| interferon-producing capacity of human tonsil cells and properties of interferon produced by these cells. | tonsils excised from human beings for chronic tonsillitis have been shown to be an accessible and sufficiently rich source of human lymphocytes. tonsil cells produced interferon as intensively as blood leukocytes and the properties of this interferon were similar to those of leukocyte interferon. the optimal conditions for interferon production by tonsil cells were established. | 1976 | 5865 |
| mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome and parainfluenza 2 virus infection. | | 1977 | 69912 |
| contamination of primary embryonic bovine kidney cell cultures with parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | two different viruses were isolated from bovine embryonic cell cultures after two subcultures from the primary cells. one virus was identified as parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 (sv-5), and the other was identified as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. six months later, stock cultures of pig kidney (pk-15) cells were found to be contaminated with sv-5 virus. we believe that the source of the sv-5 virus in the bovine cells was a cross-contamination from monkey kidneys during preparation ... | 1978 | 75889 |
| [variants of parainfluenza type 2 viruses]. | a comparative study of the antigenic and biological properties of parainfluenza type 2 viruses revealed the existence of two variants among them. the first variant includes strains isolated up to 1965 inclusive, the 2nd those isolated in 1966--1974. the strains of the 2nd variant are characterized by poor interaction with antibody in immune sera to the reference virus which appears to be due to a loss of one of the antigens in them. besides, they have comparatively low immunogenicity and the hem ... | 1976 | 176822 |
| elevated parainfluenza virus type 1 antibody in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. | parainfluenza virus hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies were determined 3 times in the sera of 9 patients with subacute sclerosiing panencephalitis (sspe) and 20 healthy controls matched for age and place of residence. serum antibody against parainfluenza virus type 1 was significantly elevated in sspe patients as compared with controls, whereas antibodies against type 2 and 3 were found to be in normal ranges. higher titres of parainfluenza virus type 1 antibody might depend on: (1) dua ... | 1977 | 188993 |
| induction of congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters with parainfluenza type 2 virus. | | 1977 | 198242 |
| a prospective study of respiratory infection in adult asthmatics and their normal spouses. | a prospective study of respiratory infections was performed in nineteen married asthmatics and their normal spouses who were examined at monthly intervals during a 1-year period. the colds described were associated with nasal symptoms, sore throat and usually malaise, fever, cough and hoarseness. the asthamtics reported a larger number of these symptomatic episodes than the non-asthmatics but significantly fewer of the episodes in the asthmatics were objectively confirmed by viral isolation or r ... | 1979 | 223777 |
| bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology reflects airway inflammation in beagle puppies with acute bronchiolitis. | beagle puppies infected with both canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (cpi2) and bordetella bronchiseptica (bb) develop more severe acute bronchiolitis and airways hyperresponsiveness than do those infected with cpi2 or bb alone. the aim of our study was to characterize the inflammatory response associated with airway hyperresponsiveness, and to determine whether the inflammatory cell response of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) reflected changes in the bronchioles in this model. we investigate ... | 1992 | 1319565 |
| [the effect of influenza and para-influenza on the course of ischemic heart disease]. | a retrospective analysis was made of 541 case reports of patients with coronary heart disease admitted to the infectious department with the diagnosis of influenza (n-387) and parainfluenza (n-154). in all the patients, the diagnosis was verified serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with a 4-fold and greater increase of the antibody titer in the serum. in part of the patients, it was confirmed by the above test combined with immunofluorescence in examining rhinopha ... | 1992 | 1332205 |
| detection of enhanced neutrophil adhesion to parainfluenza-infected airway epithelial cells using a modified myeloperoxidase assay in a microtiter format. | despite growing evidence that respiratory virus infections precipitate episodes of airway obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness in young children and in asthma, little information is available on the mechanisms by which virus infections alter the airway physiology. airway inflammatory changes (including influx of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils) have been described during episodes of airway hyper-responsiveness in both animal models and human subjects. neutrophil damage to several c ... | 1992 | 1333476 |
| intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1)-dependent and icam-1-independent adhesive interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human airway epithelial cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2. | acute respiratory virus infections are often associated with an early influx of neutrophils (pmn) into the airways. maximal cytoxic injury by pmn depends on tight cell-cell adhesion. infection of some cell types by respiratory and other viruses has been shown to increase pmn adhesion to these cells by undefined mechanisms. we studied adhesion by human pmn to monolayers of primary (1 degree) human tracheal epithelial cells (tec) or an immortalized cell line derived from human tec, 9hteo-, that ha ... | 1992 | 1358969 |
