| antigenic relationship of the feline infections peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species. | utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. fipv was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of swine. transmissible gastroenteritis virus and fipv were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229e (hcv-229e) and canine coronavirus (ccv). an interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronavirus ... | 1978 | 81044 |
| haemorrhagic disease of lagomorphs: evidence for a calicivirus. | studies on the aetiological agents of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) and european brown hare syndrome show that the viruses responsible for these infections can be placed in the family caliciviridae. established members of this group are vesicular exanthema virus (prototype), san miguel sea lion virus and feline calcivirus. the human hepatitis e virus and the norwalk agent may soon be included. the rhd virus genome consists of a positive stranded rna molecule composed of 7437 nucleotides. a m ... | 1992 | 1282757 |
| characterization of the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis (hev), a turkey adenovirus, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and western blotting using polyspecific, monospecific and monoclonal antibodies for detection. in purified hev preparations, eleven polypeptides with apparent molecular weights ranging from 96,000 to 9,500 (96k to 9.5k), were specifically recognized by convalescent turkey serum. six of these polypeptides were further characterized by page, western blotting, elis ... | 1992 | 1326260 |
| expression of a hepatitis e virus (hev)-trpe fusion protein containing epitopes recognized by antibodies in sera from human cases and experimentally infected primates. | a 1700 base cdna fragment coding for the putative structural gene(s) of hepatitis e virus (hev) was inserted into the path 10 expression vector. the fusion protein (c2) expressed by this plasmid was found to contain epitopes recognized by anti-hev antibodies. c2 protein was used in a western blot format to examine its usefulness in detecting anti-hev antibodies in well documented human cases of hev and non-human primates infected with hev. both igm and igg anti-hev could be detected in our weste ... | 1992 | 1373282 |
| [hepatitis serology: use and interpretation]. | presently five viruses causing hepatitis are known, the hepatitis viruses a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), d (hdv) and e (hev). the genomic structure is known of most of all these viruses as well as some of their structural and regulatory gene products. using radio- and enzyme immunoassays viral antigens can be detected for hbv and hdv as well as specific antibodies against all the five viruses. the results of these tests are the basis for the diagnosis and the follow-up of these infections but differ ... | 1992 | 1377839 |
| new strategies for isolation of low abundance viral and host cdnas: application to cloning of the hepatitis e virus and analysis of tissue-specific transcription. | the ability to clone viruses molecularly has led to dramatic advances in our understanding of this diverse group of agents at the molecular level. these insights are critical to the development of experimental strategies for the containment and control of the various viral pathogens that cause hepatitis in man. knowledge of the genes and gene products have, for example, assisted in the design of expression systems that have been useful for the cell-free expression and production of viral constit ... | 1992 | 1439880 |
| molecular cloning and sequencing of the mexico isolate of hepatitis e virus (hev). | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major causative agent of hepatitis e or what was formerly known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. the disease has a worldwide distribution but occurs principally in developing countries in any of three forms: large epidemics, smaller outbreaks, or sporadic infections. genetic variation of different hev strains was previously noted and it will be important to determine the extent to which this variation may pose problems in the diagnosis and treatme ... | 1992 | 1448913 |
| acute sporadic viral hepatitis in ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. | one hundred and ten consecutive cases of acute sporadic hepatitis among ethiopian patients were studied to define viral causes, identify risk factors, and analyze demographic and clinical data. igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus were found in nine patients (8%), and hepatitis b surface antigen and igm antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen were found in 22 (20%); these findings were considered evidence of acute hepatitis a and hepatitis b, respectively. sera from the remaining 79 patients were ... | 1992 | 1576296 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): strain variation in the nonstructural gene region encoding consensus motifs for an rna-dependent rna polymerase and an atp/gtp binding site. | hepatitis is transmitted by a number of infectious agents. the epidemiological characterization of waterborne or enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (et-nanbh) is unique when compared with other known hepatitides. we have reported on the molecular cloning of a cdna clone derived from the etiologic agent associated with et-nanbh, the hepatitis e virus (hev). the complete sequence of these first molecular clones, isolated from an hev-infected human after passage in macaca fascicularis ( ... | 1992 | 1589964 |
| hepatitis e virus genome in stools of hepatitis patients during large epidemic in north india. | stool samples from patients affected during a large epidemic of hepatitis in north india were examined for the presence of hepatitis e virus (hev) genome by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. 6 of 10 samples studied were positive for the hev genome, which suggest that hev caused this large epidemic. | 1991 | 1681163 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. | we have recently described the cloning of a portion of the hepatitis e virus (hev) and confirmed its etiologic association with enterically transmitted (waterborne, epidemic) non-a, non-b hepatitis. the virus consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense rna genome of approximately 7.5 kb, with a polyadenylated 3' end. we now report on the cloning and nucleotide sequencing of an overlapping, contiguous set of cdna clones representing the entire genome of the hev burma strain [hev(b)]. the larges ... | 1991 | 1926770 |
| and now, the molecular cloning of the hepatitis e virus. | | 1990 | 2114336 |
