| action of p-(4-amidino-phenoxy)-benzaldehyde-p-amidino-phenylhydrazone dihydrochloride on leishmania donovani infections in the golden hamster. | the chemotherapeutic effect of a new diamidine, hoe 668, the p-(4-amidino-phenoxy)-benzaldehyde-p-amidino-phenylhydrazone dihydrochloride, was compared with that of known anti-leishmanial drugs in golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. the effect of hoe 668 against visceral leishmaniasis proved superior to that of pentamidine isethionate and the pentavalent antimonial drugs, sodium stibogluconate and n-methylglucamine antimoniate. however, hoe 668 can be used only experimentally beca ... | 1978 | 216324 |
| leishmania donovani: acquired resistance to visceral leishmaniasis in the golden hamster. | | 1976 | 950004 |
| immunostimulant activity of picroliv, the iridoid glycoside fraction of picrorhiza kurroa, and its protective action against leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. | picroliv, a standardised fraction from root and rhizome of picrorhiza kurroa, consisting of iridoid glycosides and shown to be responsible for its hepatoprotective activity, was studied for immunostimulant activity. oral administration of picroliv (10 mg/kg x 7 days) in mice prior to immunization with sheep red blood cells (srbc) resulted in a significant increase in haemagglutinating antibody (ha) titre, plaque forming cells (pfc), and delayed hypersensitivity (dth) response to srbc. picroliv e ... | 1992 | 1484891 |
| selective inability of spleen antigen presenting cells from leishmania donovani infected hamsters to mediate specific t cell proliferation to parasite antigens. | golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected with leishmania donovani develop a disease similar to human kala-azar. there is conspicuous hypergammaglobulinaemia and their t cells do not respond to stimulation by parasite antigens. the impairment of the cellular immune response seems to be restricted to parasite antigens since infected animals are able to develop a t cell response to the mitogen concanavalin a (con-a) and, after sensitization, to the antigens keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh) a ... | 1992 | 1557230 |
| experimental transmission of leishmania infantum by the bite of phlebotomus perniciosus from switzerland. | the possible role of the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus in the transmission of leishmania infantum in southern switzerland was investigated. it was found that the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) could be infected by the bite of experimentally infected p. perniciosus females from canton ticino, in southern switzerland. this showed that this sandfly species could indeed be a vector for l. infantum in this area. however, as the population density of p. perniciosus is relatively low in ... | 1990 | 1973022 |
| host immunoglobulin on spleen-derived leishmania donovani amastigotes. | leishmania donovani, an intracellular pathogen in vertebrates, is found as an amastigote within cells of reticuloendothelial origin. the spleens of experimentally infected syrian hamsters are frequently used as a source of amastigotes for studies of host-parasite interactions, but amastigotes isolated from hamster spleens have been found to have surface-bound host immunoglobulins, which may confound interpretation of such studies. | 1990 | 2221222 |
| wasting and macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and interleukin 1 in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | wasting and secretion of the catabolic cytokines tumor necrosis factor (tnf)/cachectin and interleukin 1 (il-1) were assessed in weanling syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes. whereas the mean weight of uninfected animals increased progressively over 9 weeks, the mean weight of infected animals plateaued at 4-6 weeks and then decreased progressively until death. splenic mononuclear cells from control hamsters produced 11.3 +/- 8.3 (sd) ng tnf/10(6) mononuclear cells/24 h ... | 1990 | 2267969 |
| berberine derivatives as antileishmanial drugs. | berberine, a quaternary alkaloid, and several of its derivatives were tested for efficacy against leishmania donovani and leishmania braziliensis panamensis in golden hamsters. tetrahydroberberine was less toxic and more potent than berberine against l. donovani but was not as potent as meglumine antimonate (glucantime), a standard drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis. only berberine and 8-cyanodihydroberberine showed significant activity (greater than 50% suppression of lesion size) against ... | 1990 | 2360830 |
| suppression of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome p-450 dependent mixed function oxidase activities in golden hamster during leishmania donovani infection. | experimental infection of golden hamsters with leishmania donovani caused significant alterations in the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system. gross examination of liver indicated hepatomegaly. microsomal protein contents were only marginally elevated. cytochrome p-450 as well as haem contents were significantly decreased and it directly correlated with the degree of infection. cytochrome b5 exhibited elevation at lower degrees of infection which came down to control levels at the pe ... | 1989 | 2594607 |
| the role of phlebotomus alexandri sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar. | since 1968, kala-azar has been occurring sporadically in meiyaogou, turfan county, xinjiang-uygur autonomous region, where four species of sandflies are known to exist. the present study of sandflies collected in this area from may to august 1983 shows that phlebotomus alexandri is the only anthropophilic and predominant species, accounting for 81.1% (7716/8843) of the sandfly population. after having been fed on cotton rats or hamsters infected with leishmania donovani, 93.9% (230/245) of p. al ... | 1986 | 3488133 |
| leishmania donovani: antibody response to chicken ovalbumin by infected golden hamsters. | | 1969 | 4188549 |
| appearance of leishmania donovani (kenya strain) in the blood of experimentally infected golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). | | 1972 | 4636103 |
| the immune response of golden hamsters to leishmania donovani as tested by immunoelectroadsorption. | | 1967 | 4952868 |
| [studies with berenil on golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with leishmania donovani]. | | 1966 | 5991299 |
