| venezuelan equine encephalitis-specific immunoglobulin responses: live attenuated tc-83 versus inactivated c-84 vaccine. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee)-specific immunoglobulin responses to the two vaccines, tc-83 (a live attenuated vaccine) and c-84 (a formalin inactivated vaccine derived from the tc-83 strain of virus) were evaluated using an antigen and isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (elisa). the vee-specific elisa for igg, igg subclasses, iga and igm were developed and standardized using sera from vaccine-exposed and unexposed human subjects. paired human sera (before and 28 days aft ... | 1992 | 1474379 |
| [epidemiology of encephalitis caused by arbovirus in the brazilian amazonia]. | an overview of ecological, epidemiological and clinical findings of potential arthropod-borne encephalitis viruses circulating in the amazon region of brazil are discussed. these viruses are the eastern equine encephalitis (eee), western equine encephalitis (wee), st. louis encephalitis (sle), mucambo (muc) and pixuna (pix). these last two are subtypes (iii and iv) of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. the areas of study were the highways and projects of development, as well as places where o ... | 1991 | 1844977 |
| [use of an immune blotting method (western) for studying viral antigens and for detecting antibodies to viral proteins]. | the technique of the procedure and the results of the use of immune ("western") blotting method for studies on viral antigens and detection of antibodies to individual proteins of viral particles are described. the possibility of detection and study of individual viral antigens in the whole plasma of patients or carriers is demonstrated by the example of hbs antigen of human hepatitis b virus. the method of immune blotting was used for screening of human sera for the detection of antibodies to t ... | 1987 | 2823482 |
| [replication complexes of some rna viruses]. | | 1971 | 4325639 |
| mosquitoes of british honduras, with some comments on malaria, and on arbovirus antibodies in man and equines. | | 1971 | 4400502 |
| live, attenuated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine. i. clinical effects in man. | | 1967 | 6066224 |
| nematocera (ceratopogonidae, psychodidae, simuliidae and culicidae) and control methods. | the biology, veterinary importance and control of certain nematocera are described and discussed. culicoides spp. (family ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (bt), african horse sickness (ahs), bovine ephemeral fever (bef) and akabane. some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by culicoides. these insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans leucocytozoon caulleryi and haemoproteus nettionis, and the pa ... | 1994 | 7711309 |
| an immunological profile of balb/c mice protected from airborne challenge following vaccination with a live attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine. | the live attenuated vaccine strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), tc-83, protects mice against challenge (subcutaneous and aerosol) with virulent veev but is not suitable for widescale human use. elucidation of the immune response profile of protected mice should assist in the development of an improved vaccine. we determined the optimum dose of tc-83 required to consistently protect balb/c mice from airborne challenge with the virulent trinidad donkey strain of veev and studied ... | 2000 | 10930689 |
| evaluation in nonhuman primates of vaccines against ebola virus. | ebola virus (ebov) causes acute hemorrhagic fever that is fatal in up to 90% of cases in both humans and nonhuman primates. no vaccines or treatments are available for human use. we evaluated the effects in nonhuman primates of vaccine strategies that had protected mice or guinea pigs from lethal ebov infection. the following immunogens were used: rna replicon particles derived from an attenuated strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) expressing ebov glycoprotein and nucleoprotein ... | 2002 | 11996686 |
| improved mucosal protection against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is induced by the molecularly defined, live-attenuated v3526 vaccine candidate. | the genetically engineered, live-attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus vaccine candidate, v3526, was evaluated as a replacement for the tc-83 virus vaccine. protection from lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge was evaluated in vaccinated mice clinically and immunohistochemically. subcutaneous administration of v3526 induced systemic and mucosal protection more efficiently than did the tc-83 vaccine. the bronchial iga responses induced in mice by subcutaneous administration of ... | 2000 | 10825611 |
| development of reverse transcription-pcr assays specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. | specific and sensitive reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays were developed for the detection of eastern, western, and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (eee, wee, and vee, respectively). tests for specificity included all known alphavirus species. the eee-specific rt-pcr amplified a 464-bp region of the e2 gene exclusively from 10 different eee strains from south and north america with a sensitivity of about 3,000 rna molecules. in a subsequent nested pcr, the specificity was confirmed ... | 2000 | 10747138 |