| viral hepatitis. the new abc's. | hepatitis may be caused by hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus (classic non-a non-b viral hepatitis), hepatitis d virus (delta agent), and hepatitis e virus (epidemic non-a non-b viral hepatitis). cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and herpes simplex virus may also occasionally cause hepatitis. some forms of hepatitis carry the risks of chronic infection, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. treatment options for viral hepatitis are limited and, in many cases, still unde ... | 1990 | 2120686 |
| genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus to bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus oc43 as studied by the use of bovine coronavirus s gene-specific probes. | the genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) to bovine coronavirus (bcv) and human coronavirus (hcv) strain oc43 was examined by dot blot hybridization assays. two bcv s gene-specific probes were generated by polymerase chain reaction from the avirulent l9-strain of bcv. probes were located in the s1 and the s2 region of the peplomeric (s) glycoprotein gene. the s1 probe (726 bp) hybridized with bcv and hcv-oc43, but not with hev under moderate stringency hy ... | 1995 | 7646353 |
| two years' investigation of epidemic hepatitis e virus transmission in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. | two years' follow-up investigation of a hepatitis e virus (hev) outbreak in west kalimantan, indonesia in 1991 was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of epidemic hev transmission and the persistence of the immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody response. sixty cases identified as anti-hev igg positive during the outbreak in 1991 were matched with 67 controls and examined, together with 318 members of their families. overall, the prevalence of anti-hev igg among the 445 subjects (representing 1 ... | 1995 | 7660427 |
| [viral markers of acute hepatitis: a, b, c, d, and e in dakar. october 92 - october 93]. | inside of 95 patients presented in hospital with presumed hepatitis: 77 were recruted with liver cytolysis (amino-transferases at > 80 ui/ml) and included in this study. study of serologic viral markers (a, b, c, d and e type) permited to prove viral acute hepatitis infection and 49 patients were recruted inside the 77 cytolytic cases. inside these 49 cases: 44% presented enteritic contamination with hav/hev markers, 36% with hbv markers: hbs/hbc, 6% with hbs/hbe markers, 10% with hdv marker, 4% ... | 1993 | 7758379 |
| current therapeutic approaches to viral hepatitis. | | 1995 | 7795067 |
| viral hepatitis. current concepts for dental practice. | the transmission of blood-borne viruses in the dental office is a potential hazard to patients and dental staff, particularly to oral and maxillofacial surgeons. hepatitis b virus has been a recognized hazard for several years, and in the past oral surgeons and other dental health care staff have been infected as a result of occupational exposure. hepatitis c virus in contrast does not appear to be a major occupational hazard to dental staff, nevertheless, infection with this virus can lead to s ... | 1994 | 7898904 |
| viral hepatitis serological markers among pregnant women in caracas, venezuela: implication for perinatal transmission of hepatitis b and c. | viral hepatitis serological markers were analyzed in two groups of pregnant women residing in caracas from: 1) a maternity unit at the moment of delivery (106 sera, low income population), and 2) a private clinic during the third trimester of pregnancy (105 sera, medium-high economic class population). a higher percent positivity was observed in the maternity unit compared to the private clinic for hepatitis a virus (hav) as measured by anti-hav activity (96% vs 48%; p < 0.01%), for hepatitis b ... | 1994 | 7926616 |
| hepatitis viruses: changing patterns of human disease. | viral hepatitis is a disease of antiquity, but evidence for more than one etiologic agent has been recognized only since the 1940s, when two viruses (hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus) were thought to account for all disease. in the past 20 years, three additional hepatitis agents (hepatitis c virus, hepatitis d virus, and hepatitis e virus) have been discovered, and there is evidence for at least one additional virus. each of the five recognized hepatitis viruses belongs to a different vi ... | 1994 | 8146130 |
| viral diseases in ethiopia: a review. | ethiopia is endemic for many viral diseases. serosurveys have demonstrated the high prevalence rate of hepatitis b virus. there are also indications of high transmission for hepatitis c, hepatitis e and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the population is exposed to poliomyelitis, hepatitis a, measles, rubella and mumps early in life. rotaviral diarrhoea is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality. vast areas of the country are endemic for yellow fever and rabies. the extent of many ... | 1993 | 8187657 |
| hepatitis c virus antibodies in acute and chronic liver disease in india. | the prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis c virus was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis (14), sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis (42), chronic hepatitis (14) and cirrhosis (26). none of the patients with epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis (14) and acute self-limiting sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis without prior parenteral exposure (38) tested positive for hepatitis c virus antibody. based on epidemiologic features, hepatitis e viru ... | 1993 | 8383158 |
| expression in animal cells and characterization of the hepatitis e virus structural proteins. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major human pathogen in much of the developing world. it is a positive-strand rna virus with a 7.5-kb polyadenylated genome consisting of three open reading frames (orfs). in the absence of an in vitro culture system, the replication and expression strategy of hev and the nature of its encoded polypeptides are not well understood. we have expressed the two orfs constituting the structural portion of the hev genome in cos-1 cells by using simian virus 40-based express ... | 1996 | 8523527 |
| [the screening of hepatitis virus and its efficacy]. | 1. infection of hepatitis a virus (hav) was prevented with hepatitis a vaccine. high risk groups of hav infection should be inoculated this vaccine because japanese peoples less than 40 years old didn't have immunity for hav. 2. infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) was scarcely observed in japan. 3. infection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by blood transfusion was eradicated after the screening with anti-hbc antibody for blood donors. and maternal transmissions of hbv and infections of hbv in hospit ... | 1995 | 8551671 |