| distinct hemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes involved in antigenic variation of recent human parainfluenza virus type 2 isolates. | a panel of fourteen neutralizing anti-hn monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the prototype greer strain of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) was used to determine the extent of antigenic variation in recent virus isolates. competitive binding analysis with the mabs indicated the presence of at least five distinct antigenic sites (i to v) on the hn glycoprotein molecule. mabs recognizing different antigenic sites were found to be associated with the hemagglutinin (sites i, iv and v), hemagglutin ... | 1992 | 1378237 |
| growth properties and f protein cleavage site sequences of naturally occurring human parainfluenza type 2 viruses. | the growth properties of 24 clinical isolates of piv-2 obtained from six independent areas in japan were examined using vero and primary monkey kidney cells. these viruses could be subdivided into three groups on the basis of the ability of syncytium formation on the two primate cell systems. the distinct correlation between the f protein cleavability and the fusogenic effect was observed in vero cells, and the importance of consecutive basic residues in the f protein cleavage site for efficient ... | 1991 | 1651606 |
| molecular relationships between human parainfluenza virus type 2, and simian viruses 41 and 5: determination of nucleoprotein gene sequences of simian viruses 41 and 5. | the nucleotide sequences of cdnas of the simian virus 5 (sv5) nucleoprotein (np) gene, and the 3' end of the genome and np gene of sv41 were determined. the open reading frames of the sv5 and sv41 np genes encode polypeptides with mrs of 56,582 and 60,575, respectively, values which are consistent with those estimated by sds-page. the np of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) was more closely related to that of sv41 (amino acid sequence identity 70.5%) than that of sv5 (57.0%); the amino a ... | 1991 | 1654380 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human parainfluenza type 2 virus mrna encoding the fusion glycoprotein. | a library of cdna clones from mrna of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2) was constructed and the nucleotide sequence of the fusion (f) glycoprotein gene determined. the f gene boundaries were obtained by primer extension sequencing on f mrna and on viral genomic rna. the mrna coding for the f glycoprotein is composed of 1918 nucleotides. it contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a protein of 551 amino acids with an mr of 59586. the predicted piv2 f protein contains the clea ... | 1991 | 1846648 |
| infection of cultured human tracheal epithelial cells by human parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3. | despite growing information of the effects of human respiratory virus infection on airway physiology, little information is available on the mechanisms of pathology and pathophysiology in these infections. the human respiratory pathogens, parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 (hpiv2, hpiv3, respectively), clinically cause laryngotracheobronchitis (infection of the large proximal airways). in order to examine the pathobiology of these viruses in airway cells of human origin, we exposed primary cultur ... | 1991 | 1849915 |
| changes in lung mechanics and reactivity with age after viral bronchiolitis in beagle puppies. | we measured changes with growth in lung function and airway reactivity after acute canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (cpi2, n = 5), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav2, n = 7), and sequential cav2-cpi2 (n = 6) infections or no infection (controls, n = 6) in beagle puppies (age approximately 79 days). in the cpi2 and cav2 groups, a lower respiratory illness developed by day 3 postinfection with clinical recovery by day 14. in the cav2-cpi2 group, puppies were inoculated initially with cav2 and 12 days ... | 1990 | 1963888 |
| [the incidence of exacerbations in chronic diseases in patients hospitalized with influenza and para-influenza]. | a retrospective analysis was made of the case reports of 829 patients admitted to the infectious department with a diagnosis of influenza (592) and parainfluenza (237). in all the patients, the diagnosis was supported serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with the antibody titer in the serum rising 4-fold and more. in part of the patients the indicated test was used in combination with the immunofluorescence test in studying nasopharyngeal smears, whereas in part of ... | 1990 | 1965617 |
| sequence analysis of the hn gene of parainfluenza virus type 2. | a cdna library was constructed in lambda gt10 using mrna purified from cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv2). virus-specific clones were identified by screening the library with 32p-labelled cdna probes made from randomly primed vrna. clones containing the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene were identified by sequence comparisons with known parainfluenza virus hn gene sequences. the largest hn clone isolated had a nucleic acid sequence of 2065 bp with a single long open readi ... | 1990 | 2161050 |
