| a variable number of tandem repeats locus within the human complement c2 gene is associated with a retroposon derived from a human endogenous retrovirus. | we have previously described multiallelic restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the c2 gene, suggesting the presence of a variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) locus. we report here the cloning and sequencing of the polymorphic fragments from the two most common alleles of the gene, a and b. the results confirm the presence of a vntr locus consisting of a nucleotide sequence, 41 bp in average length, repeated tandemly 23 and 17 times in alleles a and b, respectively. the difference in ... | 1992 | 1350302 |
| an unusual retrovirus-like sequence identified in human dna. | the human genome contains many different types of endogenous proviruses and retrovirus-like elements. an unusual element of this kind has been isolated from human dna on the basis of its relatedness to the integrase-coding domain of the pol gene of feline leukaemia virus (felv). the element, termed hs5, is related to felv only over a short region of 81 nucleotides predicted to encode the carboxyl terminus of the felv integrase protein, p46pol. the region of relatedness between hs5 and felv ident ... | 1990 | 2165140 |
| stimulation of expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome by female steroid hormones in human breast cancer cell line t47d. | expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome herv-k, homologous to mouse mammary tumor virus, was investigated in cultured human tumor cells. in several cell lines, the herv-k genome was expressed as an 8.8-kilobase poly(a)+ rna which appeared to be a full-size transcript of this genome. in the human breast cancer cell line t47d, stimulation of herv-k genome expression by progesterone was observed after estradiol treatment. | 1987 | 2883329 |
| length polymorphism of the human complement component c4 gene is due to an ancient retroviral integration. | the fourth component of the complement system, c4, is encoded by two highly homologous mhc-linked genes expressing the two isotypes c4a and c4b. a gene size polymorphism (either 22.5 or 16 kb) has been described which depends on the presence or absence of a 6.5-kb insertion in intron 9 of the c4 gene. by sequencing a c4a-specific lambda clone from a human genomic library containing the long intron 9 as well as pcr-amplified dna containing the short intron, the dna sequences of both introns were ... | 1995 | 7576718 |
| identification of a rev-related protein by analysis of spliced transcripts of the human endogenous retroviruses htdv/herv-k. | the human endogenous retrovirus family htdv/herv-k codes for the viral particles observed in teratocarcinoma cell lines. two types of proviral genomes exist; these differ in the presence or absence of a stretch of 292 nucleotides. this sequence comprises the amino-terminal part of the env gene, the putative signal peptide, which overlaps in part with the carboxy terminus of the pol gene. type 2 genomes containing this sequence presumably more closely reflect the structure of the infectious, repl ... | 1995 | 7983704 |
| splicing of a human endogenous retrovirus to a novel phospholipase a2 related gene. | as part of an investigation into the effects of endogenous retroviruses on adjacent genes, we have isolated a cdna clone derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line ntera2d1 representing a chimeric transcript in which an endogenous retrovirus-like element, rtvl-h, has been spliced to downstream cellular sequences. the 5' terminus of this clone, termed af-5, occurs one bp downstream of the predicted transcriptional start site in the rtvl-h long terminal repeat (ltr). af-5 contains an open re ... | 1993 | 8382789 |
| analysis of the distal 5' region of the human cyp17 gene. | in order to search for additional regulatory elements in the human cyp17 (steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase) gene and to compare it with potential regulatory elements in bovine cyp17 genes, 3.5 kb of 5' flanking region of cyp17 was cloned and analyzed. the newly acquired sequence was shown to be a highly defective copy of the human endogenous retrovirus herv-k family. this retroviral sequence was itself interrupted by a novel element, a low copy number repeat occurring about 20 times in the human gen ... | 1995 | 8536998 |
| characterization of the human endogenous retrovirus k proteinase. | the proteinase of the human endogenous retrovirus k (herv-k) shows similarity to retrovirus aspartic proteinases. it is translated from a transcript composed of gag and prt. the proteinase was expressed either as full-length native protein or as truncated protein in escherichia coli. functional protein was demonstrated by its autocatalytic cleavage into an 18 kda fragment recognized by a polyclonal antiserum. this autocatalytic cleavage was specifically inhibited by a human immunodeficiency viru ... | 1996 | 8627242 |
| transcripts from a novel human krab zinc finger gene contain spliced alu and endogenous retroviral segments. | during the course of an investigation into the potential effects of endogenous retroviruses on adjacent gene expression, we isolated two cdna clones containing a small sequence segment belonging to the human endogenous retrovirus family, herv-h. characterization of the clones revealed that they represent transcripts from a novel krab zinc finger gene termed znf177. the two cdna clones differ at their 5' termini and in the presence of a 559-bp internal exon. the clone containing this internal exo ... | 1996 | 8661005 |
| human endogenous retrovirus hc2 is a new member of the s71 retroviral subgroup with a full-length pol gene. | we have isolated and characterized a new human endogenous provirus, which is closely related to the human retrovirus s71, but unlike s71 has a full-length pol gene. two degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on highly conserved motifs within the active sites of two retroviral proteins (the protease and reverse transcriptase) were designed and used for pcr. an amplified product of 847 bp in length, which showed significant homology to protease and reverse transcriptase of several retroviruses, ... | 1996 | 8941325 |