| [new hepatitis viruses "e, gb, etc."]. | some cases of hepatitis were non a, non b, non c, non d. hepatitis e virus (calicivirus) transmission is fecal-oral similar to that of the hepatitis a virus. viral hepatitis e is endemic and frequently epidemic in many developing countries, but exceptionally observed in france. a high mortality rate was observed in pregnant women. recently, elisa assays for igm anti-hcv are available. many hepatitis cases (acute and chronic) are not caused by known viruses (non a-non e). four flavivirus like hav ... | 1996 | 8640310 |
| the region between the m and s genes of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus is highly similar to human coronavirus oc43. | the nucleotide sequences of the regions between the membrane and spike protein genes of three strains of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) were determined. a total of 739 (hev strain 67n) and 751 (strains nt9 and vw572) nucleotides were sequenced. two orfs, potentially encoding proteins of 12.8 and 9.6 kda, were identified. pairwise comparisons with the corresponding orfs in bovine coronavirus (bcv) and human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 revealed sequence similarities of greater ... | 1996 | 8757985 |
| [new hepatitis viruses. molecular biology and clinical aspects]. | | 1996 | 8964684 |
| [infection by hepatitis virus among the indigenous populations of south america: a review of the problem]. | after the report of the epidemic outbreak of delta hepatitis among the yukpa amerindians in the early 80s, the viral hepatitis arose as an important health problem in all the amerindian communities from the north of south america and the amazonian basin. despite the few data available, the results obtained in different communities from venezuela (yukpa, barí, yanomami) have shown a high endemicity of hepatitis b and d virus infections and a significant prevalence of hepatitis e virus-specific an ... | 1996 | 8983357 |
| viral hepatitis in the bhutanese population: preliminary results of a seroepidemiological investigation. | a seroepidemiological study of the prevalence of markers related to the most common forms of viral hepatitis was carried out in bhutan on 1,666 healthy people of both sexes, from the general population. a group of 440 pregnant women were screened separately. our results suggest that in bhutan, hepatitis a and hepatitis b are widespread, while there is a low prevalence of hepatitis c and e. anti-hav (anti-hepatitis a virus) was found in all 171 tested subjects over 12 years of age, and anti-hbc ( ... | 1997 | 9108610 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection. | hepatitis e is an acute, icteric, self-limiting disease, which is spread widely in many tropical and subtropical countries where it occurs both in the form of epidemics of variable magnitude or sporadically. hepatitis e affects young adults, rather than children, and causes a high mortality rate, particularly in pregnant women. in industrialized countries this disease occurs occasionally as imported sporadic cases. the aetiological cause of hepatitis e is a virus, hepatitis e virus (hev), which ... | 1997 | 9181524 |
| emerging disease surveillance in southeast asia. | the emergence of infectious disease causing agents/pathogens necessitates a rational surveillance approach leading to early detection and appropriate intervention. surveillance activities with support from the us naval medical research unit no. 2 (namru-2), targeting susceptible populations/areas in southeast asia, have been organised using a multi-design strategy: 1) systematic multi-size (usually hospital-based) study; 2) investigation of (suspected) outbreak events involving significant case ... | 1997 | 9494669 |
| evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis e virus by a serum panel. hepatitis e virus antibody serum panel evaluation group. | few data are available to evaluate the performance of existing assays for antibody to the hepatitis e virus (anti-hev). a panel of 164 randomized and coded sera was tested for anti-hev by 12 different assays. the panel included a dilution series of an early convalescent human serum, known-positive sera (undiluted human sera obtained 2 months to 13 years after acute hepatitis e, and postinoculation chimpanzee sera), known-negative sera (preinoculation chimpanzee sera; sera from chimpanzees with h ... | 1998 | 9500718 |
| the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis e virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the united states. | a variant of hepatitis e virus (hev), designated hev us-1, was identified in a hepatitis patient in the united states (us); the patient had no history of travel to areas where hev is endemic. nucleotide sequences were obtained from the 5' end of open reading frame (orf) 1 (1418 nt), the 3' end of orf1 (1359 nt), the entire orf2 and orf3 regions, and the 3'-untranslated region (2127 nt). the hev us-1 strain is significantly divergent from other human hev isolates with nucleotide identities rangin ... | 1998 | 9519822 |
| role of long-persisting human hepatitis e virus antibodies in protection. | the role of long-persisting hev antibodies in humans was investigated. a well-characterized human volunteer anti-hev (igg) after 4 years of the recovery of the disease was passively immunized (200 mg kg-1 body wt) intramuscularly into three rhesus monkeys (nos 7, 8 and 9), while two monkeys (nos 5 and 6) were injected with normal immunoglobulin preparation (negative for anti-hev igg). at 16 h later all the animals were challenged intravenously with live hev, as 10% stool extract prepared from th ... | 1998 | 9562697 |
| experimental infection of pigs with the newly identified swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), but not with human strains of hev. | a novel virus of pigs, swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), was recently identified and shown to be antigenically and genetically related to human hev. in the present study, we attempted to infect specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs experimentally with swine hev or with human strains of hev. serum samples collected from naturally infected pigs were used as the source of swine hev. pigs inoculated intravenously with serum samples containing swine hev seroconverted to anti-hev 4 to 8 weeks postinocu ... | 1998 | 9722883 |
| the use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses. | hepatitis viruses belong to different families and have in common a striking hepatotropism and restrictions for propagation in cell culture. the transmissibility of hepatitis is in great part limited to non-human primates. enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus) can induce hepatitis in a number of old world and new world monkey species, while the host range of non-human primates susceptible to hepatitis viruses transmitted by the parenteral route (hepa ... | 1998 | 9777010 |
