| transmission studies with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques; persistent infection of baboons. | the host range of sivmac was investigated in three monkey species. blood-borne and cell-adapted virus inocula obtained from a rhesus macaque infected with sivmac251 were compared. african green monkeys were not susceptible to infection, whereas baboons and rhesus macaques became persistently infected and showed similar patterns of seroconversion. however, in contrast to the macaques, no clinical or histopathological evidence of disease was seen in the baboons 2 years after virus inoculation. thu ... | 1992 | 1293067 |
| detection of simian t-lymphotropic virus type i using the polymerase chain reaction. | to develop the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of simian t-lymphotropic virus type i (stlv-i) infection, cell lines or peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from 2 non-human primate species [african green monkeys (agm), cercopithecus aethiops; baboon, papio cynocephalus] were evaluated for their stlv-i status using oligonucleotide primer pairs and probes specific for the tax and pol gene regions of the closely related human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i). these pcr re ... | 1992 | 1312066 |
| the effect of contraceptives containing nonoxynol-9 on the genital transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques. | the ability of two nonoxynol-9 spermicide preparations to prevent the genital transmission of siv in rhesus macaques was compared. administration of one ml of contraceptive foam before the intravaginal inoculation of cell-free siv prevented the genital transmission of siv to three of six animals, and using one ml of contraceptive gel prevented the genital transmission of siv to two of six animals. thus, both contraceptive foams and gels containing nonoxynol-9 provided protection against the geni ... | 1992 | 1315297 |
| predominant use of a t-cell receptor v beta gene family in simian immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in a rhesus monkey. | to explore the structural basis for aids virus recognition by cd8+ lymphocytes, we sought to determine whether there is a diverse or restricted usage of t-cell receptors (tcr) by simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) in the rhesus monkey. six gag-specific ctl clones were independently generated from an sivmac-infected rhesus monkey. all six ctl clones recognized a single sivmac gag peptide in association with a single major histocompatibili ... | 1992 | 1316491 |
| genetic analysis of simian virus 40 from brains and kidneys of macaque monkeys. | simian virus 40 (sv40) was isolated from the brains of three rhesus monkeys and the kidneys of two other rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus-induced immunodeficiency. a striking feature of these five cases was the tissue specificity of the sv40 replication. sv40 was also isolated from the kidney of a taiwanese rock macaque with immunodeficiency probably caused by type d retrovirus infection. multiple full-length clones were derived from all six fresh sv40 isolates, and two separate ... | 1992 | 1328671 |
| intrarectal challenge of macaques vaccinated with formalin-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus. | macaques can be protected from intravenous infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) by vaccination with chemically inactivated virus. however, protection against infection via a mucosal surface has not been demonstrated. we vaccinated four rhesus macaques with formalin-inactivated siv given intramuscularly. these monkeys, which had remained virus free for 10 months after intravenous challenge with siv, were given a further dose of vaccine and together with four unvaccinated controls we ... | 1992 | 1346285 |
| cytotoxic t lymphocyte response against multiple simian immunodeficiency virusa (siv) proteins in siv-infected macaques. | to identify the target proteins of cd8+ t lymphocytes we have explored the cytolytic immune responses of 12 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac). target cells were autologous b cell lines presenting sivmac proteins after infection with recombinant vaccinia viruses. the eight following proteins were studied: env, pol, gag, nef, vif, rev, tat, and vpx. macaque pbmc stimulated with con a and expanded in t cell growth factor-containing medium produc ... | 1992 | 1349322 |
| potential significance of the cellular immune response against the macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) in immunized and infected rhesus macaques. | the cellular immune response of seven rhesus macaques immunized with tween-ether-treated macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) and three non-vaccinated control animals was investigated. immunization elicited antigen-specific proliferating cd4+ cells in five of seven monkeys. proliferating t cells were found in all animals protected from a first virus challenge. cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) were not induced by the immunization. after the second challenge, the four formerly pr ... | 1992 | 1357081 |
| three epitopic peptides of the simian immunodeficiency virus nef protein recognized by macaque cytolytic t lymphocytes. | in 8 of 12 experimentally infected macaques, the nef sivmac 251 protein was recognized by cytolytic t lymphocytes (ctl) and appeared strongly immunogenic. here, we report experiments which have been performed by using synthetic peptides to precisely determine the epitopes recognized by macaque ctl. three epitopes of the nef protein have been defined as ctl targets in three macaques. the epitopic peptides are located in the central region of the protein, and all of them show high homology with pe ... | 1992 | 1370557 |
| interstitial pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | interstitial pneumonia unrelated to pneumocystis carinii or other infections was observed histopathologically in 5 of 25 rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). the predominant lesion was lymphocytic infiltration of interalveolar septa and hyperplasia of peribronchial and perivascular lymphoid tissue. immunohistochemical staining using a panel of antibodies against human t and b lymphocytes, macrophages, and immunoglobulins showed that peribronchial aggregates and inter ... | 1992 | 1378892 |
| pathological changes in the reproductive tract of male rhesus monkeys associated with age and simian aids. | the pathological changes associated with ageing and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection in groups of immature, adult and ageing rhesus monkeys were studied. eighty three per cent (5 of 6) of uninfected ageing animals had hyperplasia of the prostate, 33 per cent (2 of 6) had mild prostatitis and in 66 per cent (4 of 6) there were calcified concretions in the seminal vesicles. the testes were normal and showed active spermatogenesis. in the siv-infected animals, two types of lesion occur ... | 1992 | 1385497 |
| sera from simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. | rhesus macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a syndrome mimicking acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans. we had demonstrated previously that sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes from healthy noninfected subjects and that this phenomenon was associated with the development of clinical aids. thus, we sought to determine whether sera from siv-infected monkeys would also i ... | 1992 | 1403349 |
| arteriopathy in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. | an arteriopathy characterized by intimal and medial thickening and fibrosis was seen in 19 of 85 rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), a lentivirus with morphologic, genetic, and biologic similarities to hiv-1 and hiv-2. | 1992 | 1405492 |