| eleven chromosomal integration sites of a human endogenous retrovirus (herv 4-1) map close to known loci of thirteen hereditary malformation syndromes. | | 1996 | 8948547 |
| expression of human endogenous retrovirus type k envelope glycoprotein in insect and mammalian cells. | the human endogenous retrovirus type k (herv-k) family codes for the human teratocarcinoma-derived retrovirus (htdv) particles. the existence of the envelope protein (env) of herv-k encoded by the subgenomic env mrna has not yet been demonstrated. to study the genetic requirements for successful expression of env, we have constructed a series of recombinant herv-k env expression vectors for infection and transfection experiments in insect cells and mammalian cells, respectively. six baculovirus ... | 1997 | 9060628 |
| a family of repetitive dna sequences in old world primates. | a dispersed family of repetitive dna sequences that is amplified in old world primates has been characterized. the sequences are present in about 250-350 copies in humans, found on all chromosomes, and some are at least 1 kb in size. within the core repeat is a 178-bp region that is moderately-to-highly conserved. a representative sequence exhibited strong promoter activity when placed in front of a promoterless gene and transfected into human cells. this promoter activity has been localized to ... | 1997 | 9358066 |
| human endogenous retrovirus k homologous sequences and their coding capacity in old world primates. | the coding capacity for retroviral gag and env proteins has been maintained in human endogenous retroviruses of the herv-k family. herv-k homologous sequences have been found in all old world primates. here, we examined old world primate species for the presence of full-length herv-k gag and env genes and the presence of gag and env open reading frames as determined by the protein truncation test. full-length herv-k env genes were found in dnas of all old world primate species, whereas open read ... | 1998 | 9499038 |
| detection of human endogenous retrovirus type k-specific transcripts in testicular parenchyma and testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults: clinical and biological implications. | testicular germ cell tumors (tgcts) of adolescents and adults have been shown to contain proteins of the human endogenous retrovirus type k family. in a recent study, expression of these retroviral sequences was confirmed using in situ hybridization, which also showed expression in carcinoma in situ, the precursor of all tgcts. because of the clinical significance of a test for early diagnosis of tgcts, we studied whether expression of human endogenous retrovirus type k genes could be an informa ... | 1998 | 9777959 |
| development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus does not depend on specific expression of the human endogenous retrovirus herv-k. | | 1998 | 9778242 |
| detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus: possible involvement in pig islet xenotransplantation. | one requirement prior to xenotransplantation of porcine islets during type 1 diabetes is to eliminate the risk of transmitting infectious agents, particularly retroviruses, even when specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs are used. we developed two sensitive complementary pcr-derived detection tests to assess this risk. this first is intended to detect a novel endogenous retrovirus pol sequence related to a recently described human endogenous retrovirus (herv-l) and to foamy retroviruses. primers for ... | 1998 | 9881242 |
| diversity of human endogenous retrovirus class ii-like sequences. | class ii human endogenous retroviruses (hervs), often referred to as mouse mammary tumour virus (mmtv)-like or herv-k elements, have similarities to several animal infectious retroviruses. single clones from each of nine class ii herv groups (nmwv 1 to nmwv 9), isolated from a human breast cancer cell genomic library, were sequenced over a 244 bp stretch of the conserved reverse transcriptase region. these sequences were aligned to related exogenous and endogenous retroviruses and a phylogenetic ... | 1999 | 9934709 |
| an endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat at the hla-dqb1 gene locus confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. | human endogenous retrovirus (herv) long terminal repeat (ltr) elements contain regulatory sequences that can influence the expression of adjacent cellular genes, which may contribute to breakdowns of the immune function leading to autoimmune disease. rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is associated with particular hla-dr/dq haplotypes that modulate the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease. we have therefore studied a solitary ltr element (dq-ltr3) of the herv-k family at the hla-dqb1 locus for a possi ... | 1999 | 9952028 |
| structure/function analysis of a dutpase: catalytic mechanism of a potential chemotherapeutic target. | dutp pyrophosphatase catalyses hydrolysis of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dutp) to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dump) and inorganic pyrophosphate (ppi). elimination of dutp is vital since its misincorporation into dna by dna polymerases can initiate a damaging iterative repair and misincorporation cycle, resulting in dna fragmentation and cell death. the anti-tumour activity of folate agonists and thymidylate synthase inhibitors is thought to rely on dutp misincorporation. furthermore, retroviral c ... | 1999 | 10329142 |
