| a case report: encephalitis in lions. pathological and virological findings. | an acute outbreak of encephalomyelitis in lions from a safari-park was investigated. three moribund lions were euthanatized and a post mortem examination was performed. a disseminated non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis with demyelination in the spinal cord was the only pathological finding. from tonsil material of one lion feline herpesvirus type 1 was isolated. canine distemper virus, pseudorabies virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus and rabies were excluded as cause of the disease. t ... | 1990 | 2311536 |
| phylogenetic evidence of canine distemper virus in serengeti's lions. | recently an epizootic, reported to be due to a morbillivirus infection, affected the lion population of the tanzanian serengeti national park. a morbillivirus phosphoprotein (p) gene fragment was amplified by pcr from tissue samples of several affected lions. sequencing of the amplificates and subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that a wild-type strain of canine distemper morbillivirus (cdv) was involved. vaccination of the local domestic dog population with proven safe cdv vaccines is pro ... | 1995 | 7483771 |
| aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. | canine distemper (cd) is a frequently fatal, systemic morbillivirus infection in the dog and other carnivores: encephalomyelitis is the common cause of death. susceptibility to canine distemper virus (cdv) is now recognized in a wide range of non-domestic animals, most recently in captive lions, tigers and leopards. furthermore, closely related viruses have produced cd-like diseases in marine mammals. cdv induces an inclusion-body encephalomyelitis in the dog and demyelination is often a conspic ... | 1994 | 7898614 |
| canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in north america. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infection occurred in captive leopards (panthera pardus), tigers (panthera tigris), lions (panthera leo), and a jaguar (panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. an epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the wildlife waystation, san fernando, california, with 17 mortalities. cdv-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. two black leopards died at the naibi zoo, coal valley, illinois, and 2 tigers died at the shambala preserve, acton, calif ... | 1994 | 7948195 |
| a canine distemper virus epidemic in serengeti lions (panthera leo). | canine distemper virus (cdv) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the serengeti-mara ecosystem of east africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). the large, closely monitored serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. however, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to cdv emerged abruptly in the lion p ... | 1996 | 8559247 |
| distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. | in light of recent canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemics, we set out to determine the historical significance of cdv infection in captive lions and tigers in switzerland. the retrospective case material consisted of 42 lion and tiger necropsy cases from 1972 to 1992. necropsy reports for all lions and tigers were reviewed. all existing paraffin tissues were immunohistochemically examined with a polyclonal antibody raised against cdv. the results for 19 of the 42 lions and tigers were classified ... | 1997 | 9067652 |
| canine distemper antibodies in lions of the masai mara. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has been implicated in some recent deaths of lions, which showed clinical signs of distemper, in the the serengeti plain. similar clinical findings have since been reported in lions of the masai mara. fifty-five per cent of serum samples obtained from wild lions of the masai mara have been found to contain neutralising antibody to cdv, indicating that they had been exposed to the virus. adult orphan lions kept in captivity, were vaccinated with the live attenuated on ... | 1998 | 9670445 |
| pathogenesis of two strains of lion (panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | canine distemper virus (cdv) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. in 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. however, after severe mortality occurred in the serengeti lions (panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as cdv or a closely related feline morbillivirus. the present study was designed to explore the susceptibility ... | 2001 | 11355661 |
| a serosurvey of viral infections in lions (panthera leo), from queen elizabeth national park, uganda. | serum samples from 14 lions (panthera leo) from queen elizabeth national park, uganda, were collected during 1998 and 1999 to determine infectious disease exposure in this threatened population. sera were analyzed for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), feline calicivirus (fcv), feline herpesvirus 1 (feline rhinotracheitis: fhv1), feline/canine parvovirus (fpv/cpv), feline infectious peritonitis virus (feline coronavirus: fipv), and canine distemper virus (cdv) or for the pre ... | 2006 | 17092900 |