| cloning and sequences of primate cd4 molecules: diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus. | to study the interaction between the primate lentiviruses simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the cd4 receptor we have cloned and sequenced the cd4 molecule from six non-human primate species: african green monkeys (three subspecies: sabeus, pytherethrus, aethiops), sooty mangabeys, patas monkeys, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and pig-tail macaques. molecular cdna clones representing cd4 mrna were generated from total rna from peripheral blood mononucle ... | 1992 | 1425921 |
| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus dna in macrophages from infected rhesus macaques. | we have examined the frequency of infection of monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages isolated from rhesus macaques inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) utilizing a semiquantitative pcr methodology. animals were inoculated with either pathogenic (sivmac239) or nonpathogenic (sivmac1a11) molecularly cloned viruses of sivmac, or with uncloned pathogenic sivmacbiol. the frequency of siv dna in macrophages was highest early after infection and at terminal stages of disease, wher ... | 1992 | 1433270 |
| efficacy of live-attenuated and whole-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines against vaginal challenge with virulent siv. | the ability of two vaccine preparations (uv-psoralen inactivated siv administered intramuscularly and live-attenuated siv inoculated intravaginally) to prevent genital transmission of virulent siv in rhesus macaques was tested. two of six whole-inactivated siv vaccinated macaques, three of five live-attenuated siv vaccinated macaques, and four of six controls became persistently infected after two separate intravaginal inoculations with a 50% animal infectious dose of virulent siv. no associatio ... | 1992 | 1433273 |
| specific and non-specific immunity and protection of macaques against siv infection. | the simian immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus closely related to the human immunodeficiency viruses; it induces an aids-like disease in macaques, and provides therefore an obvious animal model for anti-lentiviral drug and vaccine strategy assessments. in our experiment, we immunized rhesus macaques with a purified and formalin-inactivated whole sivmac251 antigen preparation. most of these monkeys were still protected for more than 4 months following a heterologous sivsm intravenous challenge ... | 1992 | 1455913 |
| infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a rapidly fatal siv (sivsmm/pbj) isolate from sooty mangabeys. | a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm/pbj), isolated from a chronically infected pig-tailed macaque has been shown in previous studies to produce acutely fatal disease uniformly in pig-tailed macaques and in some rhesus macaques. the present study extends investigation of sivsmm/pbj pathogenesis in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were found to be uniformly susceptible to infection, but as previously reported, the rhesus were found to not be uniform in t ... | 1992 | 1457209 |
| cytotoxic t lymphocytes do not appear to select for mutations in an immunodominant epitope of simian immunodeficiency virus gag. | studies to date assessing hiv escape from ctl in vivo have yielded conflicting results. previous studies have demonstrated that simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys expressing the mhc class i allele mamu-a*01 reproducibly develop a gag-specific ctl response limited to a 9-amino acid epitope of the sivmac gag protein (residues 182-190 within peptide 11c). to determine whether ctl have a role in selecting for aids virus mutants, we examined mutations in sivmac ... | 1992 | 1460291 |
| vaccination of rhesus monkeys with synthetic peptide in a fusogenic proteoliposome elicits simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus should be capable of eliciting both an antibody and a cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response. however, when viral proteins and peptides are formulated with traditional immunological adjuvants and inoculated via a route acceptable for use in humans, they have not been successful at eliciting virus-specific, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted ctl. we have designed a novel viral subunit vaccine by encapsulating a pr ... | 1992 | 1460429 |
| protective effects of a live attenuated siv vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. | vaccine protection against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in animal models is proving to be a difficult task. the difficulty is due in large part to the persistent, unrelenting nature of hiv and siv infection once infection is initiated. siv with a constructed deletion in the auxiliary gene nef replicates poorly in rhesus monkeys and appears to be nonpathogenic in this normally susceptible host. rhesus monkeys vaccinated with live siv d ... | 1992 | 1470917 |
| the simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaque: a model for pediatric aids. | maternal-to-infant transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in the rhesus macaque following experimental infection of pregnant rhesus monkeys, either parenterally or by inoculation of virus into the amniotic fluid. virus infection occurred in 3 of 12 (25%) rhesus infants born to mothers with siv infection induced by parenteral inoculation of virus during gestation. however, these infants did not become seropositive or virus positive until they were 9-15 months ol ... | 1992 | 1480404 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: oral 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents siv infection. | the prophylactic and therapeutic properties of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt) against simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection were tested in four 3-month-old rhesus macaques. the infant monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a low dose (1 to 10 100% animal infectious doses) of uncloned sivmac. the monkeys were treated orally with 50 mg of azt per kg of body weight every 8 h; two animals were started on treatment 2 h prior to virus inoculation, and two animals were started on treatmen ... | 1992 | 1489181 |
| the nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac1a11. | the role of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) nef gene in viral replication was investigated in several tissue culture systems. sivmac1a11 is a molecularly cloned virus which replicates in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and macrophages, although no disease is observed in infected rhesus macaques. in this report, we demonstrate that sivmac1a11 contains a full open reading frame for nef which specifies a 37-kda protein. to investigate the effects of nef on viral replication, ... | 1992 | 1501282 |
| localization of siv in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques. | despite the fact that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is transmitted primarily by sexual contact, the biology of the sexual transmission of hiv is poorly understood. simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) can be transmitted to female rhesus macaques by placing cell-free virus into the vaginal canal, and siv can be isolated from the vaginal secretions of infected rhesus macaques. the authors examined the genital tracts from 16 chronically infected female rhesus macaques and localized siv-infected ... | 1992 | 1519670 |
| pathogenesis of acute infection in rhesus macaques with a lymphocyte-tropic strain of simian immunodeficiency virus. | the simian immunodeficiency virus, sivmac, causes disease affecting multiple organ systems in macaques similar to human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans. molecularly cloned sivmac with a strong lymphocyte tropism was used in pathogenesis experiments to correlate viral cell tropism with disease. in 5 animals, exhaustive analyses on viruses from tissues and identification of infected precursor cells were done at multiple times during infection to ensure the virus had not mutated into a m ... | 1992 | 1527409 |