| acute jaundice in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic. | analysis of serum samples from patients with acute jaundice by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction testing provided the first profile of this condition in vientiane, lao pdr, in 1995 and 1996. in a case-control, hospital-based study, evidence of acute infections due to hepatitis a and b viruses was found in 14% and 10% of cases, respectively. hepatitis e virus, however, did not appear to contribute to clinically recognized acute jaundice. similarly, antibody ... | 1998 | 9798023 |
| prevalence of enteric hepatitis a and e viruses in the mekong river delta region of vietnam. | a study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) was carried out in southwestern vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic hev transmission. the purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of hev as a function of the susceptible population. blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an elisa ... | 1999 | 10072151 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis b, c, e, and g virus infections and molecular analysis of hepatitis g virus isolates in bolivia. | prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis g virus (hgv), and hepatitis e virus (hev) was investigated among 574 healthy blood donors in bolivia. hcv rna and hgv rna in the serum were identified by a nested reverse transcription-pcr using primers derived from the 5' untranslated region (5' utr). we also tested for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and for the antibody to hev. the results revealed that hgv rna was present in 84 of 574 (14.6%) tested blood donors, ... | 1999 | 10488194 |
| hepatitis c virus infection in sporadic fulminant viral hepatitis in north india: cause or co-factor? | the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in fulminant hepatitis (fh) is poorly understood and the available data are conflicting. we have examined the aetiological role of hcv in 50 consecutive patients with sporadic fh by employing serology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 1999 | 10563532 |
| identity of a novel swine hepatitis e virus in taiwan forming a monophyletic group with taiwan isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis e virus (hev). since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where hev is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. the recent discovery of a swine hev in herd pigs in the united states has led us to speculate that hev may also circulate in herd pigs in taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for hev in taiwan. of 275 herd pigs obta ... | 1999 | 10565892 |
| clinical and epidemiological implications of swine hepatitis e virus infection. | in nonendemic areas, most patients with acute hepatitis e were infected through traveling to endemic areas. however, some patients did not have a history of foreign travel before infection. furthermore, high seroprevalence rates of antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were found in the general adult population in some countries without any recorded outbreak of hepatitis e. the significance of anti-hev assay in these subjects remains obscure. to study if swine might be a source of hev infecti ... | 2000 | 10596016 |
| a four year review of acute viral hepatitis cases in the east coast of peninsular malaysia (1994-1997). | a total of 1,157 sera from jaundiced patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of liver disease received from government hospital in kelantan and terengganu, during the period from 1994 to 1997, were investigated to determine the cause. hepatitis a virus was found to be the main cause in 26.1% (24/92) of symptomatic clinical hepatitis cases in 1994, 47.8% (63/132) in 1995, 66.4% (613/923) in 1996 and 20% (2/10) in 1997. sera received in 1996 were also tested for hepatitis b, hepatitis c, h ... | 1999 | 10695797 |
| viral hepatitis: recent experiences from serological studies in bangladesh. | infections due to hepatitis a (hav), hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and hepatitis e (hev) viruses are the major causes of hepatitis and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries like bangladesh. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hbsag, anti-hcv antibody, anti-hav antibody and anti-hev antibody in patients suspected of having infection by hbv, hcv, hav and hev, respectively. antibody to hav was detected in 39% of subjects ... | 2000 | 10928622 |
| xenotransplantation and the potential risk of xenogeneic transmission of porcine viruses. | the clinical success of allotransplantation and the shortage of donor organs have led to a proposal for the use of animal organs as alternative therapeutic materials for humans. in that regard, swine are preferable to non-human primates as a source of donor organs. while applications for clinical trials for xenotransplantation have not yet been received in canada, several trials have already been authorized in the united states. a major concern, however, is the potential for xenogeneic transmiss ... | 2000 | 11041495 |
| a seroprevalence study of viral hepatitis e infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected subjects in malaysia. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a rna virus transmitted enterically. a study of anti-hev antibodies in 145 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infected subjects found that 14.4% of them were reactive to anti-hev antibodies. anti-hev igg and anti-hev igm was detected in 10.3% and 4.1% of the subjects respectively. prevalence of anti-hev (either igg or igm) was similar across all adult ages (p = 0.154), between the three ethnic groups (p = 0.378), and across risk groups (p = 0.120). the results ... | 2000 | 11072492 |
| hepatitis: still a concern? | although some forms of viral hepatitis were identified more than 50 years ago, hepatitis continues to have an impact on the practice of dentistry. possible transmission in the dental setting, management of the chronically ill, and legal issues related to treatment of infectious patients combine to emphasize that hepatitis is still an important issue for dental health care workers. currently, 7 viral forms are recognized. those with predominantly enteral modes of transmission--including hav, hev, ... | 2000 | 11203900 |
| serological and molecular testing in viral hepatitis: an update. | the routine serological diagnoses of the three major forms of viral hepatitis - a, b and c - as well as delta hepatitis, are important in the evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. increasingly, molecular virology is also being used to evaluate patients with chronic hepatitis c, with genotype and viral load testing to plan therapy. | 2001 | 11264571 |
| a yeast two-hybrid study on self-association of the orf2 protein of hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus is a human rna virus containing three open reading frames. of these, orf2 encodes the major capsid protein (porf2) and may possess regulatory functions, in addition to a structural one. in this study, we have shown using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro immobilization experiments that full-length porf2 is capable of self-association, thus forming a homodimer. using mutational analysis we have studied dimerization of various truncated versions of the orf2 capsid protein ... | 2001 | 11396945 |