| sequence analysis of p gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: p and cysteine-rich proteins are translated by two mrnas that differ by two nontemplated g residues. | we cloned and sequenced the cdnas against genomic rna and mrna for phosphoprotein (p) of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv-2). cdna clone from genomic rna was 1439 nucleotides in length excluding poly(a) and was found to have two small open reading frames encoding proteins of 233 and 249 amino acids. two different mrna cdna clones were obtained; that is, one mrna contained a smaller reading frame coding 225 amino acids, v protein, and the other mrna contained a larger reading frame coding 39 ... | 1990 | 2162103 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the fusion glycoprotein gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2. | a cdna clone containing a 2.0-kb insert was identified as the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) fusion glycoprotein gene by hybridizing with a viral rna probe and a synthetic oligonucleotide derived from a conserved sequence found in other paramyxovirus fusion protein genes. the complete nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gene was determined by the dideoxynucleotide sequencing procedure and found to contain a single, large open reading frame encoding a protein of 551 amino acids with a ... | 1990 | 2173268 |
| chlamydia trachomatis and parainfluenza 2 virus: a shared antigenic determinant? | a tracheal aspirate from which parainfluenza 2 (pi-2) virus but not chlamydiae was isolated demonstrated positive immunofluorescence of elementary body- and reticulate body-like particles on direct examination with anti-chlamydia monoclonal antibodies (syva co.). in subsequent studies, we found this reagent to show specific staining of this strain of pi-2 as well as of 3 of 18 additional pi-2 strains that were evaluated. | 1989 | 2473996 |
| incomplete replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2 in mouse l929 cells. | human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) was tested for its ability to replicate in murine l929 cells. l929 cells were non-permissive for replication of hpiv-2. interferon produced endogenously played no role in its incomplete replication. the mechanism by which growth of hpiv-2 was suppressed in l929 cells was studied. synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides, particularly glycoprotein(s), was suppressed in hpiv-2-infected l929 cells. the hn mrna could scarcely be detected in virus-infected l9 ... | 1989 | 2480761 |
| virus-specific polypeptides of human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their synthesis in infected cells. | we have studied the structural components of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4a) and identified some virus-specific polypeptides by immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies followed by one- or two-dimensional sds-page. hn polypeptides existed as monomer, disulfide-linked dimer, and disulfide-linked larger oligomer in cells infected with piv-4a. interestingly, the nonreduced np, the nonreduced fusion, and the reduced f1 proteins migrated as doublets. two f1 polypeptide ... | 1989 | 2545032 |
| extensive antigenic diversity among human parainfluenza type 2 virus isolates and immunological relationships among paramyxoviruses revealed by monoclonal antibodies. | a panel of 128 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn), fusion (f), matrix (m), and polymerase (p) proteins, and nucleoprotein (np) of the toshiba strain of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2) was prepared to examine the antigenic relationships among clinical isolates of piv2 and among paramyxoviruses by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. the hn proteins of 18 clinical isolates of piv2 showed extensive antigenic diversity: 23 of 33 anti-hn mab ... | 1989 | 2545038 |
| [detection of antibodies against infectious viral laryngotracheitis and parainfluenza 2 in dogs bred in czechoslovakia]. | a total of 398 blood serums of dogs of various breeds and age categories, coming from 72 places in bohemia and slovakia, were examined for the content of haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (cadv-2) and parainfluenza 2 virus (cpiv-2). out of this total number, 203 serums (51.1%) reacted against cadv-2 in titres from 1:16 to 1:2048 and 115 serums (28.9%) against cpiv-2 in titres from 1:2 to 1:256. the results indicate that the dog population is c ... | 1987 | 2830696 |
| comparison between parainfluenza virus type 2 and simian virus 5: monoclonal antibodies reveal major antigenic differences. | marked differences in the apparent mrs of the hn, np and f proteins of simian virus 5 (sv5) and parainfluenza virus type 2 (pf-2) were revealed by sds-page. to examine the antigenic relationships between sv5, pf-2 and other paramyxoviruses, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to pf-2 were isolated. these antibodies had specificities for the hn, np and p proteins and together with 54 mabs to sv5 were tested for their ability to react with sv5, pf-2, pf-3, mumps and measles virus proteins. most ... | 1988 | 2841416 |
| a serologic epidemiological study of parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3 viruses in beef cattle and calves in illinois. | beef cattle and calves in four illinois populations were studied. serum was tested by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test for antibodies to parainfluenza viruses (piv) 1, 2, and 3. in all but group 3 a low level of antibody to piv-1 and 2 was demonstrated. the highest prevalence and incidence of hi-antibodies was found for piv-3, followed by piv-1. there may have been a cross-reaction between piv-1 and -3 in group 1 calves. the low level of hi antibodies to piv-1 and 2 may have resulted fr ... | 1985 | 2986256 |
| antibody-mediated fusion of fl amnion cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2. | | 1972 | 4375667 |
| parainfluenza virus immunization. iv. simultaneous immunization with parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 aqueous vaccines. | | 1967 | 4378106 |