| infectivity of leishmania donovani primary culture promastigotes for golden hamsters. short communication. | | 1981 | 6111921 |
| the effect of treatment of the associated disease on the development of amyloidosis in the experimental animal. | thirty-five golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani were treated with pentostam and followed up to determine the effect of treatment on the development of secondary amyloidosis. seventy untreated golden hamsters infected with l. donovani were followed up as controls to determine the pattern of development of secondary amyloidosis. amyloid developed in all animals treated and untreated. the treatment significantly prolonged the survival time, but did not inhibit the development of renal ... | 1983 | 6312004 |
| histopathological and ultrastructural aspects of interstitial pneumonitis of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | golden hamsters inoculated with leishmania donovani developed interstitial pneumonitis. three developmental phases were characterized: exudative, cellular and fibrotic. from the sequence of events, a relationship between the types of cellular proliferation and the appearance of fibrosis could be established. the participation of septal interstitial cells with lipid inclusions (icli) in the process and their possible role in the development of fibrosis was demonstrated. | 1984 | 6506158 |
| immunoprophylaxis against kala-azar. iv (b). immunization of golden hamsters against leishmania donovani. | | 1983 | 6609188 |
| immunoprophylaxis against kala-azar. iva. immunization of golden hamsters and hissar strain albino mice against leishmania donovani (an exploratory study). | | 1983 | 6677687 |
| salmonella paratyphi a in hamsters concurrently infected with schistosoma mansoni. | the present work deals with the development of an improved animal model to study the association of salmonellosis and schistosomiasis. the animal chosen was the hamster, mesocricetus auratus, which can be readily infected with schistosoma mansoni. normal hamsters and schistosome-infected hamsters (sih) were given approximately 2.0 x 10(7) salmonella paratyphi a intracardially. it was found that s. mansoni infections enhanced and prolonged the growth of s. paratyphi a in hamsters. animals with du ... | 1981 | 6786117 |
| [experimental transmission of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, leishmania donovani, to golden hamsters by phlebotomus longiductus, parr. 1928 and phlebotomus smirnovi, perf. 1941 sandflies]. | | 1982 | 7121405 |
| proliferative glomerulonephritis in experimental leishmania donovani infection of the golden hamster. | | 1981 | 7333089 |
| status of glutathione in lymphoid tissues of golden hamster during leishmania donovani infection. | during leishmania donovani infection of golden hamsters, changes in the glutathione levels of lymphoid tissues were observed. while in liver and thymus there was significant decrease in the levels of reduced and oxidised glutathione, that in spleen, bone marrow cells, peritoneal exudate cells and lymph nodes increased, indicating a role for host glutathione in establishing the infection. | 1994 | 7959849 |
| [comparative study of the antigenic properties and virulence of leishmania clones (trypanosomatidae, leishmania)]. | a relation between antigenic properties and virulence of leishmania clones were studied. the clones were obtained from a naturally infected sandfly (phlebotomus of the group caucasicus) caught in the burrow of great gerbil in turkmenia. antigenic properties of the clones were studied by means of adler's test (safjanova's modification); the virulence of the clones was studied on golden hamsters by means of standard technique. there was revealed heterogenicity of the phlebotomus strain of leishman ... | 1982 | 7155626 |
| characterization of populations of promastigotes of leishmania donovani. | promastigotes of leishmania donovani cultured for either 3 or 10 days in vitro and inoculated intracardially into golden hamsters with an equal number of organisms from either population showed a 7-fold difference in infectivity when compared at both 10 and 16 days post-infection. reproducible histochemical staining for the promastigote enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pdh) and peptidase after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two isoelectric variants of g6pdh (bands 1 and 2) ... | 1981 | 7031232 |
| cloning of syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) cytokine cdnas and analysis of cytokine mrna expression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is uniquely susceptible to a variety of intracellular pathogens and is an excellent model for a number of human infectious diseases. the molecular basis for this high level of susceptibility is unknown, and immunological studies related to this model have been limited by the lack of available reagents. in this report we describe the cloning and sequence analysis of portions of the syrian hamster interleukin 2 (il-2), il-4, gamma interferon (ifn-ga ... | 1998 | 9573100 |
| protective effect of picroliv from picrorhiza kurroa against leishmania donovani infections in mesocricetus auratus. | the prevalent drugs for treatment of kala azar viz. sodium stibogluconate (ssg) and pentamidine cause severe toxic side effects and acute immunosuppression in the treated individuals. picroliv, a standardized mixture of iridoid glycosides, prepared from the alcoholic extract of the root and rhizome of picrorhiza kurroa has shown strong hepatoprotective activity against several models of hepatotoxicity. therefore, the present study was undertaken with an objective to study the effects of picroliv ... | 1998 | 9820126 |
| complement increases in experimental leishmania donovani infection of the golden hamster. | | 1981 | 6908884 |
| polyclonal b cell activation in hamsters infected with parasites of the genus leishmania. | mesocricetus auratus (golden hamsters) infected with leishmania developed characteristic b cell immune responses that depended on the infecting species of leishmania. thus, hamsters infected with viscerotropic leishmania (leishmania donovani) developed antileishmania antibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia due to polyclonal activation of b cells as measured by reverse hemolytic plaque assay. in contrast, dermotropic leishmanias (l. braziliensis braziliensis and l. mexicana amazonensis) stimulated ... | 1982 | 6759410 |