| a novel haplotype of the endogenous retrovirus, hres-1, in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. | in this study we searched for genetic variation in a segment of the human endogenous retrovirus, hres-1, which encodes a potential autoantigen of 28 kda. the purpose was to further investigate a possible association between this endogenous retrovirus and multiple sclerosis (ms). fragments amplified from the hres-1 region in question were subjected to single strand conformational analysis (sscp analysis) and sequencing if the sscp migration pattern suggested presence of polymorphisms. using this ... | 1999 | 10433076 |
| corf and rcre, the rev/rex and rre/rxre homologues of the human endogenous retrovirus family htdv/herv-k. | corf, a protein encoded by the human endogenous retrovirus family htdv/herv-k, contains amino acid motifs which resemble the nuclear import and export signals of the viral regulatory proteins rev (human immunodeficiency virus) and rex (human t-cell leukemia virus [htlv]). in this study, we demonstrated that corf indeed has a rev-like function and mapped the corf-responsive rna element to a sequence in the 3' long terminal repeat, a localization similar to rxre, the responsive element in htlv typ ... | 1999 | 10516058 |
| antibody to human endogenous retrovirus peptide in urine of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive patients. | human endogenous retrovirus (herv)-like sequences are normal inherited elements that constitute several hundredths of the human genome. the expression of genes located within these elements can occur as a consequence of several different events, including persistent inflammation or genotoxic events. antibodies to endogenous retroviral gene products have been found in a number of infectious, chronic, and malignant diseases, suggesting a role in disease initiation and progression. we studied human ... | 1999 | 10548563 |
| phylogenetic analysis of a retroposon family in african great apes. | the sine-r retroposon family has been identified by its relationship with the long terminal repeats (ltrs) of human endogenous retrovirus class k (herv-k) as a mobile element that has evolved recently in the human genome. here we examined the recent evolutionary history of this class of elements by a pcr approach to genomic dna from the african great apes and by phylogenetic analysis including comparison with the herv k10 parent sequence. with primers derived from a cdna sequence from human brai ... | 1999 | 10552051 |
| isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the herv-w family in primates. | an investigation was undertaken of primate pol gene sequences from a novel endogenous retrovirus family, erv-w, related to a new human endogenous retrovirus family (herv-w) that includes multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (msrv) sequences identified in particles recovered from monocyte cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis. the pol gene sequences of the erv-w family were detected in hominoids and old world monkeys, but not in new world monkeys, whereas erv-w long terminal repeat-l ... | 1999 | 10573154 |
| molecular characterization of herv-h variants associated with multiple sclerosis. | our objective was to characterize retroviral sequences by rt-pcr with gag and env primers on rna from rt-positive retroviral particles produced by multiple sclerosis (ms) derived b-lymphoblastoid cell lines. sequence variants with high homology to the potentially functional subgroup rgh of the human endogenous retrovirus rtvl-h/herv-h family were found. the same sequences were also specifically found in the particulate fraction of a series of ms patient plasma samples and were absent in controls ... | 2000 | 10770518 |
| cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances: what is the role of autoimmune mechanisms? | the immunopathogenesis of cardiac rhythm and conduction disorders has been underestimated. therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the current data and controversial issues in this area. the incidence of autoantibodies to human conducting tissue has been analyzed in sick sinus syndrome, bradyarrhythmia, and hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome. patients with anti-sinus node antibodies (asnab) have a 10-fold higher risk of developing sick sinus syndrome, compared to age-matched controls. ... | 2000 | 10904837 |
| long pcr detection of the c4a null allele in b8-c4aq0-c4b1-dr3. | the genes coding for the two components of complement 4 (c4), c4a and c4b, are located within the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) on the short arm of chromosome 6. several studies have shown that deficiency of c4a is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. a large deletion covering most of the c4a gene and the 21-hydroxylase-a (21-oha) pseudogene found on the extended haplotype b8-c4aq0-c4b1-dr3 is estimated to account for approximately tw ... | 2000 | 11033017 |
| a quantification of human cells using an erv-3 real time pcr assay. | a novel approach to quantifying human cells using a real time pcr assay was developed. the target sequence used in the assay is a 135 bp segment within the unique 1.7 kb hind iii / pst i fragment of the erv-3 envelope gene. erv-3 is a full-length human endogenous retrovirus present in known copy number in all human cells. the detection range of erv-3 by real time pcr is from 10(6) to 10(1). the precision described, sensitivity and specificity of the assay indicate that the erv-3 sequence is an a ... | 2001 | 11164492 |
| full-sized herv-k (hml-2) human endogenous retroviral ltr sequences on human chromosome 21: map locations and evolutionary history. | one of the evolutionary mechanisms for acquisition of novel functional sequences can be domestication of exogenous retroviruses that have been integrated into the germ line. the whole genome mapping of such elements in various species could reveal differences in positions of the retroviral integration and suggest possible roles of these differences in speciation. here, we describe the number, locations and sequence features of the human endogenous retrovirus herv-k (hml-2) long terminal repeat ( ... | 2001 | 11483360 |