| [re-emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in french guiana. apropos of 1 confirmed case]. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs in equine species and in man. the strains can be grouped epidemiologically into two major categories: enzootic and epizootic. enzootic strains cause sporadic human disease and are not associated with disease among equines. these strains are found throughout florida. central america, northern south america and brazil. epizootic strains are associated with enormous morbidity and mortality in equine species. in man, ... | 1997 | 9410246 |
| vaccine research efforts for filoviruses. | ebola and marburg viruses belong to the family filoviridae, and cause acute, frequently fatal, haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. no vaccines are available for human use. this review describes the status of research efforts to develop vaccines for these viruses and to identify the immune mechanisms of protection. the vaccine approaches discussed include dna-based vaccines, and subunit vaccines vectored by adenovirus, alphavirus replicons, and vaccinia virus. | 2003 | 12782057 |
| transfection-independent production of alphavirus replicon particles based on poxvirus expression vectors. | this report describes a transfection-independent system for packaging alphavirus replicon vectors using modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) vectors to express all of the rna components necessary for the production of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus replicon particles (vrp). infection of mammalian cells with these recombinant mva vectors resulted in robust expression of vee structural genes, replication of the alphavirus vector and high titers of vrp. in addition, vrp packaging was ac ... | 2003 | 12845329 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vectors expressing hiv-1 proteins: vector design strategies for improved vaccine efficacy. | a live virus vaccine vector has been constructed from a molecularly cloned attenuated strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee). high levels of foreign protein expression are regulated by an additional copy of the 26 s viral subgenomic rna promoter. the position of this additional promoter and foreign gene in the vee genome was predicted to have a major influence on expression level of the heterologous protein. two sites in the genome were tested to determine the optimal site for expr ... | 1999 | 10462249 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride. | ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ... | 1992 | 1507208 |
| enhancement of protective immune responses to venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus with microencapsulated vaccine. | venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus of major human health significance in the new world. currently two forms of vee virus are used for immunization of humans and horses, i.e. a live attenuated and a formalin-inactivated vaccine. clinical evidence suggests that these vaccines are not fully efficacious and may produce certain undesirable side-effects. in the present study, microspheres composed of biocompatible and biodegradable poly (dl-lactide-co-glycoli ... | 1995 | 8578818 |
| radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antibodies to alphaviruses with staphylococcal protein a. | a radioimmunoassay (ria) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. the test employed protein abearing staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for (3)h-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin g. using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the ria procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. sensitivity of the ria depended on the concentr ... | 1978 | 566768 |
| [presence of antibodies against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype vi in patients with acute febrile illness]. | in argentina, there is no record of human cases produced by dengue virus (flavivirus), but paraguay and brasil (neighbouring countries) have notified human outbreaks of dengue haemorrhagic fever. in this report, we inform the serological results of a limited human outbreak of a dengue-like acute illness that occurred in general belgrano island, formosa, argentina in april 1989. this island is 35 km far from clorinda city of paraguay river, with a human population of 150 inhabitants. the weather ... | 1993 | 8153352 |
| virion envelope glycoproteins as epidermiological markers of venezuelan encephalitis virus isolates. | virion polypeptide compositions of 26 isolates of venezuelan encephalitis virus were analyzed by a reproducible and comparative technique of discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. although the molecular weight of the core polypeptide for each isolate was 36,000, numbers and molecular weights of envelope glycoproteins were heterogeneous. isolates associated with human, but not equine, disease usually had two glycoproteins of 50,000 to 51,000 and 51,000 to 55 ... | 1980 | 7372798 |