| evaluation of antigens for the serodiagnosis of kala-azar and oriental sores by means of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat). | antigens and corresponding sera were collected from travellers with leishmaniasis returning to germany from different endemic areas of the old world. the antigenicity of these leishmania strains, which were maintained in syrian hamsters, was compared by indirect immunofluorescence (ifat). antigenicity was demonstrated by antibody titres in 18 sera from 11 patients. the amastigotic stages of nine strains of leishmania donovani and four strains of leishmania tropica were compared with each other a ... | 1981 | 6174454 |
| efficacy of some drugs on leishmania donovani in the golden hamster, mesocricetus auratus. | the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of dehydroemetine and pentostam on leishmania donovani in experimentally infected golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) have been investigated. the intracardially infected hamsters with l. donovani and treated with dehydroemetine showed significantly lower weights in liver and spleen, and less in spleen length than those treated with pentostam. dehydroemetine and pentostam failed to provide these animals with any protection against experimental infection ... | 1981 | 6110518 |
| establishment of an appropriate inoculum dose of leishmania donovani promastigotes required to establish a visceral infection in laboratory animal rodent models. | syrian hamsters and balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with various doses of stationary phase leishmania donovani promastigotes derived from primary, secondary and tertiary cultures. axenic derived amastigotes from a tertiary culture and mass-culture derived promastigotes from primary, secondary, and tertiary cultures were also used. animals were sacrificed after 30 days incubation period and parasite-loads quantified from giemsa stained spleen smears. a primary inoculum dose of 1 x10 ... | 1994 | 12153342 |
| effects of promastigote growth phase, frequency of subculture, and host age on promastigote-initiated infections with leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. | | 1974 | 4418716 |
| amidoximes of pentamidine: synthesis, trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity. | for the study of the biotransformation of pentamidine and the evaluation of its trypanocidal and leishmanicidal properties the n-hydroxylated derivatives ii and iii were prepared. in ii and iii, one or both the terminal amidine moieties of pentamidine are replaced by an amidoxime. these amidoximes ii and iii were tested against various trypanosoma species and leishmania donovani in mice and golden hamsters, respectively. the studies demonstrate that the pentamidine derivatives ii and iii were ac ... | 1985 | 4052136 |
| mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with progressive amyloid deposition in hamsters experimentally infected with leishmania donovani. | in the present work, 42 golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were infected by intracardiac injection of 5 x 10(6) amastigote forms of leishmania donovani. another group of 28 animals served as uninfected controls. six hamsters of the infected group and four hamsters of the control group were selected randomly and sacrificed at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 after inoculation. the kidneys were studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. the levels of serum and u ... | 1985 | 4025511 |
| protective effect of l. donovani antigens using glucan as an adjuvant. | golden hamsters were immunized with various antigen fractions of leishmania donovani promastigotes. beta 1,3-glucan was used as an adjuvant in these vaccination experiments. the results indicate that immunization of animals with the microsomal fraction (subcellular fraction iii) in combination with glucan confers considerable immune protection against l. donovani infection. the immune protection was confirmed by correspondingly lower parasite burden in the livers and spleens of test animals comp ... | 1989 | 2737802 |
| comparison of t-cell responses in self-limiting versus progressive visceral leishmania donovani infections in golden hamsters. | leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters was studied as a model for human kala-azar. after intradermal inoculation of l. donovani amastigotes, hamsters developed positive skin reactions (delayed-type hypersensitivity [dth]) to parasite antigens and lymphoid cells from these hamsters proliferated to parasite antigens in vitro and transferred dth reactivity to normal recipients. in contrast, hamsters infected by the intracardial route developed progressive visceral infections and failed to ... | 1989 | 2528507 |
| [contribution to the study of the pathogenesis and histopathology of leishmania donovani infection in the golden hamster (cricetus auratus)]. | | 1961 | 14467439 |
| humoral factors and nonspecific immune suppression in syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani produces progressive wasting and ultimately fatal visceral leishmaniasis in syrian hamsters and provides an excellent model of progressive disease in humans. experimentally infected hamsters were used to investigate the development of nonspecific immune suppression during visceral leishmaniasis and its association with humoral factors and wasting. at 2 wk all infected hamsters had developed antibody against a 59-kda parasite antigen not recognized by sera of control hamsters. ... | 1990 | 2319422 |
| comparative activities of the triterpene saponin maesabalide iii and liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) against leishmania donovani in hamsters. | maesabalide iii (mb-iii), an oleane triterpene saponin isolated from the vietnamese plant maesa balansae, is a new antileishmanial lead compound whose activity against leishmania donovani (mhom/et/67/l82) in groups of five golden hamsters was evaluated after administration of a single subcutaneous dose on either day 1 (prophylactic treatment) or day 28 (curative treatment) after infection. liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome), administered intravenously at 5 mg/kg of body weight, was used as the ... | 2004 | 15155199 |
| the rate of disappearance of leishmania donovani from the spleen of the infected golden hamster following a single injection of a pentavalent antimonial. | | 1950 | 15425728 |
| studies on protozoa. part ii: the golden hamster (cricetus auratus) and cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) as experimental hosts for leishmania donovani. | | 1950 | 15443044 |