| role of canine parainfluenza virus and bordetella bronchiseptica in kennel cough. | the effect of bordetella bronchiseptica upper airway colonization on the clinical, radiographic, serologic, pathologic, and pulmonary function changes caused by canine parainfluenza-2 virus (cpiv-2) infection was studied in 24 purebred beagle pups (10.5 +/- 1.4 weeks old). eight control dogs (group i) were not colonized or inoculated with cpiv-2. of the 12 noncolonized dogs inoculated with cpiv-2 (group ii), 9 developed antibody titers to cpiv-2 and 10 had clinical signs of infectious canine tra ... | 1984 | 6093651 |
| a comparison of paramyxoviruses by immunoprecipitation. | using the technique of immune precipitation of [35s]methionine-labelled infected cell polypeptides followed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography it has been shown that sv5 and a closely related isolate are both antigenically related to human parainfluenza virus type 2. limited cross-reactions were also demonstrated between parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 by this method and the apparent molecular weights of the major structural components of human parainfluenza virus ty ... | 1982 | 6178797 |
| role of parainfluenza virus-specific ige in pathogenesis of croup and wheezing subsequent to infection. | in order to determine the role of parainfluenza virus-specific ige antibody production and release of histamine in the pathogenesis of lower respiratory disease caused by parainfluenza virus infection, we studied 84 infants and children at the time of parainfluenza virus infection. parainfluenza virus-ige antibody was detected in samples of nasopharyngeal secretions by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and histamine content of nasopharyngeal secretions was determined by a fluorometr ... | 1982 | 6183418 |
| does simian virus 5 infect humans? | simian virus 5 (sv5) isolates derived after co-cultivation of human bone marrow aspirates of multiple sclerosis (ms) patients were shown by immunoprecipitation, cross-neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition techniques to be similar antigenically but not identical to the prototype strain. analyses of human sera (ms and control) showed that about 20% contained neutralizing antibodies to sv5 and immunoprecipitated the specific sv5 hn polypeptide. a competition assay using a specific sv5 mon ... | 1984 | 6205118 |
| secretory immunological response in infants and children to parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2. | the secretory immunological responses to natural infection with parainfluenza viruses ae not well defined. nasopharyngeal secretion specimens from 20 infants and children naturally infected with parainfluenza virus type 1 or type 2 were examined for class-specific antibody and virus-neutralizing activity. there was a marked discordance in individual secretions between immunoglobulin a (iga) antibody (as measured by indirect immunofluorescence) and neutralizing activity (as determined by either h ... | 1980 | 6254881 |
| microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses that uses continuous cell lines and fresh serum enhancement. | a modified microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses was developed. use of continuous cell lines (madin-darby canine kidney and llc-mk2), hemagglutination for virus detection, and transfer plates and other microtiter equipment resulted in a highly mechanized technique suitable for titrating large numbers of sera easily and relatively inexpensively. titers of heat-inactivated human sera were enhanced 0.5 to 3.5 log2 by addition of fresh hamster or human seru ... | 1980 | 6260835 |
| plaque formation by human-origin parainfluenza type 2 virus in established cell lines. | two strains of parainfluenza type 2 virus formed well-defined plaques in cultures of vero cells, an established line of african green monkey kidney cells. in the absence of trypsin, satisfactory plaques were formed by the toshiba strain of virus. when trypsin was added in the overlay medium of vero cell monolayers, another strain (62-m786) of virus produced plaques. the toshiba strain was also able to make plaques in hela, bhk, and llc-mk2 (an established line of monkey kidney) cells without try ... | 1981 | 6263231 |
| a 12-month surveillance of 'flu-like infections in a sample from the population of lagos. | 5,576 people who had two or more of the following symptoms, running nose, cough, fever and crepitations/rhonchi over the chest were interviewed. 1,355 specimens of nasal and throat swabs from those interviewed were processed for viruses associated with upper respiratory tract infection. there was a sharp rise in 'flu-like symptoms in march 1976, followed by a much higher incidence from june, reaching a peak in august. influenza a was isolated from most of the specimens collected. a few para-infl ... | 1982 | 6298982 |
| a simple procedure for the analysis of the structural proteins of influenza and parainfluenza viruses involving adsorption to erythrocytes. | a simple procedure for the analysis of the structural proteins of influenza and parainfluenza viruses utilizing adsorption to erythrocytes is described. the method involves virus growth in the presence of [35s]methionine, adsorption of clarified culture medium with a 0.5% suspension of either guinea-pig or chicken erythrocytes and analysis of the virus-erythrocyte aggregates by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). all of the structural proteins can be detected u ... | 1984 | 6323512 |
| differences in the role of the cytoplasmic domain of human parainfluenza virus fusion proteins. | we have investigated the roles of the cytoplasmic domains of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) and type 3 (pi3) fusion (f) proteins in protein transport and cell fusion activity. by using the vaccinia virus-t7 transient expression system, a series of f protein cytoplasmic tail truncation mutants was studied with respect to intracellular and surface expression and the ability to induce cell fusion when coexpressed with the corresponding hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) proteins. all of t ... | 1995 | 7474124 |