| seroprevalence of selected infectious agents in a free-ranging, low-density lion population in the central kalahari game reserves in botswana. | twenty-one free-ranging central kalahari lions (panthera leo) exhibited a high prevalence rate of feline herpesvirus (100%) and feline immunodeficiency virus (71.4%). canine distemper virus and feline calicivirus occurred with a low prevalence. all individuals tested negative for feline coronavirus, feline parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, ehrlichia canis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | 2007 | 17460117 |
| seroepizootiological survey for selected viral infections in captive asiatic lions (panthera leo persica) from western india. | infectious diseases have been responsible for large-scale declines in many endangered animals. disease outbreaks in small populations have probably led to the eventual extinction of such endangered animals in the wild. the endangered asiatic lion (panthera leo persica) population may also face such threats. this was evident from this study on captive asiatic lions from western india, which were sampled from december 1998 to march 1999. fifty-six asiatic lions, including 17 hybrid lions (afro-asi ... | 2007 | 17939348 |
| multi-host pathogens and carnivore management in southern africa. | a retrospective serosurvey of multi-host feline and canine viruses among carnivore species in southern africa (n=1018) identified widespread pathogen exposure even in remote protected areas. in contrast to mortality experienced in east african predators, canine distemper virus (cdv) infection among african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in botswana was not associated with identifiable change in pup survivorship or disease related mortality of adults. a disease outbreak of unknown aetiology occurred i ... | 2010 | 19038454 |
| epidemiology, pathology, and genetic analysis of a canine distemper epidemic in namibia. | severe population declines have resulted from the spillover of canine distemper virus (cdv) into susceptible wildlife, with both domestic and wild canids being involved in the maintenance and transmission of the virus. this study (march 2001 to october 2003) collated case data, serologic, pathologic, and molecular data to describe the spillover of cdv from domestic dogs (canis familiaris) to black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) during an epidemic on the namibian coast. antibody prevalence in j ... | 2009 | 19901377 |
| rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in northern kenya: are domestic dogs the reservoir? | rabies virus (rv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) can cause significant mortality in wild carnivore populations, and rv threatens human lives. we investigated serological patterns of exposure to cdv and rv in domestic dogs (canis familiaris), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), striped hyenas (hyaena hyaena) and african lions (panthera leo), over a 10-year period, in a kenyan rangeland to assess the role domestic dogs may ... | 2012 | 23459924 |
| surveillance for viral and parasitic pathogens in a vulnerable african lion (panthera leo) population in the northern tuli game reserve, botswana. | african lion ( panthera leo ) numbers are decreasing rapidly and populations are becoming smaller and more fragmented. infectious diseases are one of numerous issues threatening free-ranging lion populations, and low-density populations are particularly at risk. we collected data on the prevalence and diversity of viral and parasitic pathogens in a small lion population in eastern botswana. during 2012 and 2014, blood samples were collected from 59% (n=13) of the adult-subadult lions in the nort ... | 2017 | 27669009 |
| impacts of canine distemper virus infection on the giant panda population from the perspective of gut microbiota. | the recent increase in infectious disease outbreaks has been directly linked to the global loss of biodiversity and the decline of some endangered species populations. between december 2014 and march 2015, five captive giant pandas died due to canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in china. cdv has taken a heavy toll on tigers and lions in recent years. here, we describe the first gut microbiome diversity study of cdv-infected pandas. by investigating the influence of cdv infection on gut bacte ... | 2017 | 28051146 |
| serosurvey for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the african large predator guild in northern botswana. | the recent increase in the creation of transboundary protected areas and wildlife corridors between them lends importance to information on pathogen prevalence and transmission among wildlife species that will become connected. one such initiative is the kavango zambezi transfrontier conservation area of which botswana's okavango delta constitutes a major contribution for wildlife and ecosystems. between 2008 and 2011, we collected serum samples from 14 lions ( panthera leo ), four leopards ( pa ... | 2017 | 27763827 |
| rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus exposure in large carnivore communities from two zambian ecosystems. | disease transmission within and among wild and domestic carnivores can have significant impacts on populations, particularly for threatened and endangered species. we used serology to evaluate potential exposure to rabies virus, canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine parvovirus (cpv) for populations of african lions (panthera leo), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), and spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in zambia's south luangwa national park (slnp) and liuwa plain national park (lpnp) as well ... | 2013 | 23805791 |
| risk factors for exposure to feline pathogens in california mountain lions (puma concolor). | the primary challenge to mountain lion population viability in california is habitat loss and fragmentation. these habitat impacts could enhance disease risk by increasing contact with domestic animals and by altering patterns of exposure to other wild felids. we performed a serologic survey for feline pathogens in california mountain lions (puma concolor) using 490 samples from 45 counties collected from 1990 to 2008. most mountain lions sampled were killed because of depredation or public safe ... | 2013 | 23568903 |
| peste des petits ruminants virus detected in tissues from an asiatic lion (panthera leo persica) belongs to asian lineage iv. | in this study, peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was detected in frozen pooled tissue samples from a dead asiatic lion (panthera leo persica). the samples were negative for canine distemper virus and positive for pprv nucleic acids when tested with one-step rt-pcr using the appropriate virus-specific primers. subsequent amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the partial nucleocapsid, matrix, and fusion genes confirmed the presence of pprv nucleic acid. comparative sequence and phylogene ... | 2012 | 22705744 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| global mammal parasite database version 2.0. | illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ... | 2017 | 28273333 |
| canine distemper virus (cdv) in another big cat: should cdv be renamed carnivore distemper virus? | one of the greatest threats to the conservation of wild cat populations may be dogs or, at least, one of their viruses. canine distemper virus (cdv), a single-stranded rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family and genus morbillivirus, infects and causes disease in a variety of species, not just canids. an outbreak of cdv in wild lions in the serengeti, tanzania, in 1994 was a wake-up call for conservationists, as it demonstrated that an infectious disease could swiftly impact a previously healthy ... | 2013 | 24045642 |
| dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic-wildlife interface: canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions. | morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (cdv), are a growing concern. a propensity for host-switching has resulted in cdv emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. cdv is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and ... | 2015 | 25605919 |
| pup mortality and evidence for pathogen exposure in galapagos sea lions (zalophus wollebaeki) on san cristobal island, galapagos, ecuador. | the galapagos sea lion ( zalophus wollebaeki ), an endangered species, experiences high pup mortality (up to 100%) in years when el niño events reduce food supply in the galapagos islands. mortality of pups in non-el niño years is estimated to be 5% in undisturbed colonies. from 2009 to 2012 we observed high pup mortality (up to 66%) in colonies close to the galapagos capital, puerto baquerizo moreno, where contact with humans, domestic animals, and rats is frequent. gross postmortem findings fr ... | 2017 | 28318380 |
| an outbreak of canine distemper virus in tigers (panthera tigris): possible transmission from wild animals to zoo animals. | canine distemper virus (cdv), a morbillivirus that causes one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases known in canids, has an expanding host range, including wild animals. since december 2009, several dead or dying wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were found in and around one safari-style zoo in japan, and cdv was isolated from four of these animals. in the subsequent months (january to february 2010), 12 tigers (panthera tigris) in the zoo developed respiratory and gastroin ... | 2011 | 22214864 |
| unintended consequences of conservation actions: managing disease in complex ecosystems. | infectious diseases are increasingly recognised to be a major threat to biodiversity. disease management tools such as control of animal movements and vaccination can be used to mitigate the impact and spread of diseases in targeted species. they can reduce the risk of epidemics and in turn the risks of population decline and extinction. however, all species are embedded in communities and interactions between species can be complex, hence increasing the chance of survival of one species can hav ... | 2011 | 22163323 |