| [use of continuous human lymphoblastoid cell lines (t- and b-origin) to produce persistent tick-borne encephalitis virus and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infections]. | persistent infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbe) was established in experimentally infected continuous lymphoblastoid human cell lines raji, l-101 (of b-origin) and 1387 (t-origin) and with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus in raji and 1387 lines. the persistently infected lines produced infectious virus, the cells showed specific fluorescence in immunofluorescent tests, and electron microscopic examinations revealed tbe and vee virions in sections. | 1981 | 7023055 |
| association of tonate virus (subtype iiib of the venezuelan equine encephalitis complex) with encephalitis in a human. | tonate virus, subtype iiib of the venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) complex, was first isolated in 1973 in french guiana, south america. however, very little is known about its pathogenicity; it was considered to be responsible for only mild dengue-like syndromes. in 1998, a 2-month-old boy living along the oyapock river in french guiana was hospitalized for fever and generalized status myoclonus, and despite treatment the patient died 72 h after admission. testing showed the presence of igm ... | 2000 | 10619752 |
| growth of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in human diploid cell strain wi-38. | we demonstrated that venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus replicated in and adapted rapidly to human diploid cell strain wi-38. peak titers of approximately 10(9.8) mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses were obtained at low passage levels in eagles basal medium supplemented with calf serum. vee virus replicated poorly in serum-free medium. propagation of vee virus was accompanied by the production of hemagglutinin and cytopathogenic effects. | 1970 | 5415216 |
| experimental infection of horses with an attenuated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain tc-83). | ten horses (equus caballus) were vaccinated with strain tc-83 venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus vaccine. febrile responses and leukopenia due to a reduction of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed in all animals. viremias were demonstrable in eight horses, with a maximum of 10(3.5) median tissue culture infectious dose units per ml of serum in two horses. clinical illness with depression and anorexia were observed in five horses. neutralizing (n), hemagglutination-inhibiting, ... | 1972 | 4637604 |
| [interactions between mycoplasma and human and animal viruses. ultrastructural analysis]. | presented are the data on the ultrastructural analysis of interaction between mycoplasma and certain cancerogenic and infectious viruses in humans and animals. revealed are spontaneous associations of mycoplasma with viruses of cattle leukemia, t-cell human leukemia and with a representative of bunyaviruses. immediate interaction of these agents is found possible. simulated complexes of mycoplasma with infectious viruses are developed. electron microscopy on supramolecular levels revealed immedi ... | 1991 | 1656621 |
| virus-induced pancreatic disease by venezuelan encephalitis virus. alterations in glucose tolerance and insulin release. | viral infections have been implicated in the induction of diabetes mellitus in man and laboratory animals. since virus-specific immunofluorescence (fa) is detectable in hamster pancreas during the acute phase of venezuelan encephalitis (ve), experiments were designed to correlate pathologic and virologic events with metabolic studies in ve-infected hamsters. golden syrian hamsters were inoculated s.c. in groups of four to 12 with 100,000 plaque-forming units (pfu) of the vaccine strain (tc-83) o ... | 1976 | 776726 |
| multi-factorial specification of virus-host interactions: studies with strains of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in mice. | mice of different ages were infected i.p. or i.c. by 23 different strains of vee virus. the course of the virus host interaction was specified in terms of the efficiency of infection, the outcome of infection as lethality or protection and the survival time. these separately quantifiable features all showed several host-maturation events that combine to provide a multifactorial specification of virus-strains and host-responses. this base-line for correlations with the responses of principal host ... | 1979 | 521796 |
| preconceptual administration of an alphavirus replicon ul83 (pp65 homolog) vaccine induces humoral and cellular immunity and improves pregnancy outcome in the guinea pig model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. | development of a vaccine against congenital cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection is a major public health priority. we report the use of a propagation-defective, single-cycle, rna replicon vector system, derived from an attenuated strain of the alphavirus venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, to produce virus-like replicon particles (vrps) expressing gp83, the guinea pig cmv (gpcmv) homolog of the human cmv pp65 phosphoprotein. vaccination with vrp-gp83 induced antibodies and cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cell ... | 2007 | 17299708 |