| epstein-barr virus transactivates the human endogenous retrovirus herv-k18 that encodes a superantigen. | superantigens (sags) are proteins produced by pathogenic microbes to elicit potent, antigen-independent t cell responses that are believed to enhance the microbes' pathogenicity. here we show that the human lymphotropic herpesvirus epstein-barr virus (ebv) transcriptionally activates the env gene of an endogenous retrovirus, herv-k18, that possesses sag activity. sag activity was demonstrated by mhc class ii dependent preferential activation of tcrvb13 t cells in response to murine b cells trans ... | 2001 | 11672540 |
| mulv packaging systems as models for estimating/measuring retrovirus recombination frequency. | interaction of retrovirus vectors and endogenous retroviruses present in packaging cell lines and target cells may result in the formation of recombinant viruses. using sensitive rt-pcr assays, we have investigated human and murine gene therapy packaging cell lines for the incorporation of endogenous retrovirus transcripts into murine leukaemia virus (mlv) vector particles and whether vector genomes are incorporated into human endogenous retrovirus (herv) particles. vl30 endogenous retrovirus se ... | 2001 | 11761229 |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of new human endogenous retrovirus herv-w family in cancer cells. | a human endogenous retroviral family (herv-w) has recently been described that is related to multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (msrv) sequences. by using the pcr approach with human genomic dna derived from cancer cell lines (hepg2, jurkat, mcf7, uo-31), five env fragments of herv-w family were newly identified and analyzed. they showed a high degree of nucleotide sequence similarity (94-99%) with that of the herv-w. translation of the env fragments showed no frameshift and termination co ... | 2002 | 11821931 |
| human endogenous retrovirus iddmk(1,2)22 and mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens differ in their ability to stimulate murine t cell hybridomas. | recently, a newly identified human herv-k18 like endogenous retrovirus (iddmk(1,2)22) has been associated to the etiology of type i diabetes (iddm). although the exact mechanism remains unclear, it was postulated that the 3' end orf product of the env gene of iddmk(1,2)22 would trigger a v beta 7-specific human t cell expansion leading to their infiltration in the pancreas of afflicted patients and to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. since then, such superantigen ( ... | 2002 | 11841850 |
| the human endogenous retrovirus family herv-k(hml-3). | a substantial amount of the human genome is composed of human endogenous retroviruses (hervs). manifold herv families have been identified, among them several so-called herv-k(hml) families. although the herv-k(hml-2) family has been studied in detail, other herv-k families are not as well characterized. we describe here the herv-k hml-3 family in more detail. we estimate that there are about 140 proviral loci or remains of such per haploid genome. most loci are severely mutated. proviruses disp ... | 2002 | 12213204 |
| a history of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (jaagsiekte) and experiments leading to the deduction of the jsrv nucleotide sequence. | jaagsiekte (js), a contagious cancer affecting the lungs of sheep has been called many names over the years. at a recent workshop in missilac, france it was agreed that the disease would be called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (opa). the disease is caused by an infectious retrovirus called jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (jsrv). this chapter focuses on the early research that led up to the isolation, cloning and sequencing of the exogenous infectious form of jsrv and the demonstration that it has a ... | 2003 | 12596893 |
| activation of the human endogenous retrovirus w long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early protein 1. | the u3 region of the human endogenous retrovirus w long terminal repeat (herv-w ltr) contains several putative regulatory sequences that regulate the transcription of neighboring cellular genes, as well as viral genes. we found that the ltr-directed transcription of the herv-w can be induced by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection. the effect was partly mediated by the action of the hsv-1 immediate early protein 1 (ie1), and required an oct-1 binding site that is located in the ltr. ... | 2003 | 12661764 |
| detecting the expression of human endogenous retrovirus e envelope transcripts in human prostate adenocarcinoma. | the expression of human endogenous retrovirus (herv) mrna and proteins was associated recently with diseases that include human malignancies. the authors report that, in the current study, transcripts encoding the envelope region of an herv family, herv-e, were expressed in human prostate carcinoma. | 2003 | 12833471 |
| endogenous retroviruses and ms: using ervs as disease markers. | multiple sclerosis (ms) has an unknown cause, but its epidemiology suggests an interplay between environmental factors, possibly including viruses, and genetic components. endogenous retroviruses (ervs) are elements of the human genome that potentially may act as either genetic markers for polymorphisms related to ms, or markers of environmental/endogenous stress. activation of the ervs herv-h/rgh, herv-w and erv-9 was reported when specific cell types (mainly b cells) from ms patients were cult ... | 2003 | 12906767 |
| genomewide screening for fusogenic human endogenous retrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene conserved on primate evolution. | screening human sequence databases for endogenous retroviral elements with coding envelope genes has revealed 16 candidate genes that we assayed for their fusogenic properties. all 16 genes were cloned in a eukaryotic expression vector and assayed for cell-cell fusion by using a large panel of mammalian cells in transient transfection assays. fusion was observed for two human endogenous retrovirus (herv) envelopes, the previously characterized herv-w envelope, also called syncytin, and a previou ... | 2003 | 14557543 |
| the ltr enhancer of erv-9 human endogenous retrovirus is active in oocytes and progenitor cells in transgenic zebrafish and humans. | the solitary ltrs of erv-9 human endogenous retrovirus are middle repetitive dnas associated with 3,000-4,000 human gene loci including the beta-globin gene locus where the erv-9 ltr is juxtaposed to the locus control region (beta-lcr) far upstream of the globin genes. the erv-9 ltrs are conserved during primate evolution, but their function in the primate genomes is unknown. here, we show that in transgenic zebrafish harboring the beta-globin erv-9 ltr coupled to the gfp gene, the ltr enhancer ... | 2004 | 14718667 |
| human endogenous retrovirus herv-k(hml-2) proviruses with rec protein coding capacity and transcriptional activity. | the human endogenous retrovirus family herv-k(hml-2) encodes the so-called rec protein that displays functional similarities to the hiv(rev) protein. the number of proviruses producing rec protein was hitherto unknown. we therefore analyzed the human genome sequence data and determined seven herv-k(hml-2) proviruses potentially capable of producing rec both on the mrna and the protein level. we analyzed rec mrna expression in the tera-1 cell line and in synovial tissue, and in the expressed sequ ... | 2004 | 15063128 |
| human endogenous retrovirus (herv-k) particles in megakaryocytes cultured from essential thrombocythemia peripheral blood stem cells. | the aim of this study was to determine the extent of human endogenous retrovirus (herv) gene translation in megakaryocytes cultured from peripheral blood stem cells of patients with essential thrombocythemia previously reported with platelet-associated herv sequences and reverse transcriptase activity. | 2004 | 15183892 |
| a gene homologous to human endogenous retrovirus overexpressed in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | to clarify the mechanism of progression and acquired drug resistance of leukemia, we searched for an overexpressed gene in drug-resistant leukemia cells and identified an approximately 5-kb transcript by using the subtraction method. the nucleotide sequence of the gene was highly homologous to those of human endogenous retrovirus (herv) transcripts. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) revealed that the gene was overexpressed in cells from 6 childhood acute lymphoblastic leuk ... | 2004 | 15512821 |
| coding sequences of functioning human genes derived entirely from mobile element sequences. | among all of the many examples of mobile elements or "parasitic sequences" that affect the function of the human genome, this paper describes several examples of functioning genes whose sequences have been almost completely derived from mobile elements. there are many examples where the synthetic coding sequences of observed mrna sequences are made up of mobile element sequences, to an extent of 80% or more of the length of the coding sequences. in the examples described here, the genes have nam ... | 2004 | 15546984 |
| [the tissue-specific methylation of human-specific endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats]. | a possible involvement of retroelements in the epigenetic regulation of human gene expression was considered by the example of methylation of long terminal repeats (ltrs) of the human endogenous retrovirus family k (herv-k). the methylation status of six herv-k ltrs was determined in various gene-enriched regions of the human genome. the methylation of four ltrs was shown to be tissue-specific. our results correlated with published data on the tissue-specific changes in the expression level of h ... | 2004 | 15562970 |
| human endogenous retrovirus herv-k14 families: status, variants, evolution, and mobilization of other cellular sequences. | the human genome harbors many distinct families of human endogenous retroviruses (hervs) that stem from exogenous retroviruses that infected the germ line millions of years ago. many herv families remain to be investigated. we report in the present study the detailed characterization of the herv-k14i and herv-k14ci families as they are represented in the human genome. most of the 68 herv-k14i and 23 herv-k14ci proviruses are severely mutated, frequently displaying uniform deletions of retroviral ... | 2005 | 15709013 |
| expression of human endogenous retrovirus k in melanomas and melanoma cell lines. | the human endogenous retrovirus k family (herv-k) comprises 30 to 50 closely related proviruses, most of which are defective. in contrast to all other human endogenous retroviruses, some herv-k proviruses have maintained open reading frames for all viral proteins. in addition to the structural proteins gag and env and the reverse transcriptase, two regulatory proteins (rec and np9) have been described. malignant melanoma has the highest mortality among skin cancers and is particularly aggressive ... | 2005 | 15899808 |
| an alternative exon 1 of the cd5 gene regulates cd5 expression in human b lymphocytes. | t lymphocytes and a subpopulation of b lymphocytes express the cd5 coreceptor. its functional importance is evident from the multiple levels and developmental stages of the regulation of its expression. we here report the discovery of a novel regulatory exon upstream of the noncoding region of the cd5 gene in humans. this alternate exon 1 is designated e1b (with the conventional exon 1 renamed e1a) and was shown to regulate the expression of cd5. e1b-containing transcripts existed exclusively in ... | 2005 | 15998834 |
| expression of human endogenous retrovirus clone 4-1 may correlate with blood plasma concentration of anti-u1 rnp and anti-sm nuclear antibodies. | the transcription of human endogenous retrovirus e (herv-e) clone 4-1 was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). however, the contribution of herv-e clone 4-1 expression in the development of sle remains unclear. blood plasma and pbmc from 55 patients with sle and a control group of 35 healthy individuals were collected. blood plasma concentration of five antinuclear antibodies including anti-u1 ribonucleoprotein (rnp), anti-s ... | 2005 | 16012778 |