| concurrent infection with leishmania donovani and leishmania major in a kenyan patient: clinical description and parasite characterization. | leishmania isolates aspirated a few months apart from the spleen of an indigenous adult male kala-azar patient from baringo district, kenya, were biochemically characterized and compared. the patient lived within a dual focus of l. donovani kalazar and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis. a primary leishmania isolate from splenic aspirates was cryopreserved (nlb-294). the patient was treated with sodium stibogluconate for kala-azar and discharged. three months later, he had clinical relapse and ret ... | 1991 | 1928563 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: a model for infection-induced cachexia. | parasitic infections and malnutrition coexist in many tropical and subtropical areas. studies of leishmania donovani and of experimentally infected syrian hamsters have provided important insights into the complex interrelationships between malnutrition and this parasitic disease. malnutrition, which adversely affects cell-mediated immunity, is associated with the development of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in children living in endemic areas. in turn, l. donovani can cause wasting as well ... | 1992 | 1632476 |
| canine leishmaniasis caused by leishmania leishmania infantum in two labrador retrievers. | canine leishmaniasis, a generally fatal parasitic disease, was diagnosed in 2 dogs with a medical history of foreign travel, lymphadenopathy, emaciation, anorexia, intermittent fever, and cutaneous lesions. clinically, hyperproteinemia, proteinuria, azotemia, and glomerulopathy were evident. isolation of leishmania species was done using schneider's drosophila medium. syrian hamsters were used for infectivity studies. clear taxonomic identification was done biochemically by isoenzyme analysis an ... | 1992 | 1515492 |
| reduced nitric oxide synthase 2 (nos2) promoter activity in the syrian hamster renders the animal functionally deficient in nos2 activity and unable to control an intracellular pathogen. | progressive disease in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, caused by leishmania donovani, in contrast to infection in mice, mimics the progressive disease observed in untreated humans. during progressive infection in hamsters, there was a vigorous type 1 cellular immune response, which is typically associated with control of infection, suggesting that there was ineffective ifn-gamma-mediated macrophage activation. indeed, at the site of infection, hamsters did not express no synthase 2 ... | 2006 | 16622021 |
| immunostimulant activity of picroliv, the iridoid glycoside fraction of picrorhiza kurroa, and its protective action against leishmania donovani infection in hamsters1. | picroliv, a standardised fraction from root and rhizome of picrorhiza kurroa, consisting of iridoid glycosides and shown to be responsible for its hepatoprotective activity, was studied for immunostimulant activity. oral administration of picroliv (10 mg/kg x 7 days) in mice prior to immunization with sheep red blood cells (srbc) resulted in a significant increase in haemagglutinating antibody (ha) titre, plaque forming cells (pfc), and delayed hypersensitivity (dth) response to srbc. picroliv e ... | 1992 | 17226519 |
| histopathology of lymphoid organs in experimental leishmaniasis. | hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were inoculated with l. (l.) chagasi and killed on days 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 after infection. the lymphoid organs developed initial proliferation of the b lymphocyte zone with recovery by the 60th day group when pyroninophilic cells were prominent. the t lymphocyte area showed a progressive selective decrease of lymphocytes and cellular density with cellular pleomorphism including macrophages, plasma cells and reticular cells. the mean volume of the white pulp inc ... | 1992 | 1390190 |
| leishmania donovani: therapeutic and prophylaciic action of antimony dextran glycoside (rl-712) in the golden hamster. | | 1975 | 1126418 |
| synthesis and antileishmanial activity of novel 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines and 1,3,5-triazines. | a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines and 1,3,5-triazines have been synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against leishmania donovani. among all, 14 compounds have shown promising inhibition of 80-100% at 10 microg/ml against promastigotes and ic(50) in the range of 0.89-9.68 microg/ml against amastigotes. three compounds 13, 32 and 33 with good selectivity index (s.i.) were screened for their in vivo activity in golden hamsters (mesocricetus aur ... | 2009 | 19217698 |
| immunization with the dna-encoding n-terminal domain of proteophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani generates th1-type immunoprotective response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | leishmania produce several types of mucin-like glycoproteins called proteophosphoglycans (ppgs) which exist as secretory as well as surface-bound forms in both promastigotes and amastigotes. the structure and function of ppgs have been reported to be species and stage specific as in the case of leishmania major and leishmania mexicana; there has been no such information available for leishmania donovani. we have recently demonstrated that ppg is differentially expressed in sodium stibogluconate- ... | 2009 | 19542458 |
| a combination dna vaccine encoding nucleoside hydrolase 36 and glycoproteine 63 protects female but not male hamsters against leishmania mexicana. | leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the leishmania genus. previous studies have shown that a dna vaccine encoding leishmania donovani antigen nucleoside hydrolase 36 and l. mexicana glycoprotein 63 is protective in mice. we investigated here the efficacy of this dna vaccine to induce protection in golden hamsters. male hamsters were more susceptible to infection by leishmania mexicana than females. following immunization with two doses of the dna vaccine, only f ... | 2009 | 19839269 |