| accelerated host metabolism of l-thyroxine during acute infection: role of the leukocyte and peripheral leukocytosis. | metabolism of thyroid hormones is accelerated during acute infection in man and in experimental animals. the pathogenetic mechanisms mediating this phenomenon are uncertain, but activated leukocytes of the infected host have been implicated as potentially important sites of hormone degradation. the present studies were conducted in an attempt to assess the in vivo contribution of leukocytes and peripheral leukocytosis to the enhancement of l-thyroxine (t4) clearance seen during infection, and to ... | 1975 | 236322 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of mosquito cells requires acidification as well as mosquito homologs of the endocytic proteins rab5 and rab7. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a new world alphavirus that can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. it remains a naturally emerging disease as well as a highly developed biological weapon. veev is transmitted to humans in nature by mosquito vectors. little is known about veev entry, especially in mosquito cells. here, a novel luciferase-based virus entry assay is used to show that the entry of veev into mosquito cells requires acidification. furthermore, mosquito homologs of key h ... | 2007 | 17707875 |
| arbovirus vector ecology studies in mexico during the 1972 venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreak. | virus vector studies were conducted in the states of durango, chihuahua, and tamaulipas, mexico, in june and july 1972. apparently only a low level of venzuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus transmission to equines occured at the time of the study, and the infection was restricted to areas which had not experienced overt activity during the preceding year. the low level of infection was associated with a scarcity of mosquitoes. the ib (epidemic) strain of vee virus was isolated from two pools ... | 1975 | 235213 |
| potent in vitro activity of the albumin fusion type 1 interferons (albumin-interferon-alpha and albumin-interferon-beta) against rna viral agents of bioterrorism and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus. | the type 1 interferons (inf-alpha and inf-beta) are potent antiviral agents. albumin-inf-alpha and albumin-inf-beta are novel recombinant proteins consisting of ifn-alpha or ifn-beta genetically fused to human albumin. | 2008 | 18560223 |
| toll-like receptor and cytokine expression patterns of cd56+ t cells are similar to natural killer cells in response to infection with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons. | using the natural killer (nk) cell-surface marker cd56 to study nk t cells in peripheral blood, we found that their frequency in mononuclear cells among healthy individuals was 1%-20% (average, 7.3%) and sporadically increased 4-5-fold within individuals over the course of 8 months. infection of mononuclear cells in vitro with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (vrps) resulted in a significant increase in cd56(+) t cells and in the expression of interferon-alpha, tumor necro ... | 2003 | 14624383 |
| establishment of an hla-a*0201 human papillomavirus type 16 tumor model to determine the efficacy of vaccination strategies in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice. | with the increasing generation of new cancer vaccine strategies, there is also an increasing demand for preclinical models that can carefully predict the efficacy of these vaccines in humans. however, the only tumor models available to study vaccines against human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 have been developed in c57bl/6 mice. to test the hla-restricted capabilities of vaccination strategies, it is important to establish a tumor model in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice. by transfecting heart lung fibrob ... | 2002 | 12384540 |
| an alphavirus replicon-based human metapneumovirus vaccine is immunogenic and protective in mice and cotton rats. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered paramyxovirus that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. here, we developed venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (vrps) encoding hmpv fusion (f) or attachment (g) glycoproteins and evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccine candidates in mice and cotton rats. vrps encoding hmpv f protein, when administered intranas ... | 2008 | 18786987 |
| [venezuelan equine encephalitis. determination of antibodies in the human population of municipio mirand, estado zulia, venezuela]. | with the purpose of determining antibodies prevalence against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the population of puertos de altagracia and sabaneta de palmas of miranda county, zulia state, venezuela, 199 subjects were studied: 57 from puertos de altagracia and 142 from sabaneta de palmas. they were classified in older (42.78%) and younger (57.2%) than 15 years. the blood specimens were processed for hemagglutination inhibition test using eev antigen goajira strain at ph 6.5. we found tha ... | 1993 | 8155776 |
| [viral agents in patients with infectious processes of the central nervous system]. | local statistics report a great number of cases of neurological diseases of unidentified cause. the purpose of this research was to determine the presence of viral agents in patients with affection of the central nervous system, in zulia state, venezuela. in different health centers throughout the state, we collected 129 randomized samples of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum from patients ranging from 1 day to 41 years of age, showing symptoms of cns disease and whose bacteriological test res ... | 2001 | 11787270 |
