| env sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees in cameroon are strongly related to those of human immunodeficiency virus group n from the same geographic area. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group n from cameroon is phylogenetically close, in env, to the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) cpz-gab from gabon and sivcpz-us of unknown geographic origin. we screened 29 wild-born cameroonian chimpanzees and found that three (cam3, cam4, and cam5) were positive for hiv-1 by western blotting. mitochondrial dna sequence analysis demonstrated that cam3 and cam5 belonged to pan troglodytes troglodytes and that cam4 belonged to p. t. vellerosus. gen ... | 2000 | 10590144 |
| sivcpz from a naturally infected cameroonian chimpanzee: biological and genetic comparison with hiv-1 n. | thus far, simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees (sivcpz) genomes have been characterized as pan troglodytes troglodytes and show a strong relation with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 n in their env genes. we fully characterized another sivcpz from p. t. troglodytes. this chimpanzee (cam5) was, as was also the host of sivcpz-cam3, wild born in cameroon, a region where all three groups of hiv-1 (m, n and o) co-occur. in contrast to other sivcpz, sivcpz-cam5 was isolated immediately ... | 2000 | 11085579 |
| foci of endemic simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). | simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (sivcpz) is the immediate precursor to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), yet remarkably, the distribution and prevalence of sivcpz in wild ape populations are unknown. studies of sivcpz infection rates in wild chimpanzees are complicated by the species' endangered status and by its geographic location in remote areas of sub-saharan africa. we have developed sensitive and specific urine and fecal tests for sivcpz antibody and virion rna (vrn ... | 2003 | 12805455 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-caught chimpanzees from cameroon. | simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz) infecting chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) in west central africa are the closest relatives to all major variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ([hiv-1]; groups m, n and o), and have thus been implicated as the source of the human infections; however, information concerning the prevalence, geographic distribution, and subspecies association of sivcpz still remains limited. in this study, we tested 71 wild-caught chimpanzees from cameroon for evidenc ... | 2005 | 15613358 |
| the epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a large number of wild- and captive-born chimpanzees: evidence for a recent introduction following chimpanzee divergence. | simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpz) from the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes has been linked phylogenetically to the origin of hiv-1. related but distinct sivcpz strains have also been found in p. t. schweinfurthii , suggesting that sivcpz may have coevolved among the four chimpanzee subspecies. however, sivcpz strains from p. t. verus and p. t. vellerosus have not yet been identified. to better understand the epidemiology and natural history of sivcpz among chimpanzees, we ... | 2005 | 15929695 |
| chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic hiv-1. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. the virus most closely related to hiv-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes. here we report the detection of sivcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal sample ... | 2006 | 16728595 |
| transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus sivcpz and the evolution of infection in the presence and absence of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in chimpanzees. | current data suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) epidemic arose by transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sivcpz from a subspecies of common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) to humans. sivcpz of chimpanzees is itself a molecular chimera of sivs from two or more different monkey species, suggesting that recombination was made possible by coinfection of one individual animal with different lentiviruses. however, very little is known about sivcpz trans ... | 2006 | 16809326 |
| adaptation of hiv-1 to its human host. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) originated from three independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpzptt) infecting chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in west central africa, giving rise to pandemic (group m) and non-pandemic (groups n and o) clades of hiv-1. to identify host-specific adaptations in hiv-1 we compared the inferred ancestral sequences of hiv-1 groups m, n and o to 12 full length genome sequences of sivcpzptt and four of the outly ... | 2007 | 17545188 |
| the origins of hiv and implications for the global epidemic. | hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. recently, the ancestral strains of hiv-1 groups m and n were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south cameroon. lately, hiv-1 group o-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), called sivgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) ... | 2007 | 17618555 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys. | numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ... | 2008 | 17916449 |
| origin and biology of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild-living western gorillas. | western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) are infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus (sivgor) that is closely related to chimpanzee and human immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz and hiv-1, respectively) in west central africa. although existing data suggest a chimpanzee origin for sivgor, a paucity of available sequences has precluded definitive conclusions. here, we report the molecular characterization of one partial (bq664) and three full-length (cp684, cp2135, and cp2139) sivgor ... | 2009 | 19073717 |
| characterization of a new simian immunodeficiency virus strain in a naturally infected pan troglodytes troglodytes chimpanzee with aids related symptoms. | data on the evolution of natural siv infection in chimpanzees (sivcpz) and on the impact of siv on local ape populations are only available for eastern african chimpanzee subspecies (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), and no data exist for central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes), the natural reservoir of the ancestors of hiv-1 in humans. here, we report a case of naturally-acquired sivcpz infection in a p.t.troglodytes chimpanzee with clinical and biological data and analysis of viral ev ... | 2011 | 21232091 |
| assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast cameroon. | we tested 114 faecal samples from wild simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-positive (n = 43) and siv-negative (n = 71) chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast cameroon for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by direct smear. we observed cysts from different protozoa (entamoeba coli and entamoeba histolytica / entamoeba dispar, endolimax nana, iodamoeba butschlii, chilomastix mesnili, balantidium coli and blastocystis cells) and trophozoites from troglodytella abrassarti and ... | 2014 | 24781023 |
| beyond the cut hunter: a historical epidemiology of hiv beginnings in central africa. | in the absence of direct evidence, an imagined "cut hunter" stands in for the index patient of pandemic hiv/aids. during the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as hiv-1m. we argue here that the "cut hunter" relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of hum ... | 2016 | 27718030 |
| evidence for selection at hiv host susceptibility genes in a west central african human population. | hiv-1 derives from multiple independent transfers of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains from chimpanzees to human populations. we hypothesized that human populations in west central africa may have been exposed to siv prior to the pandemic, and that previous outbreaks may have selected for genetic resistance to immunodeficiency viruses. to test this hypothesis, we examined the genomes of biaka western pygmies, who historically resided in communities within the geographic range of the ce ... | 2012 | 23217182 |
| new strain of simian immunodeficiency virus identified in wild-born chimpanzees from central africa. | studies of primate lentiviruses continue to provide information about the evolution of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) and the origin and emergence of hiv since chimpanzees in west-central africa (pan troglodytes troglodytes) were recognized as the reservoir of sivcpzptt viruses, which have been related phylogenetically to hiv-1. using in-house peptide elisas to study siv prevalence, we tested 104 wild-born captive chimpanzees from gabon and congo. we identified two new cases of sivcpz in ... | 2012 | 22984489 |
| eastern chimpanzees, but not bonobos, represent a simian immunodeficiency virus reservoir. | chimpanzees in west central africa (pan troglodytes troglodytes) are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpzptt) that have crossed the species barrier to humans and gorillas on at least five occasions, generating pandemic and nonpandemic forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) as well as gorilla siv (sivgor). chimpanzees in east africa (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are also infected with sivcpz; however, their viruses (sivcpzpts) have never been found in ... | 2012 | 22837215 |
| why are nigeria-cameroon chimpanzees (pan troglodytes ellioti) free of sivcpz infection? | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) naturally infects two subspecies of chimpanzee: pan troglodytes troglodytes from central africa (sivcpzptt) and p. t. schweinfurtii from east africa (sivcpzpts), but is absent in p. t. verus from west africa and appears to be absent in p. t. ellioti inhabiting nigeria and western cameroon. one explanation for this pattern is that p. t. troglodytes and p. t schweinfurthii may have acquired sivcpz after their divergence from p. t. verus and p. t. ellioti. howeve ... | 2016 | 27505066 |