyaviridae) was used to prepare 32p-labelled dna and rna probes. the s and m segments of six isolates of dug virus all hybridised to both dna and rna probes, although the m segment of isolate kt281/75 reacted only weakly. of nine other nairoviruses tested, representing all the six other serogroups withi ... | 1990 | 2112292 |
| serological evidence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever viral infection among camels imported into egypt. | a serosurvey was conducted during 1986-87 to determine evidence of prior crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) viral infection among camels imported into egypt from sudan and kenya. sera obtained from camesl arriving at the aswan quarantine station, southern egypt, were tested for cchf antibody by the agar gel diffusion (agd) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) techniques. cchf viral antibody was demonstrated in 14% (600/4301) of the camels, with both techniques yielding similar result ... | 1990 | 2112203 |
| survey of ticks (acarina: ixodidae) for crimean haemorrhagic fever virus activity in jammu & kashmir state, india. | a survey of ixodid ticks was carried on in 1977 to determine the crimean haemorrhagic fever (chf) virus activity in jammu & kashmir state, india. in all, 412 immatures and 3258 adults belonging to 7 genera and 16 species of ticks were collected as ectoparasites of small and large mammals. these included one species each of the genera boophilus, dermacentor and nosomma, 2 species of rhipicephalus, 3 species of ixodes and 4 species each of haemaphysalis and hyalomma. haem. bispinosa was the predom ... | 1990 | 2111801 |
| transmission of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus from experimentally infected sheep to hyalomma truncatum ticks. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus was inoculated into west african sheep that were simultaneously infested with adult hyalomma truncatum ticks. certain sheep developed a viraemia and antibodies, indicating virus infection and replication; however, the length and magnitude of the viraemia and serological responses corresponded to the animals' immunological status. tick attachment and feeding was not influenced by sheep infection. cchf virus infection was acquired by 11-33% of female a ... | 1991 | 1771294 |
| risk of human infections with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in a south african rural community. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is widely distributed in wild and domestic mammals, birds, and ticks throughout many regions of africa, europe, and asia. interviews were conducted with 484 individuals from nine farms in the republic of south africa from which recent human cchf cases had originated and with individuals from 27 farms without recognized cases. serum samples were obtained from all consenting individuals. blood was also drawn from 2,212 farm animals. human infection with ... | 1992 | 1524147 |
| molecular epidemiology of crimean- congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome isolated from ticks of hamadan province of iran. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is a tick-borne member of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae. cchfv has been isolated from at least 31 different tick species. the virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, or by direct contact with cchfv-infected patients or the products of infected livestock. this study was undertaken to study the genetic relationship and distribution of cchfv in the tick population of hamadan province of iran. | 2010 | 21178213 |
| an antigenic investigation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in hard ticks from provinces in northern turkey. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus threatens human health. exposure of the infected tick is a strong risk factor for human disease. in this study, the hard ticks collected from a variety of mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goat, and buffalo) and a turtle in either coastal or inland black sea region of turkey were surveyed for the presence of antigen from crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). cchfv antigen was found in 46 of 421 tick pools (10.92%). positivity rates for the provinces ... | 2010 | 20401757 |
| molecular detection of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) but not west nile virus (wnv) in hard ticks from provinces in northern turkey. | in this study, the hard ticks collected from a variety of mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo) and a turtle in either coastal or inland black sea region of turkey were surveyed for the presence of rna from crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) and west nile virus (wnv). no wnv genomic rna was detected in any tick sample. however, cchfv rna was found in 29 of 421 tick pools (6.88%). positivity rates for the provinces varied and were as follows: samsun 4.38%; ordu 4.34%; gires ... | 2010 | 20163578 |
| [two cases of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) in two tourists in senegal in 2004]. | two cases of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) occurred in two french tourists during their visit in senegal in november 2004. febrile and hemorrhagic syndrome with ulorrhagia, petechiae, haematemesis, haematomas associated with biological signs of disseminated intramuscular coagulation were observed. for the first case who had a medical evacuation to france before diagnosis, crimean-congo virus infection was revealed by laboratory tests performed by the national reference center for hemor ... | 2009 | 19739410 |
| genetic analysis of the m rna segment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in turkey. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is member of the genus nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae. all members of the family bunyaviridae are enveloped viruses containing tripartite, negative polarity, single-stranded rna. cchf is characterized by high case mortality, occurring in asia, africa, the middle east and europe. during recent years, outbreaks have been reported in turkey. however, little information is available on the genetic diversity of cchf virus in turkey. in this study, a ... | 2008 | 17955162 |
| [geography and host distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the tarim basin]. | to determine the infective status and natural distribution of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever (xhf; crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, cchf) in ticks, rodents and livestock in the tarim basin. | 2006 | 17415983 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick survey in turkey. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne virus in the family bunyaviridae, genus nairovirus. the virus is transmitted to humans through infected tick bites or from direct contact with viremic animals or humans. in the present study, a total of 1,015 adult ticks were collected from cattle (603 specimens), sheep (17 specimens), and goats (395 specimens) in the kelkit valley in turkey. four tick species were recognized on the animals in the surveyed region. the most abundant sp ... | 2006 | 17088370 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of turkey. | abstract during june and july 2007, about 3125 adult ticks were collected from humans, animals, and vegetation in a hyperendemic region (sivas and tokat) of turkey. a total of 2193 ticks were pooled in 225 pools and screened for the crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) presence by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (ci). the dominant tick species was found to be hyalomma ma ... | 2011 | 21736490 |
| inhibition of interferon induction and action by the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virus/ganjam virus. | the nairoviruses are an important group of tick-borne viruses that includes pathogens of man (crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus) and livestock animals (dugbe virus, nairobi sheep disease virus (nsdv)). nsdv is found in large parts of east africa and the indian subcontinent (where it is known as ganjam virus). we have investigated the ability of nsdv to antagonise the induction and actions of interferon. both pathogenic and apathogenic isolates could actively inhibit the induction of type 1 i ... | 2011 | 22163042 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from imported livestock, egypt. | to the editor: crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne illness caused by crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), is endemic to africa, the balkans, the middle east, and parts of asia. the hard ticks (ixodidae), especially those of the genus hyalomma, serve as reservoirs and vectors for cchfv, and a variety of animals, such as cattle, sheep, and camels, are considered amplifying hosts for the virus. although cchfv may cause little or no disease in zoonotic hosts, the virus can cause ... | 2012 | 22260737 |
| ticks threatening lineage of anatolian wild sheep (ovis gmelinii anatolica) and determination of their tick-borne pathogens. | we aimed to determine the ticks of the anatolian wild sheep and to define their tick-borne pathogens while molecularly studying their relationships with those of the domestic sheep. furthermore, another aim of this study is to investigate tick paralysis resulting in the death of the anatolian wild sheep. ticks and blood samples were collected from the wild sheep whilst tick samples were also collected from hares, guinea fowls, chickens, and a turkey living in the anatolian wild sheep breeding ar ... | 2016 | 27692336 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| analysis of codon usage bias of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and its adaptation to hosts. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a negative-sense, single stranded rna virus with a three-segmented genome that belongs to the genus nairovirus within the family bunyaviridae. cchfv uses hyalomma ticks as a vector to infect humans with a wide range of clinical signs, from asymptomatic to zika-like syndrome. despite significant progress in genomic analyses, the influences of viral relationships with different hosts on overall viral fitness, survival, and evading the host's immune ... | 2017 | 29198972 |