| human laboratory infection with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus; report of four cases. | | 1947 | 20295009 |
| virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype ic venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype id strains. | following a 19-year hiatus, venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) reemerged in western venezuela in december 1992. this outbreak is important in understanding vee emergence because phylogenetic studies imply that sympatric, enzootic, subtype id vee viruses mutated to generate the epizootic/epidemic. although the 1992-1993 strains belong to subtype ic, a serotype implicated in extensive outbreaks during the 1960s and in 1995, relatively small numbers of human and equine cases occurred in 1992-1993 ... | 2001 | 11504410 |
| structure of isolated nucleocapsids from venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and implications for assembly and disassembly of enveloped virus. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an important human and equine pathogen in the americas, with widespread reoccurring epidemics extending from south america to the southern united states. most troubling, veev has been made into a weapon by several countries and is currently restricted by the centers for disease control and prevention as a potential biological warfare and terrorism agent. to facilitate the development of antiviral compounds, the structure of the nucleocapsid isolated ... | 2003 | 12477868 |
| characterization and selection of hiv-1 subtype c isolates for use in vaccine development. | hiv-1 genetic diversity among circulating strains presents a major challenge for hiv-1 vaccine development, particularly for developing countries where less sequence information is available. to identify representative viruses for inclusion in candidate vaccines targeted for south africa, we applied an efficient sequence survey strategy to samples from recently and chronically infected persons residing in potential vaccine trial sites. all 111 sequences were subtype c, including 30 partial gag, ... | 2003 | 12639249 |
| [production of 70 kda recombinant human heat shock protein in baculovirus expression system and assessment of its antiviral activity]. | to obtain human recombinant 70 kda heat shock protein (hsp70) in baculovirus expression system and to study its antiviral activity. | 2011 | 21446168 |
| genetically engineered, live attenuated vaccines for venezuelan equine encephalitis: testing in animal models. | the central objective of this research was to test molecularly defined, live attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) vaccine candidates that were produced through precise genetic manipulation of rationally selected viral nucleotide sequences. molecular clones of vaccine candidates were constructed by inserting either three independently attenuating mutations or a pe2 cleavage-signal mutation with a second-site resuscitating mutation into full-length cdna clones. vaccine candidate ... | 2003 | 12922119 |
| safety and ethical consideration of aids vaccine. | it has been demonstrated that hiv-1 gp120 resembles several important properties of immunoglobulins allowing it strong influence on the human immune system, especially through induction of the deceptive imprinting and deregulation of the immune network. on the other hand there are many unanswered questions concerning properties and control of the genetically modified viruses and bacteria used as vectors in aids vaccines. this situation opens a serious question about the safety of vectored aids v ... | 2004 | 15370278 |
| use of telemetry to assess vaccine-induced protection against parenteral and aerosol infections of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in non-human primates. | two investigational vaccines, tc-83 (live-attenuated) and c-84 (formalin-inactivated), are currently available to immunize at-risk individuals against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee). ideally, such vaccines should protect against both the natural mosquito-borne route of infection and from aerosol, the most common route of laboratory infection. whereas considerable data on vaccine efficacy following parenteral challenge are available, the efficacy of these vaccines against disease caus ... | 1998 | 9682359 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunity in response to a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 immunogen expressed by a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine vector. | a molecularly cloned attenuated strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) has been genetically configured as a replication-competent vaccine vector for the expression of heterologous viral proteins (n. l. davis, k. w. brown, and r. e. johnston, j. virol. 70:3781-3787, 1996). the matrix/capsid (ma/ca) coding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was cloned into the vee vector to determine the ability of a vee vector to stimulate an anti-hiv immune response in mice. the ... | 1997 | 9060663 |
| [mosquitos (diptera: culicidae) in the small village where a human case of venezuelan equine encephalitis was recorded]. | the enzootic focus of subtype id of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus in the central magdalena region (central colombia) occasionally produces human cases. the report of a vee infection in a three-year-old girl in the small chingalé, municipalitype of puerto wilches, santander, motivated this study. | 2008 | 18719725 |