| disease transmission in territorial populations: the small-world network of serengeti lions. | territoriality in animal populations creates spatial structure that is thought to naturally buffer disease invasion. often, however, territorial populations also include highly mobile, non-residential individuals that potentially serve as disease superspreaders. using long-term data from the serengeti lion project, we characterize the contact network structure of a territorial wildlife population and address the epidemiological impact of nomadic individuals. as expected, pride contacts are domin ... | 2010 | 21030428 |
| distinguishing epidemic waves from disease spillover in a wildlife population. | serengeti lions frequently experience viral outbreaks. in 1994, one-third of serengeti lions died from canine distemper virus (cdv). based on the limited epidemiological data available from this period, it has been unclear whether the 1994 outbreak was propagated by lion-to-lion transmission alone or involved multiple introductions from other sympatric carnivore species. more broadly, we do not know whether contacts between lions allow any pathogen with a relatively short infectious period to pe ... | 2009 | 19324800 |
| cross-disciplinary demands of multihost pathogens. | the dynamics of infectious disease spread depend on host population contact structure. heterogeneities in this contact structure can arise from various forms of demographic and spatial phenomena. craft et al. (this issue) have constructed an exploratory simulation model of the spread of canine distemper virus through a multispecies carnivore community. each species in this community is modelled with a contact structure reflecting host social organization, ranging behaviour, and likely interspeci ... | 2008 | 19161447 |
| climate extremes promote fatal co-infections during canine distemper epidemics in african lions. | extreme climatic conditions may alter historic host-pathogen relationships and synchronize the temporal and spatial convergence of multiple infectious agents, triggering epidemics with far greater mortality than those due to single pathogens. here we present the first data to clearly illustrate how climate extremes can promote a complex interplay between epidemic and endemic pathogens that are normally tolerated in isolation, but with co-infection, result in catastrophic mortality. a 1994 canine ... | 2008 | 18575601 |
| dynamics of a multihost pathogen in a carnivore community. | 1. we provide the first theoretical analysis of multihost disease dynamics to incorporate social behaviour and contrasting rates of within- and between-group disease transmission. 2. a stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) model of disease transmission involving one to three sympatric species was built to mimic the 1994 serengeti canine distemper virus outbreak, which infected a variety of carnivores with widely ranging social structures. the model successfully mimicked the erratic and ... | 2008 | 18540966 |
| the canine distemper epidemic in serengeti: are lions victims of a new highly virulent canine distemper virus strain, or is pathogen circulation stochasticity to blame? | in the year 1994, the serengeti lion population was decimated by a canine distemper disease outbreak. retrospective investigations showed that this host population had already been in contact with the pathogen in 1981 without any detected sign of disease. as an alternative to the virus mutation hypothesis to explain this difference in virulences observed in 1981 and 1994, we propose a novel mechanism of disease emergence based on variation in population immunity. we use a stochastic model to sho ... | 2007 | 17456450 |
| prevalence of canine distemper virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in captive african lions (panthera leo) in japan. | sero-prevalences of canine distemper virus (cdv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) were evaluated in 20 captive lions in two japanese zoos. anti-cdv antibody was detected in 13 of 20 lions. we could pursue antibody responses against cdv in three lions back to 1996. sera collected in 1996 were negative for anti-cdv antibody, therefore, all of them showed sero-conversion in 2000. this result suggested that the epidemic of cdv infection in this zoo might have hap ... | 2004 | 15644613 |
| canine distemper virus in a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus). | | 2004 | 15068043 |
| immunohistochemical analysis of two strains of lion (panthera leo)-adapted canine distemper virus in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | canine distemper virus (cdv) caused epizootics in lions (panthera leo) in tanzania's serengeti national park in 1994 and in captive lions and other panthera spp. in the usa in 1991-1992. in this study, immunohistochemistry was used to compare viral distribution in tissues collected from ferrets (mustela putorius furo) inoculated with one of the two lion-derived cdv isolates, either from serengeti (a94-11/13) or from california (a92-27/20). the california isolate resulted in severe morbidity in a ... | 2003 | 12824519 |
| canine distemper infections, with special reference to south africa, with a review of the literature. | canine distemper virus is a member of the genus morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae that causes severe disease in dogs and a range of wild mammals. the clinical signs relate essentially to the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. in south africa, infection with ehrlichia canis and canine parvovirus may present similarly many dogs will initially present with a wide range of central nervous system signs without any history of systemic disease. a recent south african s ... | 2001 | 11811699 |