| a cell fusion-inhibiting monoclonal antibody binds to the presumed stalk domain of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. | previously, we obtained a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2), which was able to prevent cell fusion without affecting the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. in this study, four escape mutants of piv2 have been obtained under pressure of the monoclonal antibody. intriguingly, the hn protein of each mutant proved to have two amino acid substitutions, one of which is at 83asn or 91lys, ... | 1995 | 7531915 |
| asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood and viral examinations. | we report on an asymmetric maculopapular exanthem of early childhood. one hundred eighty seven patients (111 girls, 76 boys) were examined over a four-year period, mainly in winter and spring. the first skin lesions appeared on the trunk or in the large flexures of the limbs. they spread centrifugally, often to the contralateral side, over two to four weeks, and disappeared with slight itching and moderate desquamation within another two to four weeks. virologic studies were carried out in 34 ca ... | 1995 | 7659637 |
| respiratory virus antibodies in adults of a norwegian community: prevalences and risk factors. | the aims were to examine prevalences as well as demographic and environmental predictors of respiratory virus antibodies in serum. | 1995 | 7797347 |
| analysis of respiratory syncytial virus f, g, and sh proteins in cell fusion. | recombinant expression of the human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) glycoprotein, receptor-binding glycoprotein (g), and small hydrophobic (sh) protein was performed to determine the role(s) of these proteins in syncytia formation. these studies used a vaccinia virus expressing the bacteriophage (t7) rna polymerase gene and plasmid vectors containing the rsv genes under the control of a t7 promoter. within the context of this expression system, expression of any individual rsv gene, ... | 1994 | 8178462 |
| [gianotti-crosti syndrome due to a mixed infection produced by the mumps virus and the parainfluenza virus type 2]. | | 1996 | 8849065 |
| simultaneous detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 from clinical samples by multiplex pcr. | reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays have been widely described for use in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) and other respiratory virus pathogens. however, these assays are mostly monospecific, requiring separate amplifications for each hpiv type. in the present work, we describe multiplex rt-pcr assays that detect and differentiate hpiv serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in a combined reaction. specifically, a mixture of three pairs of primers to conserved regions of the hemagglutinin-n ... | 1998 | 9574711 |
| rapid simultaneous diagnosis of infections with respiratory syncytial viruses a and b, influenza viruses a and b, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 by multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (hexaplex). | a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (hexaplex; prodesse, milwaukee) was developed and used to rapidly detect and quantitate rna of respiratory syncytial viruses a and b, influenza viruses a and b, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 in nasal wash specimens in a single test. primers and probes originated from highly conserved regions of each viral genome. six and a half primer pairs were mixed for the simultaneous detecti ... | 1998 | 9636869 |
| detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. | infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae has been shown to exacerbate asthma in humans. however, the role of m. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma has not been defined. eighteen asthmatics with chronic, stable asthma and 11 nonasthmatic control subjects underwent evaluation of the upper and lower airways and serologic analysis to determine the presence of m. pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and seven respiratory viruses through culture, enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) and polymerase c ... | 1998 | 9731038 |
| alternative mechanisms of interaction between homotypic and heterotypic parainfluenza virus hn and f proteins. | cell fusion by human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) type 2 or type 3 requires the coexpression of both the fusion (f) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoproteins from the same virus type, indicating that promotion of fusion requires a type-specific interaction between f and hn. in this report we have further investigated the interaction of the ectodomains of the f and hn glycoproteins from hpiv2 and hpiv3. we constructed mutants of the hpiv2 f and hpiv3 f proteins (f'-kdel) lacking a transme ... | 1999 | 9934692 |
| rna editing-like phenomenon in paramyxovirus v gene mrna observed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus. | the v gene of the paramyxovirus human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) is transcribed into both v and p mrna. the v mrna is a faithful transcript of the v gene; however, the p mrna is transcribed by an rna-editing mechanism in hpiv2-infected mammalian cells. recombinant baculoviruses (rbv) were constructed containing the wild-type v gene, which has seven g residues at its editing site, and a manipulated v gene with ten g residues at its editing site. a small amount of the p protein was synthes ... | 1999 | 9934693 |