| infectivity of leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes for golden hamsters. | intracardial injection of hamsters with from 5 to 114 million amastigotes or promastigotes of leishmania donovani and screening of the 8th-day liver impression smears, provides a rapid and reproducible method for assaying infectivity. amastigotes are at least 10x more infective than promastigotes, and log-phase promastigotes act as a single infective population for hamsters. | 1976 | 933082 |
| testing of drugs for antileishmanial activity in golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. | | 1977 | 598961 |
| the effect of treatment on the spleen of the golden hamster (cricetus auratus) infected with leishmania donovani. | | 1946 | 20989194 |
| mannosylated liposomes bearing amphotericin b for effective management of visceral leishmaniasis. | the cationic and mannosylated liposomes were prepared using the cast film method and compared for their antileishmaniasis activity. the surface of the amphotericin b (amp b)-bearing cationic multilamellar liposomes was covalently coupled with p-aminophenyl-α-d-mannoside using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent, which was confirmed by agglutination of the vesicles with concanavalin a. the prepared liposomes were characterized for shape, size, percent drug entrapment, vesicle count, zeta potential ... | 2011 | 21612342 |
| killing of leishmania donovani amastigotes by poly iclc in hamsters. | in vitro as well as in vivo studies suggest that cytokine-induced synthesis of nitric oxide (no) from l-arginine is a major effector mechanism against intracellular pathogens. in this study, we demonstrate that golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes upon treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly iclc), a potent interferon inducer and immune enhancer, in combination with l-arginine, develop the capacity to eli ... | 1996 | 9162526 |
| transcriptional profiling of the spleen in progressive visceral leishmaniasis reveals mixed expression of type 1 and type 2 cytokine-responsive genes. | the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus aureus) has been used as a model to study infections caused by a number of human pathogens. studies of immunopathogenesis in hamster infection models are challenging because of the limited availability of reagents needed to define cellular and molecular determinants. | 2014 | 25424735 |
| a simple method for maintaining, detecting and recovering virulent leishmania donovani in hamsters. | the ability of hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) to retain amastigotes of leishmania donovani at cutaneous sites was examined. following intradermal inoculation of l. donovani stationary phase culture promastigotes in fore and hind footpads, nasal area and belly skin, cultures of aspirates taken fortnightly from these sites showed that amastigotes can survive in the skin for up to 10 months without visceralizing. hairless cutaneous sites were better at retaining l. donovani amastigotes than the ha ... | 1996 | 8659325 |
| cyclophosphamide blocks both antigen-specific and polyclonal immunoglobulin responses in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | cyclophosphamide (cy) has been shown to modulate antibody responses in a wide range of diseases both in humans and experimental animals. our results in syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani have shown that cy blocks specific and polyclonal antibody production both in vivo and in vitro. this effect was achieved by weekly 100 mg/kg doses and also by a 300 mg/kg single dose. although cy provokes a significant decrease in b-cell numbers in infected animals, this cannot explain the suppre ... | 1993 | 8468122 |
| antileishmanial activity and modification of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in golden hamster by 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole following infection with leishmania donovani. | butylated hydroxyanisole (bha) inhibited the growth of leishmania donovani promastigotes (strain ag83) in vitro. the inhibition was dose dependent: the concentration of bha required for 50% inhibition of the rate of growth was 1 microgram/ml. bha also prevented growth of l. donovani in vivo in golden hamsters infected with l. donovani. in addition, the effect of bha on several enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics both in uninfected animals and animals infected with l. donovani is re ... | 1994 | 8304969 |
| effect of a bis(benzyl)polyamine analogue, and dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine on parasite suppression and cellular polyamine levels in golden hamster during leishmania donovani infection. | we examined the antileishmanial activity of dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) and a bis(benzyl)polyamine analogue (mdl 27695; n,n'-bis (3-[(phenyl-methyl)amino] propyl) 1,7-diaminoheptane) in l. donovani infected golden hamsters. dfmo, an enzyme activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, has potent antileishmanial activity. when given as a 2% solution in drinking water 2 days after infection and continued for 4 days, it ... | 1993 | 8140036 |
| analogues of 8-[[6-(diethylamino) hexyl]amino]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline as candidate antileishmanial agents. | 8-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline (i) has been shown to be highly effective against leishmania donovani in hamsters, being approximately 475 times as active as the standard meglumine antimoniate. several nuclear and side-chain analogues of i have been prepared in an attempt to further enhance the antileishmanial activity of this class of compounds. the compounds were tested against l. donovani in the golden hamster. although several analogues had meglumine antimoniate ... | 1980 | 7411553 |
| effect of sodium stibogluconate on hepatic mixed function oxidase system and marker enzymes of golden hamsters during leishmania donovani infection. | during l. donovani infection in golden hamsters, tremendous hepatic damage was observed as apparent from increased activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and acid ribonuclease. the levels of cytochrome p-450 and related monooxygenases, viz. aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine-n-demethylase registered significant decrease in infected animals. sodium stibogluconate, a standard antileishmanial drug, though c ... | 1997 | 9315242 |