| [molecular cloning of a novel retroviral np9 gene of human endogenous retrovirus and its viral protein expression]. | to investigate the relationship between retroviruses and autoimmune diseases, to clone the novel retroviral np9 gene from human endogenous retrovirus (herv), and to construct its expression vector. | 2005 | 16059987 |
| the long terminal repeat (ltr) of erv-9 human endogenous retrovirus binds to nf-y in the assembly of an active ltr enhancer complex nf-y/mzf1/gata-2. | the solitary erv-9 long terminal repeat (ltr) located upstream of the hs5 site in the human beta-globin locus control region exhibits prominent enhancer activity in embryonic and erythroid cells. the ltr enhancer contains 14 tandemly repeated subunits with recurrent ccaat, gtgggga, and gata motifs. here we showed that in erythroid k562 cells these dna motifs bound the following three transcription factors: ubiquitous nf-y and hematopoietic mzf1 and gata-2. these factors and their target dna moti ... | 2005 | 16105833 |
| genomewide screening reveals high levels of insertional polymorphism in the human endogenous retrovirus family herv-k(hml2): implications for present-day activity. | the published human genome sequence contains many thousands of endogenous retroviruses (hervs) but all are defective, containing nonsense mutations or major deletions. only the herv-k(hml2) family has been active since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees; it contains many members that are human specific, as well as several that are insertionally polymorphic (an inserted element present only in some human individuals). here we perform a genomewide survey of insertional polymorphism levels in ... | 2005 | 16160178 |
| haplotype analysis of the human endogenous retrovirus locus herv-k(hml-2.hom) and its evolutionary implications. | we and others recently identified an almost-intact human endogenous retrovirus (herv), termed herv-k(hml-2.hom), that is usually organized as a tandem provirus. studies on herv proviral loci commonly rely on the analysis of single alleles being taken as representative for a locus. we investigated the frequency of herv-k(hml-2.hom) single and tandem alleles in various human populations. our analysis revealed that another herv-k(hml-2) locus, the so-called herv-k(ii) provirus, is also present as a ... | 2005 | 16211423 |
| endogenous retrovirus herv-i ltr family in primates: sequences, phylogeny, and evolution. | a human endogenous retrovirus (herv-i; rtvl-i) has been located within the first intron of a haptoglobin-related gene. two members of the herv-i family were identified in proximal yq11.2 and caused azfa microdeletions as a result of intra-chromosomal recombination events in azoospermic patients. using pcr25 and the sequencing approach with the genomic dnas of primates, hominoids, old and new world monkeys, and prosimians, the herv-i ltr elements were identified and analysed. the ltr elements wer ... | 2006 | 16508704 |
| development of real-time pcrs for detection and quantitation of human mmtv-like (hml) sequences hml expression in human tissues. | the human genome contains around 1000 betaretrovirus-like copies, human mouse mammary tumour virus (mmtv)-like (hml) groups 1-10, also referred to as human endogenous retrovirus "herv-k". despite many efforts, it is not established whether betaretroviruses, exo- or endogenous, are involved in the etiology of breast cancer, or other cancer diseases, in humans. quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) taqman-based assays for hml groups 1-7, targeting the conserved reverse transcriptase (rt) and integrase ... | 2006 | 16713632 |
| the evolutionary dynamics of human endogenous retroviral families. | the capacity to integrate into the chromosomal dna of germ-line cells has endowed retroviruses with the potential to be vertically transmitted from generation to generation and eventually become fixed in the genomes of the entire population. this has been independently accomplished by several ancient retroviruses that invaded the genomes of our early and more recent primate and hominoid ancestors. some of the inherited elements then proliferated in the genome, resulting in a number of lineages w ... | 2006 | 16722807 |
| regulation of cd4 expression via recycling by hres-1/rab4 controls susceptibility to hiv infection. | a novel 2986-base transcript encoded by the antisense strand of the hres-1 human endogenous retrovirus was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. this transcript codes for a 218-amino acid protein, termed hres-1/rab4, based on homology to the rab4 family of small gtpases. antibody 13407 raised against recombinant hres-1/rab4 detected a native protein of identical molecular weight in human t cells. hres-1 nucleotides 2151-1606, located upstream of hres-1/rab4 exon 1, have promoter activity w ... | 2006 | 16935861 |
| physical and functional interactions of human endogenous retrovirus proteins np9 and rec with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein. | only few of the human endogenous retrovirus (herv) sequences in the human genome can produce proteins. we have previously reported that (i) patients with germ cell tumors often make antibodies against proteins encoded by herv-k elements, (ii) expression of the herv-k rec gene in transgenic mice can interfere with germ cell development and induce carcinoma in situ, and (iii) herv-k np9 transcript is overproduced in many tumors including breast cancers. here we document that both np9 and rec physi ... | 2007 | 17360752 |
| expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (pervs) in melanomas of munich miniature swine (mms) troll. | porcine endogenous retroviruses (pervs) are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds. since some of them are able to infect human cells, they might represent a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells or organs. however, the expression and biological role of pervs in healthy pigs as well as in porcine tumours is largely unknown. since we and others have recently shown overexpression of a human endogenous retrovirus, herv-k, in human melanomas, we studied the expression of pervs in melanoma ... | 2007 | 17418507 |
| the human endogenous retrovirus envelope glycoprotein, syncytin-1, regulates neuroinflammation and its receptor expression in multiple sclerosis: a role for endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in astrocytes. | retroviral envelopes are pathogenic glycoproteins which cause neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. the human endogenous retrovirus (herv-w) envelope protein, syncytin-1, is highly expressed in cns glia of individuals with multiple sclerosis (ms). in this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which syncytin-1 mediated neuroimmune activation and oligodendrocytes damage. in brain tissue from individuals with ms, asct1, a receptor for syncytin-1 and a ... | 2007 | 17617614 |
| study of azoospermia factor-a deletion caused by homologous recombination between the human endogenous retroviral elements and population-specific alleles in japanese infertile males. | to evaluate the relationship between the status of homologous recombination and population-specific alleles in infertile japanese males with azoospermia factor (azf)-a deletions and to characterize the clinical features of these patients. | 2008 | 17624343 |
| jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is not detected in human lung adenocarcinomas expressing antigens related to the gag polyprotein of betaretroviruses. | a proportion of human lung adenocarcinomas (hlacs) express an antigen related to the major capsid protein (ca) of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (jsrv), a betaretrovirus that causes a transmissible lung cancer in sheep. in this study, we have investigated whether jsrv or related betaretroviruses are expressed in hlacs. results obtained indicate that jsrv is not associated with human lung adenocarcinomas. however, a proportion of hlacs reacted positively in immunohistochemistry with antibodies speci ... | 2007 | 17889995 |
| comparative expression of human endogenous retrovirus-w genes in multiple sclerosis. | human endogenous retroviruses (hervs) have been associated with multiple sclerosis (ms) pathogenesis. several related herv-w sequences have been implicated in disease occurrence and progression; the ms retrovirus (msrv) is one such element whose envelope protein has been recently demonstrated to be involved in innate immune pathogenesis. to distinguish msrv from other herv-w sequences we analyzed the relative abundance of individual herv-w env sequences by employing a real-time pcr approach usin ... | 2007 | 17961112 |
| da and xiao-two giant and composite ltr-retrotransposon-like elements identified in the human genome. | we discovered two new complex elements while studying large genomic rearrangements and segmental duplications in the human genome. both resemble bacterial composite dna transposon tn9, consisting of a core flanked by mobile elements, except that the flanking element is not a dna transposon but instead is long terminal repeat retrotransposon-like with human endogenous retrovirus and satellite sequences. based on the core size, we named them xiao ( approximately 30 kb) and da ( approximately 280 k ... | 2008 | 18083327 |
| human endogenous retrovirus herv-k113 is capable of producing intact viral particles. | of all human endogenous retroviruses known today, herv-k is the only one that has been shown to produce viral particles. while the first of the approximately 30 herv-k sequences integrated into the human genome more than 40 million years ago, evidence is accumulating that herv-k was active more recently, provirus herv-k113 being the youngest sequence found. however, it is unclear which herv-k sequences code for the viral particles that are produced by human germ-cell tumours or melanomas. here, ... | 2008 | 18198388 |
| human endogenous retrovirus k triggers an antigen-specific immune response in breast cancer patients. | recent evidence indicates that human cancer cells reactivate the expression of latent human endogenous retroviral (herv) proteins. however, the extent to which cancer patients mount de novo immune responses against expressed herv elements is unclear. in this study, we determined the extent of herv-k env expression in human breast cancer (bc) and whether both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against herv-k can be found in bc patients. we found herv-k env protein expression in 88% of bc (n = 119 ... | 2008 | 18632641 |
| expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus herv-k(hml-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a herv transcriptome project. | a significant proportion of the human genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviruses (hervs). herv transcripts are found in every human tissue. expression of proviruses of the herv-k(hml-2) family has been associated with development of human tumors, in particular germ cell tumors (gct). very little is known about transcriptional activity of individual hml-2 loci in human tissues, though. | 2008 | 18664271 |
| restriction by apobec3 proteins of endogenous retroviruses with an extracellular life cycle: ex vivo effects and in vivo "traces" on the murine iape and human herv-k elements. | apobec3 cytosine deaminases have been demonstrated to restrict infectivity of a series of retroviruses, with different efficiencies depending on the retrovirus. in addition, apobec3 proteins can severely restrict the intracellular transposition of a series of retroelements with a strictly intracellular life cycle, including the murine iap and musd ltr-retrotransposons. | 2008 | 18702815 |
| does yellow fever 17d vaccine protect against melanoma? | bcg vaccine, vaccinia vaccine and certain pathogens that were shown in previous studies to protect against melanoma have antigenic determinants homologous in their amino acids sequence with the melanoma antigen herv-k-mel, encoded by a human endogenous retrovirus k (herv-k), which is expressed in about 95% of malignant melanocytes. yellow fever vaccine (yfv) likewise contains an antigenic determinant with a close homology to herv-k-mel and might therefore also confer protection against melanoma. ... | 2009 | 19010368 |
| unreliable real-time pcr analysis of human endogenous retrovirus-w (herv-w) rna expression and dna copy number in multiple sclerosis. | | 2009 | 19292592 |
| increase in human endogenous retrovirus herv-k (hml-2) viral load in active rheumatoid arthritis. | to study the viral loads of human endogenous retrovirus herv-k (hml-2) type 1 and type 2 in rheumatoid arthritis (ra), we measured the viral loads of herv-k (hml-2) type 1 and type 2 using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) technology. we analyzed plasma samples from ra patients (n = 79) and healthy volunteers (hv, n = 46) and synovial fluid samples from ra (n = 10) and osteoarthritis (oa, n = 10) patients. herv-k type 1 and type 2 viruses were detected and quantified for the majo ... | 2009 | 19703019 |
| human endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat sequences as cell type-specific promoters in retroviral vectors. | the human genome contains more than half a million human endogenous retrovirus (herv) long terminal repeats (ltrs) that can be regarded as mobile regulatory modules. many of these herv ltrs have been recruited during evolution as transcriptional control elements for cellular gene expression. we have cloned ltr sequences from two herv families, herv-h and herv-l, differing widely in their activity and tissue specificity into a murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based promoter conversion vector (procon). ... | 2009 | 19741000 |
| differential expression of human endogenous retrovirus k transcripts in primary human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines after uv irradiation. | human endogenous retroviruses (hervs) are discussed as causative agents of various diseases including cancers. expression of endogenous retroviral sequences can be induced by ultraviolet (uv) light, which is also considered as a cofactor in the development of cutaneous melanoma. therefore, we investigated whether ultraviolet c (uvc) induces herv-k rec and np9 expression in normal human epidermal melanocytes (nhem) and in melanoma cell lines. nhem and four different melanoma cell lines were irrad ... | 2010 | 20539243 |
| identification and detection of a novel human endogenous retrovirus-related gene, and structural characterization of its related elements. | up-regulation of human endogenous retroviruses (hervs) is associated with many diseases, including cancer. in this study, an h family herv (herv-h)-related gene was identified and characterized. its spliced transcript lacks protein-coding capacity and may belong to the emerging class of noncoding rnas (ncrnas). the 1.3-kb rna consisting of four exons is transcribed from an alu element upstream of a 5.0-kb structurally incomplete herv-h element. rt-pcr and quantitative rt-pcr results indicated th ... | 2009 | 21637440 |
| selective changes of retroelement expression in human prostate cancer. | retroelements constitute a large part of the human genome. these sequences are mostly silenced in normal cells, but genome-wide dna hypomethylation in cancers might lead to their re-expression. whether this re-expression really occurs in human cancers is largely unkown. we therefore investigated expression and dna methylation of several classes of retroelements in human prostate cancer tissues and cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing, resp ... | 2011 | 21828060 |
| the np9 protein encoded by the human endogenous retrovirus herv-k(hml-2) negatively regulates gene activation of the epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (ebna2). | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a human tumour virus that efficiently growth-transforms primary human b-lymphocytes in vitro. the viral nuclear antigen 2 (ebna2) is essential for immortalisation of b-cells and stimulates viral and cellular gene expression through interaction with dna-bound transcription factors. like its cellular homologue notch, it associates with the dna-bound repressor rbpj+¦ (csl/cbf1) thereby converting rbpj+¦ into the active state. for instance, both ebna2 and notch activate t ... | 2011 | 21710493 |
| genetic variation and hitchhiking between structurally polymorphic alu insertions and hla-a, -b, and -c alleles and other retroelements within the mhc class i region. | we investigated structurally polymorphic alu insertions (poalins) at five loci in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genomic region to determine their allele and haplotype frequencies and associations with the human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a, -b, and -c genes in three populations, the australian caucasians, japanese, and african americans. the poalins varied in allelic frequency between 0% and 42.3% with significant differences between populations at three of the five loci. the l ... | 2011 | 21988723 |
| a novel y chromosome microdeletion with the loss of an endogenous retrovirus related, testis specific transcript in azfb region. | we identified the endogenous retroviruses associated with ttys (testis specific transcripts linked to the y) in the azfb region. we evaluated the relationship between endogenous retroviruses, and tty expression patterns and function in spermatogenesis. | 2011 | 21855935 |
| expression patterns of non-coding spliced transcripts from human endogenous retrovirus herv-h elements in colon cancer. | up-regulation of the most abundant h family human endogenous retrovirus (herv-h), especially env-related transcripts, correlates with colon cancer. however, expression pattern of spliced non-coding transcripts of herv-h is not clear. | 2012 | 22238681 |