| relationship of neurologic status in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus to cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid. | increased concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (quin) have been implicated in the neurologic deficits and brain atrophy that may accompany infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. key neuropathologic features of the aids encephalitis are replicated in some macaques following infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in the present studies, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) quin concentrations increased within 2 weeks following infection of 11 rhesus macaques (ma ... | 1992 | 1535532 |
| cognitive and motor impairments associated with siv infection in rhesus monkeys. | cognitive and motor deficits are now recognized as significant clinical features of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). juvenile rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were found to exhibit cognitive and motor deficits characteristic of hiv infection. impairment on a motor skill task was the most reliable indicator of infection. various cognitive impairments were also evident. these deficits were related to siv infection of the brain but not to infla ... | 1992 | 1546323 |
| acute lymphoid changes and ongoing immune activation in siv infection. | two features of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection are emphasized: a transitory decrease in cd4 t cells in the first 2 weeks of infection followed by cd8 t-cell rise, and immune cell activation occurring by 4 weeks and persisting throughout the illness. the short-term changes included a fall in cd4 t cells by 2 weeks with partial recovery by 4 weeks and a cd8 rise that starts at 2 weeks. subsequent characterization of cd4 t cells showed reduced expression of hla-dr and cd25 (il-2 rece ... | 1992 | 1548574 |
| complex determinants of macrophage tropism in env of simian immunodeficiency virus. | macrophage-tropic virus variants evolved during the course of infection of individual rhesus monkeys with cloned, non-macrophagetropic simian immunodeficiency virus. specific changes in the envelope gene (env) were found to be primarily responsible for the dramatic increase in the ability of the virus to replicate in macrophages. cloned viruses differing at nine amino acid positions in env exhibited a more than 100-fold difference in replicative capacity for primary cultures of rhesus monkey alv ... | 1992 | 1548752 |
| vaccine protection against sivmac infection by high- but not low-dose whole inactivated virus immunogen. | eight rhesus macaques were immunized intramuscularly four times (0, 1, 2, and 4 months) over a period of 4 months with a formalin-inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) vaccine in the presence of muramyl dipeptide (mdp) as adjuvant. four animals received 0.5 mg and the other four received 0.1 mg immunogen per injection. three weeks after the final immunization, the vaccinated monkeys along with two control monkeys were challenged intravenously with 50 mid50 of sivmac251-32h. at th ... | 1992 | 1560342 |
| pathologic features of siv-induced disease and the association of macrophage infection with disease evolution. | since the original isolation of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from a macaque with an aids-like disease, numerous studies have demonstrated the close biologic and genetic relationship of the sivs to the hivs. probably most important, the clinical spectrum of disease associated with sivmac/sivsmm infection in rhesus monkeys is strikingly similar to aids in hiv-1-infected human beings. herein are summarized the pathologic features of sivmac-induced disease in a cohort of rhesus monkeys, with ... | 1992 | 1571193 |
| the use of siv-infected rhesus monkeys for the preclinical evaluation of aids drugs and vaccines. | macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) can be used for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) as well as for the study of aids pathogenesis. a number of pathogenic siv strains that have been well characterized molecularly and biologically are available for animal infection studies. data generated from in vitro drug sensitivity assays have established, for many classes of compounds, a similar degree of antiviral e ... | 1992 | 1571195 |
| genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac). | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is a designation for a group of related but unique lentiviruses identified in several primate species. a viral isolate from a rhesus macaque (i.e., sivmac) causes a fatal aids-like disease in experimentally infected macaques, and several infectious molecular clones of this virus have been characterized. this report presents the complete nucleotide sequence of molecularly cloned sivmac1a11, and comparisons are made with the sequence of molecularly cloned sivmac ... | 1992 | 1571198 |
| neuroscience findings in aids: a review of research sponsored by the national institute of mental health. | 1. the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infects cells in both the immune system and the brain, but these effects are not independent. 2. research funded by the national institute of mental health (nimh) has been directed at identifying some of the mechanisms by which hiv-1 infects the brain, produces pathology, causes behavioral changes, and alters immune responses. 3. hiv-1-associated peptides have been shown to produce immunological changes without active virus present and there is also ev ... | 1992 | 1579634 |
| alterations in the course of experimental syphilis associated with concurrent simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | case reports suggest that the course of syphilis is altered in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). to investigate this issue, a model of syphilis in rhesus macaques with and without simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was developed. after intradermal inoculation with treponema pallidum, 2 siv-infected monkeys had persistent ulcerative primary lesions and 1 developed secondary syphilis. two siv-uninfected controls developed transient nonulcerative primary lesions. only the ... | 1992 | 1583318 |
| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus rna from infected rhesus macaques by the polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid method for the detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) rna from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of experimentally infected rhesus macaques by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is reported. the pcr was carried out with a complementary dna (cdna) template using 3 pairs of primers that were designed to anneal to homologous sequences in conserved regions of 3 molecular clones of sivmac. the specificity of the primers was confirmed by performing the pcr with template dna ... | 1992 | 1597502 |
| genital secretory immune response to chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection: a comparison between intravenously and genitally inoculated rhesus macaques. | the humoral and genital secretory immune response to chronic siv infection was compared between female rhesus macaques inoculated by i.v. or intravaginal routes. total igg levels in serum were 10-fold higher in siv-infected animals when compared with uninfected controls. vaginal washes from normal macaques contained predominantly iga and igg, while those from siv-infected animals contained high levels of igg. the siv-infected animals had high titres of siv-specific igg in serum, with lower but d ... | 1992 | 1606737 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes are present in the aids-associated skin rash in rhesus monkeys. | an infiltration of cd8+ lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis underlies the skin rash that commonly occurs as a primary manifestation of an aids virus infection. these cutaneous lymphocytes were characterized in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. skin rash-associated lymphocytes exhibited greater lysis of sivmac-expressing target cells and a higher cloning efficiency for sivmac-specific effector t cells than pbl. moreover, both sivmac envelope- and gag- ... | 1992 | 1624810 |