| susceptibility of ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and culex nigripalpus for eeverglades virus. | everglades virus (evev), an alphavirus in the venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) complex, is a mosquito-borne human pathogen endemic to south florida. field isolations of evev from culex (melanoconion) cedecei and laboratory susceptibility experiments established this species as its primary vector. however, isolates of evev from ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and culex nigripalpus, more abundant and widespread species in south florida, suggested that they also transmit evev and could infect many ... | 2005 | 16014824 |
| a novel viral system for generating antigen-specific t cells. | dendritic cell (dc)-based vaccines are increasingly used for the treatment of patients with malignancies. although these vaccines are typically safe, consistent and lasting generation of tumor-specific immunity has been rarely demonstrated. improved methods for delivering tumor ags to dcs and approaches for overcoming tolerance or immune suppression to self-ags are critical for improving immunotherapy. viral vectors may address both of these issues, as they can be used to deliver intact tumor ag ... | 2005 | 16116238 |
| short report: isolation and identification of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from a human in panama. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus was isolated from a febrile human in panama. the patient became febrile approximately 10 days after returning from gatun lake in panama. the virus was isolated from the acute phase serum and identified as vee, subtype id virus by monoclonal antibodies, and was confirmed by cross plaque-reduction neutralization tests. | 2002 | 12363053 |
| toxicity assessment of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidate strain v3526. | dynport vaccine company (dvc) llc, a csc company, is under a contract with the united states department of defense joint vaccine acquisition program (jvap) to develop, test and license safe and efficacious vaccines against biowarfare agents. as part of this program dvc is conducting a comprehensive toxicological assessment of the safety of v3526, a live attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) vaccine candidate. our review of the published pre-clinical toxicology literature, together with ... | 2006 | 16219396 |
| replication and clearance of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from the brains of animals vaccinated with chimeric sin/vee viruses. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an important, naturally emerging zoonotic pathogen. recent outbreaks in venezuela and colombia in 1995, involving an estimated 100,000 human cases, indicate that veev still poses a serious public health threat. to develop a safe, efficient vaccine that protects against disease resulting from veev infection, we generated chimeric sindbis (sin) viruses expressing structural proteins of different strains of veev and analyzed their replication in vitro ... | 2006 | 16501087 |
| multivalent norovirus vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies against multiple strains. | noroviruses are important agents of human gastroenteritis characterized by extensive sequence variation in the major capsid structural protein that likely encodes critical antigenic determinants of protective immunity. the lack of an infection model has limited detailed characterizations of viral antigenic relationships and identification of the essential components for protective immunity. this information would contribute to efficacious vaccine design against a broad array of norovirus strains ... | 2006 | 16650512 |
| melatonin decreases nitric oxide production, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and lipid peroxidation induced by venezuelan encephalitis equine virus in neuroblastoma cell cultures. | increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase has been shown in murine venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus infection. in this experimental model, melatonin (mtl) treatment has shown to be beneficial. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of vee virus on the nitric oxide (no) production and lipid peroxidation in neuroblastoma cell cultures, and to investigate the role of mtl during cell-virus interaction. neuroblastoma cells were co-cultured with vee virus and treated ... | 2006 | 16804753 |
| [studies on animal and human viruses]. | | 1972 | 4671274 |
| antibody responses against hiv in rhesus macaques following combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations with chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles. | mucosal and systemic transmission of hiv is prevalent. therefore, mucosal followed by parenteral immunizations with chimeric vs. complete alphavirus-based replicon particles, encoding an hiv envelope glycoprotein, were tested. female rhesus macaques were immunized intranasally and then intramuscularly. following the immunizations, enhanced mucosal and systemic antibody responses were detected with the chimeric compared to the complete replicon particles. although similar proportions of the same ... | 2006 | 17067269 |