| immunosuppression in hamsters with progressive visceral leishmaniasis: an evaluation of the role of nitric oxide toward impairment of the lymphoproliferative response. | the progressive visceral infection caused in golden hamsters by leishmania donovani amastigotes led to gradual impairment of the proliferative response of their splenic (spmc) or peripheral blood (pbmc) mononuclear cells to in vitro stimulation with leishmanial antigen, with mitogen (concanavalin a), and even with a combination of phorbol myristate acetate (pma) and ionomycin (io). removal of macrophage-like adherent cells from spmc or pbmc of infected animals, however, almost completely restore ... | 1999 | 10382610 |
| immunochemotherapy for leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters: combinatorial action of poly iclc plus l-arginine and sodium stibogluconate (stibanate). | we demonstrate that golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes develop the capacity to eliminate intracellular pathogens on treatment with low-dose standard antileishmanial sodium stibogluconate (stibanate) in combination with polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethycellulose (poly iclc), a potent inducer of interferon (ifn) and immune enhancer, plus l-arginine. data suggest that low doses of both stibanate and poly iclc plus l-arginine provi ... | 1999 | 10547149 |
| increased natural killer activity does not prevent progression of experimental kala-azar. | kala-azar is the visceral form of leishmaniasis and it is caused by intracellular parasites from the complex leishmania donovani. golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) infected with leishmania donovani develop a disease very similar to human kala-azar. there is conspicuous hipergammaglobulinaemia and their t cells do not respond to stimulation with parasite antigens. we used this experimental model to evaluate the natural killer (nk) activity during the initial phase of the disease. outbred hams ... | 1999 | 10564913 |
| the hamster as a model of human visceral leishmaniasis: progressive disease and impaired generation of nitric oxide in the face of a prominent th1-like cytokine response. | active human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is characterized by a progressive increase in visceral parasite burden, cachexia, massive splenomegaly, and hypergammaglobulinemia. in contrast, mice infected with leishmania donovani, the most commonly studied model of vl, do not develop overt, progressive disease. furthermore, mice control leishmania infection through the generation of no, an effector mechanism that does not have a clear role in human macrophage antimicrobial function. remarkably, infec ... | 2001 | 11160239 |
| screening of metal ion chelators against leishmania donovani-infected syrian hamsters. | leishmania donovani-infected syrian hamsters were treated intraperitoneally with 0.23 mmoles/kg/day of edta, egta, heedta and 100 mg/kg/day of pentostam r. the control group received 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline. after 30 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed. of the pentostam-treated animals, 5 out 6 had negative spleen cultures, while all the chelator and pbs-treated ones yielded parasites. while all the pentostam-treated animals had negative bone marrow cultures, only 1 out of ... | 1995 | 12160448 |
| immunosuppression in hamsters with progressive visceral leishmaniasis is associated with an impairment of protein kinase c activity in their lymphocytes that can be partially reversed by okadaic acid or anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody. | progressive visceral infection of golden hamsters by leishmania donovani amastigotes led to gradual impairment of the proliferative responses of their splenic or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (spmc or pbmc, respectively) to in vitro stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) and ionomycin (io). removal of macrophage-like adherent cells from spmc or pbmc of infected animals (i-spmc or i-pbmc) was earlier shown to restore almost completely their lymphoproliferative responses to pm ... | 2003 | 12704114 |
| neuroimmunomodulatory effects of morphine in leishmania donovani-infected hamsters. | the effect of morphine on host defense during leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters was studied. | 2002 | 12759563 |
| dihydrobetulinic acid induces apoptosis in leishmania donovani by targeting dna topoisomerase i and ii: implications in antileishmanial therapy. | leishmaniasis is the second-most dreaded parasitic disease in the modern world, behind malaria. the lack of effective vaccines demand improved chemotherapy along with the development of lead compounds and newer targets. we report here that the pentacyclic triterpenoid, dihydrobetulinic acid (dhba), is a novel lead compound for antileishmanial therapy. it acts by targeting dna topoisomerases. dna topoisomerase i and ii activity was studied using relaxation and decatenation assays. mechanistic stu ... | 2003 | 12765337 |
| prophylactic potential of autoclaved leishmania donovani with bcg against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | the prophylactic efficacy of autoclaved leishmania donovani (ald) and autoclaved l. major (alm)--a heterologous vaccine developed against cutaneous leishmaniasis (used as a reference vaccine), along with bcg--was evaluated against l. donovani in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). animals were immunized with triple doses (21 days apart) of either ald or alm (1.0 mg) with or without bcg (0.1 mg) and challenged 21 days later with 1 x 10(6) l. donovani amastigotes intracardially. animals immunized wit ... | 2003 | 12954011 |
| leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan plus bcg induces a th1 type immune response but does not protect syrian golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) and balb/c mice against leishmania donovani. | the efficacy of leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (lpg) plus mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible balb/c mouse and syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 microl bcg plus 60 microg or 30 microg of lpg for hamsters and balb/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implyin ... | 2003 | 14971728 |
| immunomodulatory activity of analog of muramyl dipeptide and their use as adjunct to chemotherapy of leishmania donovani in hamster. | in search of a potent immunomodulator to be used as an immunoprophylactic agent and as adjunct to chemotherapy against leishmania infection, two analogs of muramyl dipeptide, viz. n.ac-normur-meval-d-isogln (86/448) and n.acmur-acc-d-isogln (89/729) were evaluated for desired activity. effect of these peptides on cell mediated and humoral immunity was studied by immunizing the peptide treated mouse with sheep red blood cells (srbc) and determining ha-titer, plaque forming cells assay and delayed ... | 2005 | 15829410 |