| serological and demographic evidence for domestic dogs as a source of canine distemper virus infection for serengeti wildlife. | following an epidemic of canine distemper virus (cdv) in serengeti lions in 1994, the role of domestic dogs in the epidemiology of the disease was investigated by serological and demographic analyses. from 1992 to 1994, data were collected from two domestic dog populations bordering the serengeti national park. several lines of evidence indicated that patterns of cdv infection differed significantly between higher-density dog populations of serengeti district to the west of the park and lower-de ... | 2000 | 10727832 |
| genetic characterization of canine distemper virus in serengeti carnivores. | the lion (panthera leo) population in the serengeti ecosystem was recently afflicted by a fatal epidemic involving neurological disease, encephalitis and pneumonia. the cause was identified as canine distemper virus (cdv). several other species in the serengeti were also affected. this report presents cdv h and p gene sequences isolated from serengeti lions (panthera leo), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis) and domestic dog (canis familiaris). sequence analyses d ... | 1998 | 9839878 |
| canine distemper virus infection in serengeti spotted hyenas. | clinical signs suggestive of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection were observed among a group of spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in the serengeti, tanzania. virus antigen was detected immunohistologically in a brain sample from a diseased cub. the presence of virus rna could be demonstrated in this brain as well as in intestine and lymph node of the animal by rt-pcr. sequence comparison of brain-derived amplicons showed that the virus was related to recent cdv field isolates. the closest homo ... | 1996 | 8861651 |
| chronic encephalomyelitis caused by canine distemper virus in a bengal tiger. | a chronic progressive neurologic disease was observed and monitored for 18 months in a young, tamed bengal tiger. clinical, serologic, and neuropathologic evidence of canine distemper virus infection was seen. clinical signs included convulsions, myoclonus, and slowly progressive ataxia. marked increases in neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus were seen in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. neuropathologic findings were nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, with perivascular ... | 1983 | 6685717 |
| cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. systemic cdv infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civet ... | 2015 | 28616465 |
| antagonistic pleiotropy and fitness trade-offs reveal specialist and generalist traits in strains of canine distemper virus. | theoretically, homogeneous environments favor the evolution of specialists whereas heterogeneous environments favor generalists. canine distemper is a multi-host carnivore disease caused by canine distemper virus (cdv). the described cell receptor of cdv is slam (cd150). attachment of cdv hemagglutinin protein (cdv-h) to this receptor facilitates fusion and virus entry in cooperation with the fusion protein (cdv-f). we investigated whether cdv strains co-evolved in the large, homogeneous domesti ... | 2012 | 23239996 |
| recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus and variation in its receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule, in carnivores. | the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is a receptor for morbilliviruses. to understand the recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus (cdv) in carnivores, we determined the nucleotide sequences of slams of various carnivores and generated three-dimensional homology slam models. thirty-four amino acid residues were found for the candidates binding to cdv on the interface of the carnivore slams. slam of the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris) were similar to those of oth ... | 2014 | 24807184 |
| serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from zimbabwe. | domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-saharan africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as african wild dogs and african lions, respectively. the impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessmen ... | 2014 | 25686382 |
| canine distemper virus in the serengeti ecosystem: molecular adaptation to different carnivore species. | was the 1993/1994 fatal canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic in lions and spotted hyaenas in the serengeti ecosystem caused by the recent spillover of a virulent domestic dog strain or one well adapted to these noncanids? we examine this question using sequence data from 13 'serengeti' strains including five complete genomes obtained between 1993 and 2011. phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses reveal that strains from noncanids during the epidemic were more closely related to each other t ... | 2016 | 27928865 |