| [venezuelan equine encephalitis: state-of-the-art]. | the paper provides the currently available data on the global prevalence of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), its epidemiology, clinical picture, and specific prevention in human beings. it also discussed the problem of potential use of the causative agent of vee as a subject of bioterrorism. | 2006 | 17214075 |
| [human encephalitis epidemic induced by the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1962 in the state of zulia (venezuela) and its control using aerial spraying and soil aerosol fumigations]. | | 1966 | 6003401 |
| humanization and mammalian expression of a murine monoclonal antibody against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. | the murine monoclonal antibody 1a4a1 can strongly neutralize venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and is a good candidate for development of humanized antibody. humanization of 1a4a1 variable domains was achieved by grafting 1a4a1 complementarity-determining regions (cdrs) onto the frameworks of human immunoglobulin germline variable and joining gene segments, whose cdrs have the highest similarities to 1a4a1 ones. the humanized 1a4a1 variable domains were further grafted onto human heavy and li ... | 2007 | 17289226 |
| restricted and selective tropism of a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-derived replicon vector for human dendritic cells. | dendritic cells (dcs) consist of heterogeneous phenotypic populations and have diverse immunostimulatory functions dependent on both lineage and functional phenotype, but as exceptionally potent antigen-presenting cells, they are targets for generating effective antigen-specific immune responses. a promising replicon particle vector derived from venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) has been reported to transduce murine footpad dcs. however, the receptive dc subset, the degree of restrictio ... | 2007 | 17425424 |
| beta7-integrin-independent enhancement of mucosal and systemic anti-hiv antibody responses following combined mucosal and systemic gene delivery. | vaccination strategies that can block or limit heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmissions to local and systemic tissues are the goal of much research effort. herein, in a mouse model, we aimed to determine whether the enhancement of antibody responses through mucosal and systemic immunizations, previously observed with protein-based vaccines, applies to immunizations with dna- or rna-based vectors. intranasal (i.n.) followed by intramuscular (i.m.) immunizations (i.n./i.m.) wi ... | 2008 | 17944930 |
| west nile virus genome amplification requires the functional activities of the proteasome. | the lifecycle of intracellular pathogens, especially viruses, is intimately tied to the macromolecular synthetic processes of their host cell. in the case of positive-stranded rna viruses, the ability to translate and, thus, replicate their infecting genome is dependent upon hijacking host proteins. to identify proteins that participate in west nile virus (wnv) replication, we tested the ability of sirnas designed to knock-down the expression of a large subset of human genes to interfere with re ... | 2009 | 19101004 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus disrupts stat1 signaling by distinct mechanisms independent of host shutoff. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an important human and veterinary pathogen causing sporadic epizootic outbreaks of potentially fatal encephalitis. the type i interferon (ifn) system plays a central role in controlling veev and other alphavirus infections, and ifn evasion is likely an important determinant of whether these viruses disseminate and cause disease within their hosts. alphaviruses are thought to limit the induction of type i ifns and ifn-stimulated genes by shutting off ... | 2009 | 19656875 |
| antibody-mediated protection against mucosal simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge of macaques immunized with alphavirus replicon particles and boosted with trimeric envelope glycoprotein in mf59 adjuvant. | we have previously shown that rhesus macaques were partially protected against high-dose intravenous challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus shiv(sf162p4) following sequential immunization with alphavirus replicon particles (vrp) of a chimeric recombinant vee/sin alphavirus (derived from venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [vee] and the sindbis virus [sin]) encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hiv-1(sf162) gp140deltav2 envelope (env) and trimeric env protein in mf59 adjuvant ... | 2010 | 20392857 |
| alphavirus replicon-based adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and effectiveness of fluzone ® in rhesus macaques. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (vrp) without a transgene (null vrp) have been used to adjuvant effective humoral [1], cellular [2], and mucosal [3] immune responses in mice. to assess the adjuvant activity of null vrp in the context of a licensed inactivated influenza virus vaccine, rhesus monkeys were immunized with fluzone(®) alone or fluzone(®) mixed with null vrp and then challenged with a human seasonal influenza isolate, a/memphis/7/2001 (h1n1). compared to fluzone ... | 2010 | 21111777 |
