| rabies in insectivorous bats of western canada, 1979 to 1983. | a total of 1,745, 362, and 536 bats collected in alberta, british columbia, and saskatchewan, respectively, was tested for rabies virus between 1979 and 1983. only one (0.1%) of 769 bats collected at random from buildings was infected with rabies virus in contrast to 95 (5%) of 1,874 symptomatic, rabies-suspect bats submitted for testing. the pattern of infection in the rabies-suspect bats was similar in alberta and saskatchewan, but differed in british columbia. rabies was diagnosed in four spe ... | 1986 | 3735577 |
| bat rabies in canada 1963-1967. | six hundred and twenty-eight insectivorous bats originating from seven provinces were submitted to this institute for rabies diagnosis between august 1, 1963 and december 31, 1967. brain tissue was examined by the fluorescent antibody technique and the mouse infectivity test was carried out with brain, salivary gland, interscapular adipose tissue and kidney samples. rabies virus was detected in 44 bats, 29 of which were from ontario, 12 from british columbia and three from manitoba. most of the ... | 1969 | 4242773 |
| the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state, 1988-92. | in 1993 new york and texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. this study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state. demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988-92 was analysed. the prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4.6%. nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% ... | 1994 | 7995360 |
| characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in north america. | the silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (shbrv) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the united states that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (cosrv) revealed that there are unique features associated with shbrv. in vitro studies showed that, while t ... | 1996 | 8643632 |
| procedures for reproducible detection of rabies virus antigen mrna and genome in situ in formalin-fixed tissues. | procedures allowing the reproducible in situ detection of rabies virus antigen and rnas (both genome and message) in formalin-fixed tissue are described. these procedures can be used on sequential tissue sections and thereby permit comparison of results from tests detecting both antigen and rna in the same tissue. this antigen-detecting procedure has also been used to identify both the phylogenetically distant rabies viruses from silver-haired bat and vampire bat and the rabies-related viruses m ... | 1997 | 9274812 |
| human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) both confer protective immunity against infection with the silver-haired bat rabies virus strain (shbrv). | the demonstration of extensive differences in the antigenic makeups of the silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) and canine rabies virus (cosrv) strains raised concerns as to whether current licensed rabies vaccines are sufficiently protective against shbrv. nih mouse protection test results show that both the human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and the purified chicken embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) protected against lethal infection with shbrv as well as the canine rabies str ... | 1998 | 9713943 |
| use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues. | seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ... | 1999 | 10029326 |
| genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. | rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (shbrv) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the united states, which are not associated with a history of exposure. we compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (drv) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination. | 2000 | 10774807 |
| mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the united states, 1981-1998. | between 1981 and 1998, 37 cases of rabies were diagnosed in human beings in the united states. information directly linking the cause of infection to animal bite was available for only eight of these cases. indirect incrimination of the vector by analysis of cdna sequences obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples indicated that for all cases (12/12) believed to have been acquired in foreign countries, variants of the rabies virus (vrvs) associated with dogs (7/12 in ... | 2000 | 11193644 |
| silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice. | to examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, shbrv) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, cvs-24). inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either cvs-24 or ... | 2001 | 11704884 |
| emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the united states. | in the united states, during the past half-century, the number of humans to die of rabies dramatically decreased to an average of 1-2 per year. although the number of deaths is low, most deaths occur because individuals are unaware that they had been exposed to and infected with rabies virus, and, therefore, they do not seek effective postexposure treatment. molecular epidemiological studies have linked most of these cryptic rabies exposures to rabies virus variants associated with insectivorous ... | 2002 | 12203172 |
| human rabies--iowa, 2002. | on september 28, 2002, a man aged 20 years residing in linn county, iowa, died from rabies encephalitis caused by infection with a variant of rabies virus associated with silver-haired (lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) bats. this is the first case of human rabies in iowa since 1951. this report summarizes the investigation of the case by the linn county and iowa public health departments. bats found in living quarters should be submitted to local public ... | 2003 | 12570321 |
| differential expression of growth factors at the cellular level in virus-infected brain. | the contribution of host factors to rabies virus (rv) transcription/replication and axonal/transsynaptic spread is largely unknown. we previously identified several host genes that are up-regulated in the mouse brain during rv infection, including neuroleukin, which is involved in neuronal growth and survival, cell motility, and differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 (fhf4), which has been implicated in limb and nervous system development. in this study, we used real-t ... | 2003 | 12736376 |
| identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness. | attenuated tissue culture-adapted and natural street rabies virus (rv) strains differ greatly in their neuroinvasiveness. to identify the elements responsible for the ability of an rv to enter the cns from a peripheral site and to cause lethal neurological disease, we constructed a full-length cdna clone of silver-haired bat-associated rv (shbrv) strain 18 and exchanged the genes encoding rv proteins and genomic sequences of this highly neuroinvasive rv strain with those of a highly attenuated n ... | 2004 | 15520387 |
| evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene. | throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ... | 2005 | 15831959 |
| genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa. | molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ... | 2005 | 16417429 |
| [progressive human viral encephalitis associated to a bat bite]. | human rabies is a rapidly progressive encephalitis that is transmitted by the bites of an infected mammal. | 2006 | 16832770 |
| diagnosis and analysis of a recent case of human rabies in canada. | on september 30, 2000, staff at the canadian food inspection agency's centre of expertise for rabies, located at the animal diseases research institute in ottawa, ontario, diagnosed rabies in a child from quebec. this was the first case of rabies in a human in canada in 15 years and in 36 years in the province of quebec. after spending a week in intensive care in a montreal hospital, the nine-year-old boy succumbed to this nearly always fatal disease. the boy had been exposed to a bat in late au ... | 2002 | 18159382 |
| characterization of human rabies virus vaccine strain in china. | human rabies virus vaccine strain ctn181 from china was sequenced. the overall length of the genome was 11,923 nucleotides (nt), comprising a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1353 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 894 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, l) gene of 6387 nt, and a trailer region of 70 nt. the five monocistrons are separated by intergenic regions (igrs) of 2, 5, 5 and 24 nucleotides (nt), respe ... | 2008 | 18501987 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2007. | summary: during 2007, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,258 cases of rabies in animals and 1 case in a human to the cdc, representing a 4.6% increase from the 6,940 cases in animals and 3 cases in humans reported in 2006. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,659 raccoons (36.6%), 1,973 bats (27.2%), 1,478 skunks (20.4%), 489 foxes (6.7%), 274 cats (3.8%), 93 dogs (1.3%), and 57 ca ... | 2008 | 18795848 |
| immune evasion by rabies viruses through the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. | the attenuated rabies virus (rv) strain challenge virus standard (cvs)-f3 and a highly pathogenic strain associated with the silver-haired bats (shbrv) can both be cleared from the central nervous system (cns) tissues by appropriate antiviral immune mechanisms if the effectors are provided access across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). in the case of shbrv infection, antiviral immunity develops normally in the periphery but fails to open the bbb, generally resulting in a lethal outcome. to determi ... | 2008 | 19016377 |
| intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers. | the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ... | 2009 | 19543379 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008. | during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ... | 2009 | 19751163 |
| human rabies - missouri, 2008. | on november 24, 2008, the missouri state public health laboratory notified cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years from missouri. the man had been bitten by a bat 4--6 weeks before symptom onset and had not sought medical care at the time of the bite. after visiting two emergency departments (eds) with symptoms consistent with rabies, he was hospitalized on november 23 and treated using the milwaukee protocol. on november 26, infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-ha ... | 2009 | 19893481 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus in serum of seven species of insectivorous bats from colorado and new mexico, united states. | we determined the presence of rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) in serum of 721 insectivorous bats of seven species captured, sampled, and released in colorado and new mexico, united states in 2003-2005. a subsample of 160 bats was tested for rabies-virus rna in saliva. we sampled little brown bats (myotis lucifugus) at two maternity roosts in larimer county, colorado; big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) at three maternity roosts in morgan county, colorado; and big brown bats at five mat ... | 2013 | 23568912 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| human rabies--michigan, 2009. | on november 9, 2009, a michigan hospital informed cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years. the patient reportedly had awakened with a bat on his arm 9 months earlier but had not sought medical evaluation. he went to a local emergency department (ed) on october 30 and soon after was hospitalized; he died 12 days later. on november 14, cdc confirmed infection with a rabies virus variant that commonly infects the silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans). this report summarizes the patie ... | 2011 | 21490561 |
| human rabies--alberta, canada, 2007. | on april 26, 2007, a patient from alberta, canada, died after 9 weeks in an intensive care unit (icu) from encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired bats. this report summarizes the clinical course of disease in that patient, who was treated using the milwaukee protocol, an experimental treatment protocol similar to one used for the rabies survivor described in 2005. this report also describes the subsequent epidemiologic investigations by three regional public ... | 2008 | 18305449 |
| lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier. | silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) infection induces a strong virus-specific immune response in the periphery of the host, but death is common due to the failure to open the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system (cns) tissues. mice with an sjl background are less susceptible to lethal infection with rabies viruses. in addition, these animals are known to have reduced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis activity and an elevated capacity to medi ... | 2007 | 17507463 |
| failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection. | rabies is a lethal disease caused by neurotropic viruses that are endemic in nature. when exposure to a potentially rabid animal is recognized, prompt administration of virus-neutralizing antibodies, together with active immunization, can prevent development of the disease. however, once the nonspecific clinical symptoms of rabies appear conventional postexposure treatment is unsuccessful. over the last decade, rabies viruses associated with the silver-haired bat (shbrv) have emerged as the lead ... | 2007 | 17108029 |
| a new phylogenetic lineage of rabies virus associated with western pipistrelle bats (pipistrellus hesperus). | bats represent the major source of human rabies cases in the new world. in the usa, most cases are associated with species that are not commonly found or reported rabid. to understand better the epidemiology and public health significance of potentially important bat species, a molecular study was performed on samples collected from naturally infected rabid western pipistrelle (pipistrellus hesperus), eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) and silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans) ... | 2006 | 16847127 |
| attenuated rabies virus activates, while pathogenic rabies virus evades, the host innate immune responses in the central nervous system. | rabies virus (rv) induces encephalomyelitis in humans and animals. however, the pathogenic mechanism of rabies is not fully understood. to investigate the host responses to rv infection, we examined and compared the pathology, particularly the inflammatory responses, and the gene expression profiles in the brains of mice infected with wild-type (wt) virus silver-haired bat rv (shbrv) or laboratory-adapted virus b2c, using a mouse genomic array (affymetrix). extensive inflammatory responses were ... | 2005 | 16160183 |
| susceptibility and pathogenesis of little brown bats (myotis lucifugus) to heterologous and homologous rabies viruses. | rabies virus (rabv) maintenance in bats is not well understood. big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), and mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) are the most common bats species in the united states. these colonial bat species also have the most frequent contact with humans and domestic animals. however, the silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans) rabv is associated with the majority of human rabies virus infections in the united states and cana ... | 2013 | 23741002 |
| rabies virus infection in eptesicus fuscus bats born in captivity (naïve bats). | the study of rabies virus infection in bats can be challenging due to quarantine requirements, husbandry concerns, genetic differences among animals, and lack of medical history. to date, all rabies virus (rabv) studies in bats have been performed in wild caught animals. determining the rabv exposure history of a wild caught bat based on the presence or absence of viral neutralizing antibodies (vna) may be misleading. previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of vna following natural ... | 2013 | 23741396 |
| rabies surveillance among bats in tennessee, usa, 1996-2010. | rabies virus (rabv) infects multiple bat species in the americas, and enzootic foci perpetuate in bats principally via intraspecific transmission. in recent years, bats have been implicated in over 90% of human rabies cases in the us. in tennessee, two human cases of rabies have occurred since 1960: one case in 1994 associated with a tricolored bat (perimyotis subflavus) rabv variant and another in 2002 associated with the tricolored/silver-haired bat (p. subflavus/lasionycteris noctivagans) rab ... | 2015 | 26251992 |
| overwintering of rabies virus in silver haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans). | silver-haired bats, (lasionycteris noctivagans) are semi-colonial, migratory tree bats that have infrequent contact with humans. despite the species rarity, the l. noctivagans rabies variant is the most commonly reported rabies virus variant (rabv) in domestically acquired human rabies cases in the us. unlike big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) and little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), l. noctivagans are not considered true hibernators. it is unknown if rabv can overwinter in hibernating l. noctiv ... | 2016 | 27195489 |
| human rabies - wyoming and utah, 2015. | in september 2015, a wyoming woman was admitted to a local hospital with a 5-day history of progressive weakness, ataxia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. because of respiratory failure, she was transferred to a referral hospital in utah, where she developed progressive encephalitis. on day 8 of hospitalization, the patient's family told clinicians they recalled that, 1 month before admission, the woman had found a bat on her neck upon waking, but had not sought medical care. the patient's husband sub ... | 2016 | 27253630 |
| Human rabies--Wisconsin, 2010. | In late December 2010, a male resident of Wisconsin, aged 70 years, sought treatment for progressive right shoulder pain, tremors, abnormal behavior, and dysphagia at an emergency department (ED). He was admitted for observation and treated with benzodiazepines and haloperidol, a neuroleptic, for presumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The next day, he had rhabdomyolysis, fever, and rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed. The neuroleptic was discontinued, but the patient's clin ... | 2011 | 21881547 |