| the full-length and n-terminal deletion of orf2 protein of hepatitis e virus can dimerize. | hepatitis e virus is a human rna virus containing three open reading frames. of these orf2 encodes, the major capsid protein (porf2), may possess regulatory functions, in addition to a structural one. in this study, we have shown using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro immobilization experiments that full-length porf2 is capable of self-association, thus forming a homodimer. using mutational analysis we have studied dimerization of various truncated versions of the orf2 capsid protein usi ... | 2001 | 11485331 |
| [detection of igg antibody to hepatitis g virus by elisa]. | to study the relation of hgv igg antibody (anti- hgv igg) to various viral infections, alt and hgv rna. | 2000 | 11503048 |
| direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens. | humans have very close interactions with working, food-producing, and companion animals. according to the american veterinary medical association, there are more than one hundred million cat and dog pets in the united states. furthermore, non-traditional pets like reptiles and exotic birds are not unusual companion animals in households. in addition to sharing with animals our living and/or working space and time, we also share, unfortunately, many disease causing microorganisms. in the past few ... | 2001 | 11512628 |
| evidence of extrahepatic sites of replication of the hepatitis e virus in a swine model. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in many developing countries and is also endemic in many industrialized countries. due to the lack of an effective cell culture system and a practical animal model, the mechanisms of hev pathogenesis and replication are poorly understood. our recent identification of swine hev from pigs affords us an opportunity to systematically study hev replication and pathogenesis in a swine model. in an early study, ... | 2001 | 11526125 |
| age-specific seroepidemiology of hepatitis a, b, and e infections among children in istanbul, turkey. | this study was performed for evaluation of seroprevalence of hepatitis a, b, and e among children in istanbul, turkey. the study group included 909 children who were 6 months-15 years of age. the children were separated to three age groups: group 1 (6 months-4.9 years; n = 321), group 2 (5.0-9.9 years; n = 318), and group 3 (10.0-15.0 years; n = 270). group i was divided to two subgroups for evaluation of the maternal antibody sera (6 months-2 years and over 2 years). serum igg anti-hav, anti-hb ... | 2001 | 11599687 |
| analysis of the complete genome of indigenous swine hepatitis e virus isolated in japan. | using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers derived from well-conserved genomic areas among all four hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes (i-iv), the hev sequence was identified in serum samples obtained from 3 (3%) out of 95 60- to 90-day-old pigs in japan and characterized molecularly. in the partial sequence of open reading frame (orf) 2 of 421 nucleotides, the three swine isolates (swj570, swj681, and swj791) showed the highest similarity of 83-87% to genotype iii hev rep ... | 2001 | 11741279 |
| prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the united states and other countries. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in many developing and some industrialized countries. it has been hypothesized that animals may be the source of infection. the recent identification of swine hev in u.s. pigs and the demonstration of its ability to infect across species have lent credence to this hypothesis. to assess the potential risk of zoonotic hev infection, we tested a total of 468 veterinarians working with swine (including 389 u.s. swine veterinarians) and 400 normal u.s. blood donors ... | 2002 | 11773103 |
| report of a collaborative study to assess the suitability of a reference reagent for antibodies to hepatitis e virus. | several commercial and "in-house" assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus, a major causative agent of enterically transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis. as these kits contain a variety of synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins, greater standardisation is required. a collaborative study was therefore carried out to assess the suitability of a freeze dried preparation designated 95/584 to serve as a reference reagent for hepatitis e virus serum igg. preparat ... | 2002 | 11846429 |
| [study on the hepatitis virus infection among medical professionals]. | in order to find out the present situation of hepatitis virus infection among medical professionals. | 2000 | 11860766 |
| functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. we have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the hev envelope glycoproteins. recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the hev f and g open reading frames were generat ... | 2001 | 11882997 |
| the hepatitis viruses. rationales for treatment, occupation health issues and current guidelines for best practice. | nurses are likely to come across any one, or all, of the hepatitis viruses a, b, c, d, e, (f) and g at some point in their career. it is important, therefore, that they are familiar with basic details concerning the viruses, such as their mode of transmission, methods of diagnosis and the prognosis for those who are infected. it is also important that they are aware of the implications for the health of individuals and the communities in which they live. hepatitis b virus remains a global proble ... | 2001 | 11966287 |
| [detection of anti-hav, anti-hbv, anti-hcv and anti-hev antibodies in the patients with sporadic acute hepatitis in beijing during 1995-2000]. | to investigate distribution of acute hepatitis a, hepatitis b, hepatitis c and hepatitis e in beijing area. | 2001 | 11986727 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pediatric age groups in turkey. | hepatitis a and hepatitis e are enteric transmitted viral diseases occurring in epidemic and sporadic forms especially in developing countries. previous studies in turkey showed that most residents are infected with hav by the second decade of life. since hev is generally transmitted by the same route as hav we conducted a community-based seroprevalence study for hav and hev infection in ahatli area in antalya, turkey where socioeconomic conditions are low. anti-hav total immunoglobulin was test ... | 2002 | 12073829 |
| prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis e virus from domestic animals in china. | evidence that hepatitis e is zoonotic is accumulating. serum samples were collected from pigs, cattle, and goats from various regions of china to determine whether they had been infected with hepatitis e virus (hev). an in-house enzyme immunoassay (eia) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with primers from open reading frame (orf) 2 were used to detect anti-hev antibodies and hev rna. the mean positivity rates of anti-hev antibody for pigs and cattle were 78.8% and 6.3% ... | 2002 | 12115997 |
| [the study of aggregate of the orf2 peptide of hepatitis e virus expressed in escherichia coli]. | a fragment of hepatitis e virus open reading frame-2(orf2), located from amino acid residues 394 to 604, was expressed in e. coli. the recombinant protein ne2 was found to form homodimer mostly in sds-page, which can be dissociated to monomers when treated with urea, and it was recognized more strongly in its dimeric form than the monomer by hev reactive human serum in western blotting. besides, many aggregated form of ne2 from dimer to at least hexamer can be seen in maldi-tof-ms. and when the ... | 2002 | 12385244 |
| dna vaccination against hepatitis e virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. | : the feasibility of dna vaccination against hepatitis e in non-human primates has not been evaluated. in the present study a full-length hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame (orf)2 (burmese strain) was assembled, cloned, and used for genetic immunization of cynomolgus macaques (cynos), which were subsequently challenged with a heterologous hev strain (mexico). | 2002 | 12472965 |
| first documented outbreak of hepatitis e virus transmission in java, indonesia. | a suspected hepatitis outbreak occurred in bondowoso district, east java province, indonesia, in march-may 1998. an investigation was initiated in april 1998, involving a retrospective review of hospital records, a community-based cross-sectional study, and a health service-based case detection and household follow-up. sera and epidemiological information were collected from 962 individuals: 235 from 3 outbreak-affected communities along the same rural stretch of river, 101 from community contro ... | 2002 | 12497976 |
| microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. | many classes of pathogens excreted in feces are able to initiate waterborne infections. there are bacterial pathogens, including enteric and aquatic bacteria, enteric viruses, and enteric protozoa, which are strongly resistant in the water environment and to most disinfectants. the infection dose of viral and protozoan agents is lower than bacteria, in the range of one to ten infectious units or oocysts. waterborne outbreaks of bacterial origin (particularly typhoid fever) in the developing coun ... | 2002 | 12546197 |
| a case report: two patients with fulminant hepatitis e in hokkaido, japan. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been listed as one of the major agents that cause fulminant hepatitis in hev-endemic areas, but not in non-endemic areas. recently, however, we experienced two cases of fulminant hepatitis e in hokkaido, japan: case-1 was a 34-year-old woman and case-2, a 51-year-old man, neither having a history of travelling outside japan or contact with travellers abroad or foreigners. hev rna was detected in their acute-phase serum and sequencing analyses indicated that they were ... | 2003 | 12644058 |
| neutralizing test of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) in fs-l3 cells cultured without serum. | fs-l3 cells, originating from porcine kidney, were used for propagation of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) and development of a virus neutralizing (vn) test. sera of pigs, rats, cows and dogs had vn activities to hev. on the other hand, sera of mice, rabbits, goats, sheep, horses, cats, chickens, hamsters and human did not have measurable vn activities, although these sera had high hi activities. our results support the idea that the vn is a more reliable measure of hev infection ... | 2003 | 12679570 |
| molecular investigation of hepatitis e virus infection in patients with acute hepatitis in kathmandu, nepal. | one hundred fifty-four consecutive patients with sporadic acute hepatitis, who were seen at a city hospital in the kathmandu valley of nepal in 1997, were studied. igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus were detected in four patients (3%), igm antibodies to hepatitis b core in four patients (3%), hepatitis b surface antigen in 20 (13%), and hepatitis c virus rna in four patients (3%). igm antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) (anti-hev igm) and hev rna were detected in 77 (50%) and 48 (31%), respec ... | 2003 | 12683409 |
| [detection of igm-antibody to hepatitis g virus and its clinical significance]. | to provide a rapid and early serodiagnostic technique for the patients with hepatitis g virus(hgv). | 1999 | 12759962 |
| [detection of anti-hev igg and analysis of partial hev rna sequence]. | to investigate hev infection in swine and the genotype relationship between swine and human hev. | 2003 | 12890341 |
| infectious aetiology of jaundice among pregnant women in angola. | the contribution of viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and malaria to jaundice among pregnant women in luanda, angola, was studied. 20 pregnant women with jaundice (cases) were identified in 2 large maternity hospitals and compared with 40 pregnant women without jaundice (controls). among the cases 6 patients died, whereas no death occurred in the control group (p < 0.001). five spontaneous abortions and 6 stillbirths were also noted among the cases, implying foetal lo ... | 2003 | 12953953 |
| the orf2 protein of hepatitis e virus binds the 5' region of viral rna. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major human pathogen in much of the developing world. it is a plus-strand rna virus with a 7.2-kb polyadenylated genome consisting of three open reading frames, orf1, orf2, and orf3. of these, orf2 encodes the major capsid protein of the virus and orf3 encodes a small protein of unknown function. using the yeast three-hybrid system and traditional biochemical techniques, we have studied the rna binding activities of orf2 and orf3, two proteins encoded in the 3' struc ... | 2004 | 14671114 |
| viral hepatitis: new data on hepatitis c infection. | viral hepatitis (vh) is almost as old as human beings, at least as old as known human history. however, the natural history and the epidemiology of the disease has undergone changes during the centuries and even recently we have been facing several new aspects. the estimated global prevalence is around 3-5%, which means that approximately 400 million patients are infected with hepatitis b virus and that there are 170 million infections with hepatitis c virus. the mortality figures are projected ... | 2003 | 14688826 |