| efficacy of picroliv in combination with miltefosine, an orally effective antileishmanial drug against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar continues to persist as one of the major public health problems in many tropical countries. however, no effective treatment for radical cure of the disease is yet available. miltefosine, an alkyl phospholipid compound, is the first orally effective drug, which has shown 98% cure rate of vl patients during phase iii clinical trial in india. since this drug requires long course of treatment and has long half-life, there are fairly good chances of emergence ... | 2005 | 15895483 |
| kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 dna vaccination induces complete protection against both pentavalent antimonial-sensitive and -resistant strains of leishmania donovani that correlates with inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and il-4 generation: evidence for mixed th1- and th2-like responses in visceral leishmaniasis. | the emergence of an increasing number of leishmania donovani strains resistant to pentavalent antimonials (sbv), the first line of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, accounts for decreasing efficacy of chemotherapeutic interventions. a kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11)-encoding construct protected extremely susceptible golden hamsters from both pentavalent antimony responsive (ag83) and antimony resistant (ge1f8r) virulent l. donovani challenge. all the kmp-11 dna vaccinate ... | 2005 | 15905560 |
| age-influenced population kinetics and immunological responses of leishmania donovani in hamsters. | susceptibility of animals to infections depends upon various factors including sex and age of the host, which plays a pivotal role. in this communication, we have investigated the "intake" of leishmania donovani infection in young (3-4 weeks old) and adult (15-16 weeks old) golden hamsters. the splenic parasite load in young hamsters on day 15 post infection (p.i.) was 54 +/- 4 amastigotes/100 macrophage nuclei and increased to 106.3 +/- 3.5 on day 30 p.i. however, adult group showed 2.2-(p < 0. ... | 2007 | 17484071 |
| in vivo efficacy of calceolarioside a against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | bioactivity-guided fractionation has led to the successful isolation of calceolarioside a ( 1) from the methanolic extract of night jasmine leaves. the in vitro antileishmanial activity of compound 1 was determined (ic (50) = 20 microg/ml). its in vivo efficacy was noted at 20 mg/kg body weight when it reduced the hepatic and splenic parasite burden by 79 and 84 %, respectively, in an established model of l. donovani ag83 infected golden hamster. furthermore, synergistic potentiations of compoun ... | 2008 | 18543147 |
| leishmania donovani: oral therapy with glycosyl 1,4-dihydropyridine analogue showing apoptosis like phenotypes targeting pteridine reductase 1 in intracellular amastigotes. | glycosyl 1,4-dihydropyridine analogue (2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-o-benzyl-1,2-o-isopropylidene-beta-l-threo pentofuranos-4-yl)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester) synthesized in our laboratory, inhibited leishmania donovani infection in vitro and in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) when administered orally. this analogue is nontoxic, cell-permeable and orally effective. this glycosyl dihydropyridine analogue functioned through arrest of cells in sub-g0/g1-phase, triggering ... | 2010 | 20219462 |
| cross reactive molecules of human lymphatic filaria brugia malayi inhibit leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. | coinfections are common in natural populations and the outcome of their interactions depends on the immune responses of the host elicited by the parasites. earlier we showed that immunization with bmafii (sephadex g-200 eluted) fraction of human lymphatic filaria brugia malayi inhibited progression of leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters. in the present study we identified cross reactive molecules of b. malayi, and investigated their effect on l. donovani infection and associated imm ... | 2015 | 26341753 |
| transcriptional profiling in experimental visceral leishmaniasis reveals a broad splenic inflammatory environment that conditions macrophages toward a disease-promoting phenotype. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by the intracellular protozoan leishmania donovani, is characterized by relentlessly increasing visceral parasite replication, cachexia, massive splenomegaly, pancytopenia and ultimately death. progressive disease is considered to be due to impaired effector t cell function and/or failure of macrophages to be activated to kill the intracellular parasite. in previous studies, we used the syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) as a model because it mimics the pro ... | 2017 | 28141856 |
| imaging visceral leishmaniasis in real time with golden hamster model: monitoring the parasite burden and hamster transcripts to further characterize the immunological responses of the host. | characterizing the clinical, immunological and parasitological features associated with visceral leishmaniasis is complex. it involves recording in real time and integrating quantitative multi-parametric data sets from parasite infected host tissues. although several models have been used, hamsters are considered the bona fide experimental model for leishmania donovani studies. to study visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters we generated virulent transgenic l. donovani that stably express a reporter ... | 2017 | 27794505 |
| molecular detection of infection homogeneity and impact of miltefosine treatment in a syrian golden hamster model of leishmania donovani and l. infantum visceral leishmaniasis. | control of visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum and leishmania donovani primarily relies on chemotherapy using an increasingly compromised repertoire of antileishmanial compounds. for evaluation of novel drugs, the syrian golden hamster is considered as a clinically relevant laboratory model. in this study, two molecular parasite detection assays were developed targeting cathepsin-like cysteine protease b (cpb) dna and 18s rrna to achieve absolute amastigote quantification in the ... | 2016 | 27412759 |