| ebola virus glycoprotein fc fusion protein confers protection against lethal challenge in vaccinated mice. | ebola virus is a filoviridae that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and induces high morbidity and mortality rates. filoviruses are classified as "category a bioterrorism agents", and currently there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines to treat and prevent infection. the filovirus glycoprotein (gp) is sufficient to protect individuals against infection, and several vaccines based on gp are under development including recombinant adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, venezuelan equine encephalit ... | 2011 | 21329775 |
| a diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type i interferon antiviral response. | the type i interferon response protects cells against invading viral pathogens. the cellular factors that mediate this defence are the products of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs). although hundreds of isgs have been identified since their discovery more than 25 years ago, only a few have been characterized with respect to antiviral activity. for most isg products, little is known about their antiviral potential, their target specificity and their mechanisms of action. using an overexpression ... | 2011 | 21478870 |
| treatment of mice with human monoclonal antibody 24h after lethal aerosol challenge with virulent venezuelan equine encephalitis virus prevents disease but not infection. | we recently described a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev)-specific human monoclonal antibody (mab), f5 nigg, that recognizes a new neutralization epitope on the veev e2 envelope glycoprotein. in this study, we investigated the ability of f5 nigg given prophylactically or therapeutically to protect mice from subcutaneous or aerosolized veev infection. f5 nigg had potent ability to protect mice from infection by either route when administered 24h before exposure; however, mice treated 24 ... | 2011 | 21489591 |
| 4.4 +à cryo-em structure of an enveloped alphavirus venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), a member of the membrane-containing alphavirus genus, is a human and equine pathogen, and has been developed as a biological weapon. using electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-em), we determined the structure of an attenuated vaccine strain, tc-83, of veev to 4.4 +à resolution. our density map clearly resolves regions (including e1, e2 transmembrane helices and cytoplasmic tails) that were missing in the crystal structures of domains of alphavirus subunits. ... | 2011 | 21829169 |
| a human dendritic cell subset receptive to the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-derived replicon particle constitutively expresses il-32. | dendritic cells (dcs) are a diverse population with the capacity to respond to a variety of pathogens. because of their critical role in pathogenesis and ag-specific adaptive immune responses, dcs are the focus of extensive study and incorporation into a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies. the diversity of dc subsets imposes a substantial challenge to the successful development of dc-based therapies, requiring identification of the involved subset(s) and the potential roles each contributes ... | 2008 | 18768856 |
| iguape: a newly recognized flavivirus from são paulo state, brazil. | a new virus, sp an 71686, was isolated from sentinel mice exposed in a forest area in iguape county, são paulo state, brazil, in 1979. the results suggest [hemagglutination inhibition (hi), complement fixation, neutralization, and elisa] that sp an 71686 virus is a new arbovirus and that it demonstrates some cross-reactivity with other members of the family flaviviridae, but can be differentiated from them. although there is an intensive circulation of several arboviruses in the area, the only d ... | 1993 | 8150595 |
| melatonin decreases nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation and increases interleukin-1 beta in the brain of mice infected by the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. | melatonin, a potent antioxidant, has shown to be beneficial in murine venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus infection. in addition, melatonin can induces the production of interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta), a cytokine capable of inducing increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase; the activity of this enzyme is increased in the brain of mice infected with vee virus. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of vee virus on the nitric oxide (no) production, lipid peroxi ... | 2007 | 17286740 |
| intranasal immunisation with defective adenovirus serotype 5 expressing the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus e2 glycoprotein protects against airborne challenge with virulent virus. | there is no vaccine licensed for human use to protect laboratory or field workers against infection with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev). infection of these groups is most likely to occur via the airborne route and there is evidence to suggest that protection against airborne infection may require high antibody levels and the presence of antibody on the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. recombinant defective type 5 adenoviruses, expressing the e3e26k structural genes of veev ... | 2005 | 15694514 |