| monitoring for potentially xenozoonotic viruses in new zealand pigs. | shortage of human donor organs for transplantation has prompted evaluation of animals as an alternative donor source. pigs are the most acceptable candidate animals but issues of xenozoonozes remain. despite careful monitoring of high-health-status (hhs) pigs, there is still a risk that their tissues may carry infectious agents. furthermore, pathogens which are significant in xenotransplantation are not necessarily those of veterinary importance. the detection of these potentially transmissible ... | 2004 | 14695679 |
| epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the mediterranean basin. | the prevalence of viral hepatitis is high and remains a serious public health challenge throughout the world. new molecular biology techniques provided a better understanding of the viruses over the last decades. novel therapeutic options seem to be promising but preventing measures including donor screening, immunization against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv), universal use of disposable syringes and implementation of better hygienic conditions play a major role in the cont ... | 2003 | 14737935 |
| isolation and identification of an enterovirus 77 recovered from a refugee child from kosovo, and characterization of the complete virus genome. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an enterovirus 77 isolate is reported. the virus designated fr/cf496-99 (france/clermont-ferrand 496-1999) was recovered from the feces of a 4-year-old child hospitalized for salmonella gastroenteritis. the virus was identified by a molecular typing assay based on the genomic sequence encoding the vp1 capsid protein. the phylogenetic analysis based on the vp1 sequence demonstrated that the enterovirus isolated in the child clustered with viruses included in th ... | 2004 | 14749180 |
| genetic identification of avian hepatitis e virus (hev) from healthy chicken flocks and characterization of the capsid gene of 14 avian hev isolates from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in different geographical regions of the united states. | avian hepatitis e virus (hev), a novel virus identified from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly (hs) syndrome, is genetically and antigenically related to human hev. recently, it was found that avian hev antibody is also prevalent in healthy chickens. a prospective study was done on a known seropositive but healthy chicken farm to identify avian hev isolates from healthy chickens. fourteen chickens were randomly selected, tagged and monitored under natural conditions for 19 weeks. all 14 chick ... | 2004 | 14993655 |
| the orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus interacts with liver-specific alpha1-microglobulin and its precursor alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (ambp) and expedites their export from the hepatocyte. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a plus-stranded rna virus contains three open reading frames. of these, orf1 encodes the viral nonstructural polyprotein; orf2 encodes the major capsid protein and orf3 codes for a phosphoprotein of undefined function. using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a human cdna liver library we have isolated, an n-terminal deleted protein, alpha(1) -microglobulin/bikunin precursor (ambp) that specifically interacts with the orf3 protein of hev. independently cloned, full-le ... | 2004 | 15037615 |
| determination and analysis of the complete genomic sequence of avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev) and attempts to infect rhesus monkeys with avian hev. | avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev), recently identified from a chicken with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the united states, is genetically and antigenically related to human and swine hevs. in this study, sequencing of the genome was completed and an attempt was made to infect rhesus monkeys with avian hev. the full-length genome of avian hev, excluding the poly(a) tail, is 6654 bp in length, which is about 600 bp shorter than that of human and swine hevs. similar to human and swine hev g ... | 2004 | 15166445 |
| hepatitis e vaccines: progress and prospects. | hepatitis e accounts for the major part of enterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis worldwide. its agent, the hepatitis e virus (hev), is a small, single-stranded rna virus. only one serotype of hev is recognised. infection results in protective immunity with long-lived neutralising antibodies. in developing countries with poor sanitary conditions and high population density, hepatitis e causes water-borne epidemics with substantial mortality rates in pregnant women. in addition, more than 5 ... | 2004 | 15233590 |
| [detection and analysis of hav-hev, hgv infection in patients with viral hepatitis]. | to study the simple infection and super/co-infection of hav-hev, hgv in patients with viral hepatitis. | 2004 | 15268800 |
| infection of a japanese patient by genotype 4 hepatitis e virus while traveling in vietnam. | cases of imported hepatitis e in industrialized countries infected with a genotype 1 hepatitis e virus (hev) have been identified. we report a 56-year-old japanese man who acquired infection with a genotype 4 hev with 98.8% identity to a vietnamese isolate after ingestion of uncooked shellfish while traveling in vietnam. | 2004 | 15297556 |
| [prevalence of hepatitis a, b, c and e virus markers among patients with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in phnom penh (cambodia) and nha trang (central vietnam)]. | in order to describe the respective part of viral hepatitis in liver diseases observed in cambodia and vietnam, ninety consecutive patients with aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt) > or = 100 ul/l were tested for hepatitis a, b, c and e markers in phnom penh and nha trang. the markers were igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav igm), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibodies to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcvab) and igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus (an ... | 2004 | 15462195 |
| frequency and clinical course of hepatitis e in tertiary care hospitals. | to find out the frequency of hepatitis e virus as a cause of acute hepatitis and its clinical course in hospitalized patients. | 2004 | 15487036 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis a and e virus infection in brazil. | this review has the objective to discuss the epidemiological aspects of the enterically transmitted hepatitis a and e in brazil. the prevalence of hepatitis a varies greatly in different brazilian regions, from 56% in south and southeast to 93% in north region (manaus, amazon). such differences are also found in different socioeconomic levels among age groups. a significantly higher prevalence was seen in the low socioeconomic group between 1-30 years. this difference is most striking in the fir ... | 2005 | 15771857 |