| isolation of monoclonal antibodies directed against the v protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 and localization of the v protein in virus-infected cells. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) v protein were obtained by immunizing mice with the v protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. both mabs were found to react with the v protein in elisa and in western blot analysis. using these mabs and previously obtained mabs specific for hpiv-2 nucleoprotein (np) or hpiv-2 phospho-(p) protein, we examined the intracellular distributions of the v, p and np proteins in hpiv-2-infected cells ... | 1999 | 10753059 |
| paramyxoviridae use distinct virus-specific mechanisms to circumvent the interferon response. | stat1 and stat2 are cellular transcription factors involved in interferon (ifn) signaling and are thus critical for the ifn-induced antiviral state. we have previously shown that the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) blocks both type i and type ii interferon (ifn) signaling by targeting stat1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. to determine whether this is a feature common to all paramyxoviridae, we examined the abilities of sv5, sendai virus (sev), human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and ... | 2000 | 10753717 |
| [rapid diagnosis of principal respiratory viruses in the city of havana, 1995-97]. | acute respiratory diseases (ard) are the most common infections in humans and difficult to prevent. viruses have been recognized as predominant ethiological agents. in cuba, ard constitute a major problem of health and are the first cause of morbidity and important cause of mortality. in this paper, rapid diagnosis was performed to 516 clinical samples which arrived to the reference respiratory viruses laboratory of the pedro kourí institute of tropical medicine (ipk) from different parts of hav ... | 2000 | 10785939 |
| intravenous ribavirin by constant infusion for serious influenza and parainfluenzavirus infection. | three patients with severe lower respiratory tract influenza or parainfluenzavirus infections were treated with continuous ribavirin infusion, given as a 5 mg/kg/hour (h) loading infusion for 8 h followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h for 2 to 6 days. this regimen was generally well tolerated. plasma ribavirin concentrations were 40 to 60 microm in two patients during the continuous infusion phase and lower concentrations were detectable in tracheobronchial secretions. in temporal association with ribavirin ad ... | 1996 | 11322259 |
| recovery of infectious human parainfluenza type 2 virus from cdna clones and properties of the defective virus without v-specific cysteine-rich domain. | a full-length cdna clone was constructed from the genome of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hpiv2). first, vero cells were infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing t7 rna polymerase, and then the plasmid encoding the antigenome sequence was transfected into vero cells together with polymerase unit plasmids, np, p, and l, which were under control of the t7 polymerase promoter. subsequently, the transfected cells were cocultured with fresh vero cells. rescue of recombinant hpiv2 ( ... | 2001 | 11352671 |
| construction of a live-attenuated bivalent vaccine virus against human parainfluenza virus (piv) types 1 and 2 using a recombinant piv3 backbone. | piv1 and piv2 are important agents of pediatric respiratory tract disease. we are developing live-attenuated vaccines against these viruses. we earlier constructed a piv3/piv1 antigenic chimeric virus, designated rpiv3-1, in which the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) proteins of wild type rpiv3 were replaced by their piv1 counterparts. in the present study, rpiv3-1 was used as a vector to express the hn protein of piv2 to generate a single virus capable of inducing immunity to bot ... | 2001 | 11395195 |
| high resistance of human parainfluenza type 2 virus protein-expressing cells to the antiviral and anti-cell proliferative activities of alpha/beta interferons: cysteine-rich v-specific domain is required for high resistance to the interferons. | human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hpiv-2)-infected hela (hela-ca) cells and hpiv-2 v-expressing hela (hela-v) cells show high resistance to alpha/beta interferons (ifn-alpha/beta) irrespective of whether vesicular stomatitis virus or sindbis virus is used as a challenge virus. when sindbis virus is used, these cells show high susceptibility to human ifn-gamma. furthermore, the multiplication of hela-v cells is not inhibited by ifn-alpha/beta. hela cells expressing the n-terminally truncated v pr ... | 2001 | 11533180 |
| development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy and antibody response in a litter of vaccinated weimaraner puppies. | two different vaccination protocols were compared with regard to the development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (hod) (also termed metaphyseal osteopathy) and effectiveness of immunisation in a litter of 10 weimaraner puppies. five puppies (group 1) were vaccinated with a modified live canine parvovirus vaccine (cpv) and then two weeks later with a trivalent vaccine containing modified live canine distemper virus and adenovirus type 2 combined with a leptospira bacterin (dhl). the cpv and dhl va ... | 2002 | 11833821 |
| selective stat protein degradation induced by paramyxoviruses requires both stat1 and stat2 but is independent of alpha/beta interferon signal transduction. | the alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta)-induced stat signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the isgf3 transcription complex and subsequent antiviral responses is the target of viral pathogenesis strategies. members of the rubulavirus genus of the paramyxovirus family of rna viruses have acquired the ability to specifically target either stat1 or stat2 for proteolytic degradation as a countermeasure for evading ifn responses. while type ii human parainfluenza virus induces stat2 ... | 2002 | 11932384 |