| in vivo characterization of two additional leishmania donovani strains using the murine and hamster model. | leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite causing the neglected tropical disease visceral leishmaniasis. one difficulty to study the immunopathology upon l. donovani infection is the limited adaptability of the strains to experimental mammalian hosts. our knowledge about l. donovani infections relies on a restricted number of east african strains (lv9, 1s). isolated from patients in the 1960s, these strains were described extensively in mice and syrian hamsters and have consequently become 're ... | 2016 | 27012562 |
| 15d-prostaglandin j2 induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | 15-deoxy-delta (12,14)-prostaglandin j2 (15d-pgj2) is a potent bioactive lipid mediator, known to possess several roles in cell regulation and differentiation along with antimicrobial efficacy against different bacterial and viral infections. in the present study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of 15d-pgj2 in vitro in leishmania donovani promastigotes and infected j774 macrophages, and in vivo in balb/c mice/golden hamster model of experimental visceral leishman ... | 2016 | 26830627 |
| in vivo selection of paromomycin and miltefosine resistance in leishmania donovani and l. infantum in a syrian hamster model. | in 2002 and 2006, respectively, miltefosine (mil) and paromomycin (pmm) were licensed in the indian subcontinent for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis; however, their future routine use might become jeopardized by the development of drug resistance. although experimental selection of resistant strains in vitro has repeatedly been reported using the less relevant promastigote vector stage, the outcome of resistance selection on intracellular amastigotes was reported to be protocol and species d ... | 2015 | 26014955 |
| recombinant nad-dependent sir-2 protein of leishmania donovani: immunobiochemical characterization as a potential vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. | the development of a vaccine conferring long-lasting immunity remains a challenge against visceral leishmaniasis (vl). immunoproteomic characterization of leishmania donovani proteins led to the identification of a novel protein nad+-dependent silent information regulatory-2 (sir2 family or sirtuin) protein (ldsir2rp) as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. proteins of the sir2 family are characterized by a conserved catalytic domain that exerts unique nad-dependent deacetylase activity ... | 2015 | 25745863 |
| leishmania donovani infection induces anemia in hamsters by differentially altering erythropoiesis in bone marrow and spleen. | leishmania donovani is a parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis by infecting and replicating in macrophages of the bone marrow, spleen, and liver. severe anemia and leucopenia is associated with the disease. although immune defense mechanisms against the parasite have been studied, we have a limited understanding of how l. donovani alters hematopoiesis. in this study, we used syrian golden hamsters to investigate effects of l. donovani infection on erythropoiesis. infection resulted in seve ... | 2013 | 23533629 |
| leishmania donovani triose phosphate isomerase: a potential vaccine target against visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is one of the most important parasitic diseases with approximately 350 million people at risk. due to the non availability of an ideal drug, development of a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine could be a solution for control and prevention of this disease. in this study, a potential th1 stimulatory protein- triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), a glycolytic enzyme, identified through proteomics from a fraction of leishmania donovani soluble antigen ranging from 89.9- ... | 2012 | 23049855 |
| real-time pcr to quantify leishmania donovani in hamsters. | visceral leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease caused by leishmania donovani and leishmania infantum , currently affects 12 million individuals in 88 countries. in the present study, a real-time pcr (rt-pcr) assay has been optimized and validated against 2 other routine methods, i.e., microscopy and limiting dilution culture assay, to estimate parasite load in the liver of infected syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). a set of specific primers amplified a 116-bp target template of the kinetop ... | 2013 | 22924923 |
| chitosan coated pluronicf127 micelles for effective delivery of amphotericin b in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | the goal of study was to develop micellar formulation of amphotericin b (amb) to improve its antileishmanial efficacy. amb loaded pluronic f127 (pf 127) micelles were developed and coated with chitosan (cs-pf-amb-m) to accord immunoadjuvant and macrophage targeting properties. hemolysis and cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that cs-pf-amb-m was 7.93 fold (at 20μg/ml amb concentration) and 9.35 fold less hemolytic and cytotoxic, respectively in comparison to amb suspension. flow cytometry studies ... | 2017 | 28780414 |
| experimental chemotherapy with allium sativum (liliaceae) methanolic extract in rodents infected with leishmania major and leishmania donovani. | several plant products have been tested and found to possess antileishmanial activity. the present study was undertaken to establish whether methanolic extract of allium sativum linn has antileishmanial activity in comparison to standard drugs. | 2010 | 20834086 |
| Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein of Leishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-? and IL-12 Response in Cured Leishmania-Infected Patients/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters against Leishmania Challenge. | In visceral leishmaniasis, Th1 types of immune responses correlate with recovery from and resistance to disease, and resolution of infection results in lifelong immunity against the disease. Leishmanial Ags that elicit proliferative and cytokine responses in PBMCs from cured/exposed/Leishmania patients have been characterized through proteomic approaches, and elongation factor-2 is identified as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of ... | 2011 | 22079980 |