| comparison of a new immunochromatographic test to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to hepatitis e virus in human sera. | an immunochromatographic test for rapid detection of igm antibodies in patients with acute hepatitis e infection was developed utilizing the well-characterized recombinant protein ep2.1 and monoclonal antibody 4b2. the new rapid test based on a novel reverse-flow technology was able to generate a positive result within 2 to 3 min. our study showed that this test was able to detect anti-hev igm antibodies in 96.7% of the patient samples tested (n = 151) while maintaining an excellent specificity ... | 2005 | 15879020 |
| [effects on health of water and food contamination by emergent human viruses]. | the development of molecular technologies applied to environmental studies has shown that even in highly industrialized countries there is a high prevalence of viruses in the environment that represents an important impact on public health and substantial economic losses mainly related to the transmission of viruses through water and food. significant concentrations of viruses are detected in the water flowed to the environment and in the biosolids generated in wastewater treatment plants. this ... | 2005 | 15913059 |
| ephrin-b2 ligand is a functional receptor for hendra virus and nipah virus. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. they infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for hev and niv and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human ... | 2005 | 15998730 |
| u.s. military sponsored vaccine trials and la resistance in nepal. | | 2005 | 16006352 |
| serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in different animal species from the southeast of brazil. | serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection (hev) has been observed in both humans and different animal species living in non-endemic areas, suggesting that animals could be important reservoir for virus transmission to man. antibodies to hev have been detected in some brazilian population groups. nevertheless, sporadic cases of acute hev infection have never been reported. we collected 271 serum samples from several domestic animals and also from pig handlers from southeast of brazil in ... | 2005 | 16021297 |
| construction and characterization of infectious cdna clones of a chicken strain of hepatitis e virus (hev), avian hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is an important human pathogen. increasing evidence indicates that hepatitis e is a zoonosis. avian hev was recently discovered in chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the usa. like swine hev from pigs, avian hev is also genetically and antigenically related to human hev. the objective of this study was to construct and characterize an infectious cdna clone of avian hev for future studies of hev replication and pathogenesis ... | 2005 | 16099918 |
| the 41-amino-acid c-terminal region of the hepatitis e virus orf3 protein interacts with bikunin, a kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a human plus-stranded rna virus, contains three open reading frames (orf). of these, orf1 encodes the viral nonstructural polyprotein, orf2 encodes the major capsid protein, and orf3 codes for a phosphoprotein of undefined function. recently, using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a human cdna liver library, we have isolated and characterized ambp (alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor), which specifically interacts with the orf3 protein of hev. the orf3 protein ex ... | 2005 | 16140784 |
| markers of hepatitis viruses and human t-lymphotropic virus types i/ii in patients who have undergone open-heart surgery: evidence of increased risk for exposure to hbv and hev. | open-heart procedure is characterized by a high-risk for contracting blood-borne infections. we evaluated the prevalence of several markers of hepatitis viruses (b-e) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus types i/ii (htlv-i/ii) in a consecutive series of patients who had undergone open-heart surgery. | 2005 | 16198902 |
| enhanced alpha1 microglobulin secretion from hepatitis e virus orf3-expressing human hepatoma cells is mediated by the tumor susceptibility gene 101. | viruses are known to exploit the host cell machinery for their benefit during different stages of their life cycle within the infected host. one of the major challenges for a virus during the early stages of infection is to escape recognition by the host immune system. viruses have adopted many novel strategies to evade the host immune response or to create an immune suppressed environment. an earlier study in our laboratory has demonstrated that the orf3 protein of the hepatitis e virus expedit ... | 2006 | 16407257 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in wild mongooses of okinawa, japan: demonstration of anti-hev antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a single-strand rna virus, has been recovered not only from human beings but also from various species of animals. here we report our results suggesting that mongoose should be added to the list of reservoir animals of hev. of 100 mongooses we examined in okinawa, japan, 21 were thought to be positive for anti-hev antibodies, among which one was definitely positive for hev rna. full-genome sequencing of the hev isolate revealed that it segregates to a unique subgroup wit ... | 2006 | 16413822 |
| prevalence and genotyping of hepatitis e virus in swine population in korea between 1995 and 2004: a retrospective study. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been reported in pigs throughout the world but have only recently been recorded in korean pigs. the aim of this study was to investigate whether hev was present in archived porcine hepatic tissues collected between 1995 and 2004 using rt-pcr and immunohistochemistry and, if so, to determine the genotype of the isolates. swine hev was identified in the liver tissue of 42 pigs of 388 submissions (four pigs every year on average). the isolates showed genetic ... | 2007 | 16624599 |
| swine as a principal reservoir of hepatitis e virus that infects humans in eastern china. | genotype iv hepatitis e virus (hev) has been isolated from humans and swine. to study the relationship between the human and swine reservoirs, we estimated their respective viral burden, analyzed the genetic makeup of the virus populations, and assessed the risk of infection associated with swine farming. | 2006 | 16703507 |
| a large outbreak of hepatitis e among a displaced population in darfur, sudan, 2004: the role of water treatment methods. | the conflict in darfur, sudan, was responsible for the displacement of 1.8 million civilians. we investigated a large outbreak of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in mornay camp (78,800 inhabitants) in western darfur. | 2006 | 16705572 |