| the p127 subunit (ddb1) of the uv-dna damage repair binding protein is essential for the targeted degradation of stat1 by the v protein of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5. | the v protein of simian virus 5 (sv5) blocks interferon signaling by targeting stat1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. here we present three main pieces of evidence which demonstrate that the p127 subunit (ddb1) of the uv damage-specific dna binding protein (ddb) plays a central role in this degradation process. first, the v protein of an sv5 mutant which fails to target stat1 for degradation does not bind ddb1. second, mutations in the n and c termini of v which abolish the binding of v to d ... | 2002 | 12388698 |
| development and evaluation of nuclisens basic kit nasba for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with 'end-point' and 'real-time' detection. | new methods for the detection of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) were developed. these were based on nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and utilised the nuclisens basic kit. primers and probes were selected from the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (hn) gene of hpiv1, hpiv2 and hpiv3, and from the phosphoprotein (p) of hpiv4a and -4b. synthetic rna, titrated control virus stocks and respiratory specimens (n=44) were utilised to evaluate performance of the assays. detection of nasb ... | 2003 | 12609681 |
| parainfluenza viruses. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) were first discovered in the late 1950s. over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. this has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. hpiv is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. further major subtypes of hpiv-4 (a and b) and subgroups/genotypes of hpiv-1 and hpiv-3 have been described. hpiv-1 to hpiv-3 are major caus ... | 2003 | 12692097 |
| optimized detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions. | nasopharyngeal secretions (nps) from 121 (110 pediatric) patients with acute respiratory infections were examined for respiratory virus detection by: i) conventional virus isolation in cell cultures (cc) using hep-2, llc-mk2, and mdck cells; ii) rapid virus isolation using shell vial cultures (svc) of a mixture (mix) of mink lung epithelial cells (mv1lu) and human lung carcinoma (a549) cells in comparison to llc-mk2 and mdck cells; iii) direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) assay on nps cells. a poo ... | 2003 | 12737194 |
| acute laryngotracheobronchitis. | | 2003 | 12959114 |
| the value of virus serology in epidemiological studies of acute otitis media in children. | acute otitis media (aom) is a major health problem in young children. there is a general conception that aom is a bacterial disease but with the availability of sensitive diagnostic methods, it has gradually become evident that viruses play an important role in the pathogenesis of aom. paired blood samples are seldom taken from infants although valuable information could be obtained by serological methods. during the recent finnish otitis media (finom) cohort study, in addition to nasopharyngeal ... | 2004 | 15018861 |
| rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time pcr for diagnosis of infections by influenza a and influenza b viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4. | laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is generally performed by virus isolation in cell culture and immunofluorescent assays. reverse transcriptase pcr is now recognized as a sensitive and specific alternative for detection of respiratory rna viruses. a rapid real-time multiplex pcr assay was developed for the detection of influenza a and influenza b viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus 1 (piv1), piv2, piv3, and piv4 in a two-tube multiplex reactio ... | 2004 | 15071005 |
| evaluation of r-mix shell vials for the diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections. | respiratory viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality. the management of these infections can be improved by a rapid diagnosis and administration of available virus-specific therapy. the goal of this study was to compare r-mix, an engineered tissue monolayer for rapid shell vial (sv) diagnosis of viral respiratory infections, with conventional tissue culture (tc) and conventional respiratory sv (primary rhesus monkey kidney (rhmk) and hep2 monolayers). the primary outcome measure was sen ... | 2004 | 15072762 |
| sudden death from human parainfluenza virus 2. | | 2005 | 15845440 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| composition and assembly of stat-targeting ubiquitin ligase complexes: paramyxovirus v protein carboxyl terminus is an oligomerization domain. | transcription regulators stat1 and stat2 are key components of the interferon signaling system leading to innate antiviral immunity. the related stat3 protein is a regulator of interleukin-6-type cytokine signals and can contribute to both cell growth and death important for cancer gene regulation and tumor survival. these three stat proteins are targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation by rna viruses in the rubulavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. a single viral protein, the v protein, ass ... | 2005 | 16051811 |
| differentiating stridor in children at triage: it's not always croup. | | 2005 | 16198742 |