| role of tar rna splicing in translational regulation of simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques. | the untranslated leader sequences of rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus mrnas form a stable secondary structure, tar. this structure can be modified by rna splicing. in this study, the role of tar splicing in virus replication was investigated. the proportion of viral rnas containing a spliced tar structure is high early after infection and decreases at later times. moreover, proviruses containing mutations which prevent tar splicing are significantly delayed in replication. these muta ... | 1992 | 1629957 |
| multi-step pathogenesis of aids--role of cytomegalovirus. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been shown to be the initial aetiological agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). the recent clinical, epidemiologic, pathological, immunological and molecular data presented in this review point to a multi-step pathogenesis of aids involving hiv as an initial cause leading to reactivation of cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus-6 (hh-6) and other immunosuppressive organisms. although the onset of cmv reactivation is not precisely known ... | 1991 | 1650955 |
| functional analysis of long terminal repeats derived from four strains of simian immunodeficiency virus sivagm in relation to other primate lentiviruses. | the promoter activity of long terminal repeats (ltrs) of four strains of the simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from african green monkeys (sivagm) was compared with those of various ltrs derived from the other representative primate lentiviruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), siv from a rhesus monkey (sivmac), and siv from a mandrill (sivmnd). the expression of the ltrs was evaluated by monitoring chloramphenicol acetyltransferase production after transfection ... | 1991 | 1656599 |
| rhesus monkey macrophages infected with simian immunodeficiency virus cause rapid lysis of cd4-bearing lymphocytes. | inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into cultures of primary rhesus monkey macrophages or cd4-bearing transformed t lymphocytes resulted in persistent infection, with minimal virus replication in the macrophages and extensive replication in the lymphocytes. however, uninfected t cells added to infected macrophages underwent rapid fusion and lysis and were almost completely eliminated without the production of virus particles. lysis required direct contact between the t cells and the inf ... | 1991 | 1671581 |
| metabolic disorder as early consequence of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. | to establish whether the high plasma glutamate and low acid-soluble thiol (mainly cysteine) concentrations previously found in patients with hiv-1 infection are a consequence of the infection or a risk factor for its development, a closely related animal model, rhesus and fascicularis macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac251), was studied. the 23 infected macaques had significantly lower mean plasma thiol and higher glutamate concentrations than 18 uninfected controls (p l ... | 1991 | 1677701 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from each other and from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against p27 and one against p17 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from rhesus macaques were produced and characterized by reacting with disrupted, viral antigens on immunoblots. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 and siv isolates from sooty mangabey, stump-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque and african green monkey (sivsm, sivstm, sivmac and sivagm) were used for comparative analysis. the p27 monoclonal antibodies he3 and fa2 reacted with sivmac ... | 1990 | 1689369 |
| studies of cloned simian immunodeficiency virus-specific t lymphocytes. gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes exhibit a restricted epitope specificity. | cd8+ ctl inhibit the replication of hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) in pbl and, therefore, are likely to play an important role in containing the spread of the aids virus in infected individuals. we have generated a series of gag-specific lytic t lymphocyte clones from pbl: of an sivmac-infected rhesus monkey. these t cell clones are cd3+cd8+ and are mhc class i-restricted in their target specificity. they are, therefore, ctl. interestingly, all gag-specific ctl clones ... | 1990 | 1691757 |
| study of long-term cultures of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac 251)-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes. | a culture of rhesus monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes was divided into two parts; one was kept as an uninfected control, and the other was infected with a strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac251) originally isolated from a rhesus monkey that died of a malignant lymphoma associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. both cultures were sampled at successive intervals from 1 to 40 days postinfection. each sample was subjected to in situ hybridization for detection of viral mrna, ... | 1990 | 1696333 |
| anti-idiotypic antibody response to monoclonal anti-cd4 preparations in nonhuman primate species. | a series of mouse monoclonal anti-cd4 preparations was characterized for the ability to recognize overlapping epitopes on cd4 and to inhibit hiv/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) syncytium formation. based on this characterization, mab able to recognize cd4 epitopes overlapping the hiv binding site were selected and used to immunize nonhuman primates to elicit the production of specific anti-id antibodies. five baboons and five rhesus monkeys were immunized with either individual or a cocktail ... | 1991 | 1702802 |
| cross-reactivity with sivmac in east african hiv-1-positive sera: evidence against double infection with hiv-1 and a sivmac/hiv-2-like virus. | igg antibodies reactive with simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a rhesus monkey suffering from simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (sivmac, strain 239, a virus which is very closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2-hiv-2) were found in 18 of 120 swedish and 8 of 11 east african confirmed hiv-1 antibody positive (hiv-1 ab+) sera, both by enzyme immunoassay and electrophoretic immunoblotting (p = 1 x 10(-6). in electrophoretic immunoblotting most of the cross-reactivit ... | 1990 | 1703133 |
| strain-specific neutralizing determinant in the transmembrane protein of simian immunodeficiency virus. | monoclonal antibody sf8/5e11, which recognizes the transmembrane protein (tmp) of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaque monkeys (sivmac), displayed strict strain specificity. it reacted with cloned and uncloned sivmac251 but not with cloned sivmac142 and sivmac239 on immunoblots. this monoclonal antibody neutralized infection by cloned, cell-free sivmac251 and inhibited formation of syncytia by cloned sivmac251-infected cells; these activities were specific to cloned sivmac251 and did not occ ... | 1991 | 1705994 |
| siv, stlv-i and type d retrovirus antibodies in captive rhesus macaques and immunoblot reactivity to siv p27 in human and rhesus monkey sera. | the prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), simian t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (stlv-i), and type d retrovirus (srv-d) antibodies was determined for 1229 rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) from two research colonies. serum samples were tested by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunoblot (ib), and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa). seropositive results for the three retroviruses tested were 0 for siv, 270 (22%) for stlv-i, and 103 (8.4%) for type d retrovirus. o ... | 1990 | 1706606 |
| recombinant virus vaccine-induced siv-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | evidence indicates that cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) may be important in containing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the infected host. although the use of recombinant viruses has been proposed as an approach to elicit protective immunity against hiv, the ability of recombinant viral constructs to elicit cd8+ ctl responses in higher primates has never been demonstrated. a live recombinant virus, vaccinia-simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac), was used to det ... | 1991 | 1708168 |
| definition of an epitope and mhc class i molecule recognized by gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in sivmac-infected rhesus monkeys. | infection of macaque monkeys with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) results in disease similar to human aids. therefore, the macaque monkey is proving to be an important model for testing the effectiveness of various aids vaccine approaches. a detailed analysis of the cellular immune responses is necessary for the evaluation of candidate vaccines. however, this has not been possible in macaques, due, in part, to the unknown nature of the mhc molecules that restrict their t l ... | 1991 | 1711081 |
| in vitro macrophage tropism of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac). | the significance of infection of mononuclear phagocytes by immunodeficiency lentiviruses of primates is not clearly established. to explore the relationship of macrophage tropism and pathogenesis, conditions to culture and infect monocyte-derived macrophages from rhesus macaques were established and the growth properties of two molecular proviral clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) were studied. rhesus macrophages supported productive infection of the nonpathogenic sivmac-1a11 clone ... | 1991 | 1711254 |
| localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), like the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is a lentivirus that is both immunosuppressive and neurovirulent. rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) inoculated with siv often develop a giant cell encephalitis similar to that seen in humans infected with hiv. the authors examined siv expression by immunohistochemistry and rna in situ hybridization in the cerebrum, cerebellum, choroid plexus, and spinal cord from five macaques with and two macaques without giant cel ... | 1991 | 1716047 |
| mutational analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac nef gene. | we are using site-directed mutagenesis of single viral genes to identify and analyze the genetic determinants of human and simian immunodeficiency virus pathogenicity. in a first approach, we have constructed a series of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac nef mutants by partial deletion and insertions in the nef gene, as this gene is a candidate gene for the establishment and maintenance of latency. nef insertion mutants replicated faster than wild-type sivmac, suggesting that the nef gene pro ... | 1991 | 1716690 |
| an activated cd8+ lymphocyte appears in lymph nodes of rhesus monkeys early after infection with simian immunodeficiency virus. | although alterations in t lymphocyte subset distribution and function in the peripheral blood of hiv-infected humans are well defined, the extent to which these reflect changes in other lymphoid compartments is unclear. we have characterized the coincident changes in pbl and lymph nodes (ln)1 after simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) infection of rhesus monkeys. whereas no consistent change in cd8+ pbl was noted during the first 60 d after infection, cd8+ lymphocytes increased sig ... | 1991 | 1717508 |
| early viral replication in the brain of siv-infected rhesus monkeys. | to investigate the mechanism of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) entry into the central nervous system (cns) and the initial events leading to neuropathogenesis, siv replication was studied by in situ hybridization in the cns of 5 rhesus macaques at 7 days, 1, 2, and 3 months after siv intravenous inoculation. cns infection was found to be a frequent and early event, as siv was detected in the cns of all the animals studied and as early as 7 days postinoculation. at the earliest stage, the in ... | 1991 | 1750503 |
| postexposure chemoprophylaxis with zdv or zdv combined with interferon-alpha: failure after inoculating rhesus monkeys with a high dose of siv. | presently, no information is available regarding the efficacy of chemoprophylaxis in controlled human trials following accidental exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). using the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in rhesus monkeys, which develop a disease closely resembling human aids, we tested the efficacy of either single-agent 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zdv) or the combination of zdv plus recombinant human interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha). treatment was started 3 ... | 1991 | 1753337 |
| arthritis in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv/delta). | the joint tissues from 36 rhesus (age 2-5 years) infected with siv/delta were graded into four groups and then correlated with the following systemic immunologic parameters: numbers of cd4+, cd4+ plus cd29+, and cd20+ cells and siv/delta antigenemia. grade i (n = 16) consisted of normal synovial membrane; grade ii (n = 8) consisted of synovial hyperplasia; grade iii (n = 8) consisted of a mononuclear cell infiltrate, and grade iv (n = 4) consisted of synovial membrane infiltration of syncytial c ... | 1991 | 1753709 |
| functional and immunological characterization of siv envelope glycoprotein produced in genetically engineered mammalian cells. | retroviral envelope glycoproteins interact with cell receptors and are targets for antiviral immune responses in infected hosts. macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) is a t-lymphocytopathic lentivirus which causes an aids-like disease in rhesus macaques. the envelope gene of sivmac encodes a precursor glycoprotein (gp160) which is cleaved into an external domain (gp130) and a transmembrane domain (gp32). to investigate the functional and immunological properties of the siv external env ... | 1991 | 1760229 |
| chronic pancreatitis and biliary fibrosis associated with cryptosporidiosis in simian aids. | two rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus for 15 and 24 months developed generalized oedema and one became jaundiced. at necropsy, the liver and pancreas were hard and irregular and the gall bladder was thickened. histopathological examination showed extensive fibrosis of the pancreas, loss of exocrine acini and marked proliferation of ductules. numerous cryptosporidia were present on the duct epithelium. the liver of both animals had widespread cirrhosis, bile duct prolifer ... | 1991 | 1770178 |
| lentivirus-induced pulmonary lesions in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. | necropsy reports from 28 rhesus monkeys that had been experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and that were free of cytomegalovirus were reviewed. lung sections from 24 of these monkeys that had no etiologic agent other than siv detected in the lung were studied in detail by histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic examination and by in situ hybridization. fourteen of the monkeys were part of a serial euthanasia study, while others were euthanatized ... | 1991 | 1771740 |
| macrophage-tropic variants of siv are associated with specific aids-related lesions but are not essential for the development of aids. | the importance of macrophage infection for the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) was investigated. molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mac239 replicates very poorly in cultured macrophages yet it causes aids in rhesus monkeys. three of five rhesus monkeys that died with aids following sivmac239 infection showed no disease manifestations directly associated with macrophage infection, such as encephalitis and granulomatous interstitial pneumonia. simian im ... | 1991 | 1853937 |
| protection of macaques with a simian immunodeficiency virus envelope peptide vaccine based on conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences. | this report describes the vaccination of rhesus macaques with peptides selected from regions of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope that are hydrophilic, immunoreactive, and highly homologous with corresponding conserved envelope sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the peptides, produced as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins, induced virus-neutralizing and peptide-specific antibodies. after challenge with virulent virus, controls became virus positive and developed ... | 1991 | 1871125 |
| efficacy of siv/deltab670 glycoprotein-enriched and glycoprotein-depleted subunit vaccines in protecting against infection and disease in rhesus monkeys. | immunization with an inactivated whole-virus vaccine is highly effective in preventing lentivirus infection. the viral protein(s) essential to the induction of protective responses, however, have not been identified. to define the role of virion components in the induction of protective immunity, we evaluated the efficacy of glycoprotein-enriched and glycoprotein-depleted simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) subunit vaccines prepared by lentil-lectin affinity chromatography of gradient-purified v ... | 1991 | 1883540 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus protease and comparison to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. | simian immunodeficiency virus protease (siv-pr) was produced in escherichia coli with a recombinant expression system in which the mature enzyme autoprocessed from a precursor form. recombinant siv and hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus, type 1) proteases were purified from bacterial cell lysates by use of sequential steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation and size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. the amino acid composition, amino-terminal sequence, and molecular weight (monomer) of t ... | 1991 | 1883829 |
| phenotypic analysis of malignant lymphoma in simian immunodeficiency virus infection using anti-human antibodies. | primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a condition similar to the human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the close resemblance between the simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (saids) and the human disease has led to the widespread use of siv-infected monkeys as an animal model in the study of acquired immunodeficiency. we have investigated the use of standard anti-human antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedde ... | 1991 | 1919870 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis in a siv-infected rhesus monkey. | disseminated histoplasmosis due to histoplasma capsulatum was diagnosed in a rhesus monkey inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). immunohistochemical staining of tissues for viral core antigens revealed that those macrophages that expressed viral antigen contained few or no fungal organisms, while those that were filled with fungal organisms did not express viral antigen. this is a previously undocumented condition in a siv-infected macaque, and suggests that siv infection of indiv ... | 1991 | 1920380 |
| identification of viral determinants of macrophage tropism for simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), a lymphocytopathic lentivirus, induces an aids-like disease in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). a pathogenic molecular clone of rhesus macaque siv (sivmac), sivmac-239, replicates and induces cytopathology in t lymphocytes but is restricted for replication in macrophages. in contrast, a nonpathogenic molecular clone of sivmac, sivmac-1a11, replicates and induces syncytia (multinucleated giant cells) in cultures of both t lymphocytes and macrophages. sivmac-1 ... | 1991 | 1920617 |
| thymus in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. | the thymuses from 20 simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected and 4 uninfected rhesus monkeys were examined at intervals after infection to determine whether there were specific siv-induced lesions, to document the serial distribution of siv antigens, mrna, and dna, to quantitate the number of infected cells, and to correlate thymic changes with other parameters of infection. the following techniques were used: gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, in si ... | 1991 | 1921330 |
| psychosocial factors and disease progression in simian aids: a preliminary report. | infection of macaques by the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), like hiv infection in humans, results in a variable time course to clinical disease. developmental studies of macaques have shown that psychosocial disruption, including social separations, can result in both immediate and long-term immunological consequences. using colony records on a subset of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) inoculated with siv at the california primate research center, davis, california, usa, we constructed re ... | 1991 | 1930772 |
| development of simian immunodeficiency virus isolation, titration, and neutralization assays which use whole blood from rhesus monkeys and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | assays that use rhesus macaque whole blood and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) p27 core protein were developed for the isolation of siv from the blood of infected animals, the titration of infectivity of siv inocula, and the quantitation of virus neutralizing antibodies in serum. these assays required small amounts of whole blood, were adaptable to a microtiter format, and used substrates mainly of rhesus macaque origin. | 1991 | 1939569 |
| infection of rhesus monkeys with topical instillation of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)b670 into the conjunctival sac. | we tested the ability of siv to cause local and systemic infection in three rhesus monkeys after topical instillation of cell-free virus into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. conjunctivitis or other signs of infection were monitored after inoculation. conjunctiva were swabbed for virus culture and biopsied for pcr. changes in lymphocyte subsets, seroconversion, antigenemia, and virus isolation from pbl were assessed systemically postinoculation. viral dna was detected in conjunctival biopsy by pcr i ... | 1991 | 1942004 |
| a highly divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (sivstm) recovered from stored stump-tailed macaque tissues. | we report here the results of molecular analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (designated sivstm) which was isolated from a rhesus monkey inoculated with stored lymph node tissue of an asian stump-tailed macaque. the latter monkey had died in 1977 during an epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency and lymphoma at the california regional primate research center (l. j. lowenstine, n. w. lerche, p. a. marx, m. b. gardner, and n. c. pedersen, p. 174-176, in m. girard and l. valette, ed., retrovir ... | 1991 | 1942258 |
| liver disease in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. | rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a syndrome very similar to patients with acquired immune deficiency (aids), including liver disease. this prospective study was undertaken to define the pathology, course, and pathogenesis of liver disease in 20 rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) after intravenous inoculation with the standardized isolate siv/deltab670. tissue samples from liver and gallbladder between 2 and 24 weeks after inoculation were examined histologica ... | 1991 | 1951627 |
| natural killer cell activity of rhesus macaques against retrovirus-pulsed cd4+ target cells. | rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) fail to demonstrate natural killer (nk) activity against the human t-cell lines cem, cem x 174, or sup-t1. however, these cell lines could act as nk-sensitive target cells if they were pulsed with heat-inactivated, whole simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). the ability of these siv-pulsed t-cell lines to act as nk-sensitive target cells was directly related to the relative density of cd4 on their surface. target cell generation was inhibited by pr ... | 1990 | 1975194 |
| soluble human cd4 elicits an antibody response in rhesus monkeys that inhibits simian immunodeficiency virus replication. | rhesus monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) demonstrate significant virologic and clinical improvement as a result of treatment with human recombinant soluble cd4 (rscd4). we show that human rscd4 does not efficiently inhibit sivmac replication in bone marrow macrophages of rhesus monkeys and does not significantly augment bone marrow hematopoietic colony formation in vitro. however, plasma of human rscd4-treated rhesus monkeys does exhibit significant ant ... | 1991 | 1986356 |
| selection of genetic variants of simian immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected rhesus monkeys. | genetic and antigenic variation may be one means by which lentiviruses that cause aids avoid elimination by host immune responses. genetic variation in the envelope gene (env) was studied by comparing the nucleotide sequences of 27 clones obtained from two rhesus monkeys infected with molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. all 27 clones differed from each other and differed from the input clone in the gp120 (su) portion of the envelope gene. nucleotide substitutions were shown to accu ... | 1991 | 2002545 |
| detection of occult simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmm infection in asymptomatic seronegative nonhuman primates and evidence for variation in siv gag sequence between in vivo- and in vitro-propagated virus. | polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sivsmm gag sequences in genomic dna isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naturally infected asymptomatic seropositive and seronegative sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) and from experimentally infected but asymptomatic rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). the results indicate that most if not all siv-seronegative mangabeys from the colony at the yerkes primate center are in fact infected ... | 1991 | 2002546 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaque bone marrow macrophages correlates with disease progression in vivo. | the pathogenesis of hematopoietic abnormalities associated with infection of susceptible hosts with either simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) or human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is not fully understood. to determine if bone marrow cells are infected with siv and if the pattern of viral infection is correlated with the severity of disease and abnormalities in hematopoiesis, 23 siv-infected rhesus monkeys were examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. by immunohistochemistry, ... | 1991 | 2012177 |
| strategy for developing a genetically-engineered whole-virus vaccine against hiv. | the production of genetically-engineered, noninfectious virions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) represents a novel approach to the development of a safe and effective vaccine for the acquired immune deficiency syndromes (aids). insofar as preparations of inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are now demonstrating protection in immunization-challenge studies in rhesus monkeys, a safe preparation of noninfectious hiv virions produced in a genetically-engineered cell line becomes a ... | 1991 | 2017194 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) exhibits complex splicing for tat, rev, and env mrna. | the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is a t-lymphotropic lentivirus associated with a fatal aids-like disease in rhesus macaques. siv has a complex genome encoding virion structural proteins, transactivators, and accessory genes. from lymphoid cells chronically infected with a biologically active molecular clone of siv, sivmac1a11, the polymerase chain reaction technique has been used to selectively amplify transcripts for viral transactivators and the envelope gene. three species of mrna enc ... | 1991 | 2024463 |
| immunization of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys with soluble human cd4 elicits an antiviral response. | since the cd4 molecule is a high-affinity cell-surface receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), it has been suggested that a soluble truncated form of cd4 may compete with cell-surface cd4 for hiv binding and thus be of use in the therapy of aids. we have utilized the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys to explore another possible therapeutic application of cd4 in aids--the use of recombinant soluble cd4 (rscd4) as an immunogen. sivmac-infected ... | 1991 | 2052546 |
| 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea) effectively inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. | 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the in vitro replication of a number of retroviruses, including hiv-1 and hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), simian aids-related virus (srv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and moloney murine sarcoma virus (msv). pmea causes a dose-dependent suppression of the induction of anti-sivmacgp120 antibodies in siv mac-infected rhesus monkeys. complete suppression of anti-sivmacgp120 antibodies was achieved i ... | 1991 | 2059358 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection: immunohistological and scanning and transmission electron microscopical studies. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in 6 of 17 rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus and was studied by immunohistochemistry and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. a monoclonal antibody/streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase staining method was highly sensitive for detecting the organisms in small, early lesions and was much more sensitive and specific than traditional silver impregnation methods. reprocessing of paraffin wax-embedded lung tissue for scanning elec ... | 1991 | 2072217 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques, sivmac239, has been determined. virus produced from this molecular clone causes aids in rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. the proviral genome including both long terminal repeats is 10,279 base pairs in length and contains open reading frames for gag, pol, vif, vpr, vpx, tat, rev, and env. the nef gene contains an in-frame premature stop after the 92nd codon. ... | 1990 | 2078405 |
| vaccine protection of rhesus macaques against simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) immunized with an inactivated whole sivmac vaccine and muramyl dipeptide (mdp), incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa), or aqueous suspension were challenged intravenously with 0.1 tcid50 of cell-free sivmac. whereas virus was readily recovered from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 10 of 10 nonvaccinated controls following this challenge dose, virus was not recovered from the three animals that received the vaccine with mdp nor from one of two animals that receive ... | 1990 | 2078406 |
| open reading frame vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus encodes a virion-associated protein. | the genomes of simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from rhesus macaques (sivmac) contain an open reading frame (orf), vpr, which has a coding potential of 97 to 101 amino acid residues. in this study, a vpr orf-encoded protein of approximately 11 kda was identified, and anti-vpr antibodies were detected in rhesus macaques infected by sivmac. these results provide clear evidence that the vpr orf is a coding gene of sivmac. the vpr protein, like the vpx protein which is encoded by another acc ... | 1990 | 2145446 |
| two distinct lymphocyte populations mediate simian immunodeficiency virus envelope-specific target cell lysis. | the relative contributions of the effector lymphocyte responses to the aids virus envelope glycoprotein (env) were explored in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. cd8+, mhc class i-restricted, env-specific ctl were cloned from pbl of sivmac-infected monkeys, indicating that such cells constitute a component of the env-specific effector lymphocyte response. a limiting dilution 51cr release assay was then established for quantitating the frequency of sivmac- ... | 1990 | 2147200 |
| antibody-dependent enhancement of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection in vitro by plasma from siv-infected rhesus macaques. | plasma from two rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv; isolate sivmac251) enhanced sivmac infection of a human cd4+ lymphoblastoid cell line, mt-2. prechallenge plasma samples from these animals and serum from siv-negative macaques did not enhance infection. compared with controls, infection enhancement was characterized by the rapid appearance of syncytium formation (3 to 4 days sooner), reverse transcriptase release (10-fold increa ... | 1990 | 2152808 |
| the gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques. | the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) is a lentivirus which induces an aids-like disease in rhesus monkeys. we have explored the virus-specific cellular immune response in sivmac-infected rhesus monkeys. con a-activated, il-2 expanded pbl of some sivmac-infected rhesus monkeys lyse autologous b lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus that carries the sivmac gag gene. this lysis is mediated by cd8+ lymphocytes and is mhc class i restricted. moreover, ... | 1990 | 2153161 |
| inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine failed to protect rhesus macaques from intravenous or genital mucosal infection but delayed disease in intravenously exposed animals. | eight rhesus macaques were immunized four times over a period of 8 months with a psoralen-uv-light-inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine adjuvanted with threonyl muramyl dipeptide. eight unvaccinated control animals received adjuvant alone. only the vaccinated animals made antibodies before challenge exposure to the viral core and envelope as determined by western blotting (immunoblotting) and virus-neutralizing antibodies. ten days after the final immunization, one-half of the ... | 1990 | 2157886 |
| soluble and membrane-associated interleukin 2 receptor-alpha expression in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. | more than 80% of rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were found to have elevated levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (il-2r) in their serum during the course of infection. all long-term survivors had stably elevated levels of soluble il-2r. the highest levels of soluble il-2r correlated with the expression of il-2r on tissue macrophages. although il-2r expression was induced on alveolar macrophages by infection with siv in vitro, expression of il-2r on tissue ma ... | 1990 | 2159083 |
| induction of aids in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. | better understanding of the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) would be greatly facilitated by a relevant animal model that uses molecularly cloned virus of defined sequence to induce the disease. such a system would also be of great value for aids vaccine research. an infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was identified that induces aids in common rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. these results provide anothe ... | 1990 | 2160735 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus-specific t-cell-mediated proliferative response of infected rhesus macaques. | while cell-mediated immunity is known to play an important role in controlling viral infections, its role in human and experimental animal models of human aids has not been established. to address this issue, four juvenile rhesus macaques were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac. freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these sivmac-infected macaques and four uninfected control macaques were assessed for t-cell proliferative activity to siv, monthly, for 10 consecu ... | 1990 | 2161669 |
| immunization with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) prevents early disease but not infection in rhesus macaques challenged with pathogenic siv. | an infectious, virulence-attenuated molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), sivmac-1a11, was derived from an siv isolate that causes fatal immunodeficiency in rhesus macaques. when inoculated intravenously in rhesus macaques, sivmac-1a11 induced transient viremia (1 to 6 weeks) without clinical disease and a persistent humoral antibody response. the antibodies were directed mainly against the viral envelope glycoproteins, as determined by immunoblots and virus neutralization. the ... | 1990 | 2164591 |
| requirements for simian immunodeficiency virus antigen-specific in vitro proliferation of t cells from infected rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. | the measurement of cell-mediated immunity against the etiologic agent of human aids (hiv) in the non-human primate model of aids (simian immunodeficiency virus, siv) has been difficult. in general, culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hiv-1- and siv-infected humans and monkeys, respectively, with purified inactivated hiv and siv virus preparations has given inconsistent or negative proliferative responses. however, we describe herein an assay which consists of coculturing monocytes ... | 1990 | 2164818 |
| pathology of dual mycobacterium leprae and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. | three rhesus monkeys were experimentally inoculated with sooty-mangabey-derived mycobacterium leprae and were inadvertently infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) as well. they died of an immunodeficiency syndrome, and at autopsy all had lesions caused by m. leprae. one monkey was inoculated twice with m. leprae, initially with an inoculum from a sooty mangabey that was not infected with siv and, subsequently, with an inoculum from a mangabey that was siv infected. the monkey did ... | 1990 | 2165511 |
| pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine in rhesus monkeys. | 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine are nucleoside analogs which inhibit human and simian immunodeficiency virus in vitro. the pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds in rhesus monkeys after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration of the drug were compared. half-lives, total clearances, and steady-state volumes of distribution of the two drugs were determined. the half-lives for the drugs by the different routes were between 0.58 and 1.4 h. oral bio ... | 1990 | 2168144 |