| comparison of real-time pcr assays with fluorescent-antibody assays for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections in children. | conventional fluorescent-antibody (fa) methods were compared to real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza virus type a (flua), parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 (piv1, piv2, and piv3), human metapneumovirus (mpv), and adenovirus (adv) in 1,138 specimens from children with respiratory illnesses collected over a 1-year period. at least one virus was detected in 436 (38.3%) specimens by fa and in 608 (53.4%) specimens by pcr (p<0.001). specimen quality w ... | 2006 | 16825353 |
| viral etiology of pneumonia in a cohort of newborns till 24 months of age in rural mirzapur, bangladesh. | limited information is available on the etiology of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) particularly pneumonia in the rural community of developing countries since most etiological studies are carried out in the hospital settings. this study examined the etiology of pneumonia among young children in a rural community of bangladesh. a cohort of 252 newborns was followed till 24 months of age during 1993-1996. community health workers (chws) identified cases of alri during household surveilla ... | 2006 | 16857616 |
| seasonal trends of human parainfluenza viral infections: united states, 1990-2004. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract illness among children and adults. | 2006 | 16983614 |
| effects of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein mutations on cell-cell fusion mediated by human parainfluenza type 2 virus. | the monoclonal antibody m1-1a, specific for the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hpiv2), blocks virus-induced cell-cell fusion without affecting the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. f13 is a neutralization escape variant selected with m1-1a and contains amino acid mutations n83y and m186i in the hn protein, with no mutation in the fusion protein. intriguingly, f13 exhibits reduced ability to induce cell-cell fusion despite its multistep ... | 2008 | 18562539 |
| current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections. | parainfluenza viruses (piv) have been generally disregarded as pathogens in spite of their importance in pediatric lower respiratory illness. because pivs account for 17% of hospitalized illness associated virus isolation, the development of piv vaccine would be a major advance in preventing lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. we will review in detail several piv vaccine candidates and recent newer approaches to piv vaccine development. intranasally administered bovi ... | 2008 | 18820572 |
| parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects. | little information on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infections, especially in children from tropical countries, has been published. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hpiv infections in children attended at a large hospital in fortaleza in northeast brazil, and describe seasonal patterns, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these infections. from january 2001 to december 2006, a total of 3070 nasopharyngeal aspi ... | 2008 | 18833402 |
| severe parainfluenza virus type 2 supraglottitis in an immunocompetent adult host: an unusual cause of a paramyxoviridae viral infection. | parainfluenza virus is a major cause of respiratory illness in humans, manifesting from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in children. we report - to our knowledge - the first case of a nonimmunocompromised adult patient with human parainfluenza type 2 supraglottitis immediately after returning from china. | 2009 | 19019183 |
| human piv-2 recombinant sendai virus (rsev) elicits durable immunity and combines with two additional rsevs to protect against hpiv-1, hpiv-2, hpiv-3, and rsv. | the human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) and respiratory syncytial viruses (rsvs) are the leading causes of hospitalizations due to respiratory viral disease in infants and young children, but no vaccines are yet available. here we describe the use of recombinant sendai viruses (rsevs) as candidate vaccine vectors for these respiratory viruses in a cotton rat model. two new sendai virus (sev)-based hpiv-2 vaccine constructs were generated by inserting the fusion (f) gene or the hemagglutinin-neur ... | 2009 | 19200447 |
| a shared interface mediates paramyxovirus interference with antiviral rna helicases mda5 and lgp2. | diverse members of the paramyxovirus family of negative-strand rna viruses effectively suppress host innate immune responses through the actions of their v proteins. the v protein mediates interference with the interferon regulatory rna helicase mda5 to avoid cellular antiviral responses. analysis of the interaction interface revealed the mda5 helicase c domain as necessary and sufficient for association with v proteins from human parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 5, measles v ... | 2009 | 19403670 |
| etiology of bronchiolitis in a hospitalized pediatric population: prospective multicenter study. | in 2006, bronchiolitis due to adenovirus nosocomial infections resulted in the closure of a pediatric department in northern portugal. | 2010 | 20362492 |
| comparison of the luminex xtag respiratory viral panel with xtag respiratory viral panel fast for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. | nucleic acid tests are sensitive and specific and provide a rapid diagnosis, making them invaluable for patient and outbreak management. multiplex pcr assays have additional advantages in providing an economical and comprehensive panel for many common respiratory viruses. previous reports have shown the utility of the xtag respiratory viral panel (rvp) assay manufactured by luminex molecular diagnostics for this purpose. a newer generation of this kit, released in canada in early 2010, is design ... | 2011 | 21411570 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |