| induction of the human papillomavirus type 31 late promoter requires differentiation but not dna amplification. | the human papillomavirus (hpv) life cycle is linked to the differentiation state of the host cell. in virus-infected undifferentiated basal epithelial cells, hpv genomes are maintained as episomes at low copy number. upon differentiation, a concomitant increase in viral copy number and an induction of late gene expression from a differentiation-specific promoter is seen. to investigate whether late gene expression was dependent on the amplification of the viral genome, inhibitors of dna replicat ... | 2005 | 15795277 |
| role of the e1--e4 protein in the differentiation-dependent life cycle of human papillomavirus type 31. | the most highly expressed protein in the productive life cycle of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) is e1--e4, but its function is not well understood. to investigate the role of e1--e4, we undertook a genetic analysis in the context of the complete hpv type 31 (hpv31) genome. a mutant hpv31 genome (e4m9) was constructed that contained a stop codon in the e4 open reading frame at amino acid 9 and was silent in the overlapping e2 coding sequence. wild-type and mutant genomes were transfected into nor ... | 2005 | 15890911 |
| human papillomavirus type 31 uses a caveolin 1- and dynamin 2-mediated entry pathway for infection of human keratinocytes. | papillomaviruses are species-specific and epitheliotropic dna viruses that cause tumors in their natural hosts. certain infections with genital human papillomavirus (hpv) types are causally related to cervical cancer development. most papillomaviruses are thought to infect cells via a clathrin-dependent pathway, yet no studies have determined the entry route in permissive host epithelial cells. employing fluorescently labeled and native virions, we tested the effects of dominant-negative and bio ... | 2007 | 17626097 |
| regulation of human papillomavirus type 31 gene expression during the differentiation-dependent life cycle through histone modifications and transcription factor binding. | the life cycle of high-risk human papillomaviruses is linked to epithelial differentiation with virion production restricted to highly differentiated suprabasal cells. two major viral promoters direct high-risk hpv gene expression and their activities are dependent upon differentiation. the early promoter controls initiation of transcripts at sites upstream of the e6 open reading frame and is active in both undifferentiated as well as differentiated cells. the late viral promoter directs transcr ... | 2008 | 18237759 |
| the upstream regulatory region of human papillomavirus type 31 is insensitive to glucocorticoid induction. | the upstream regulatory region (urr) of various types of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) has been shown to contain functional glucocorticoid response elements (gres), including hpv type 11 (hpv11), hpv16, and hpv18. glucocorticoids have been demonstrated to induce the transcriptional activity of the early promoters of these hpv types. although it has been assumed that the urr of hpv31 contains at least one gre, no functionality has been demonstrated. we attempt to show here inducibility of the urr ... | 2002 | 12208949 |
| genetic analysis of the human papillomavirus type 31 differentiation-dependent late promoter. | human papillomaviruses infect stratifying squamous epithelia, causing benign and malignant lesions. upon differentiation of the host keratinocyte, the virus undergoes a dramatic increase in both dna replication and transcription from the late promoter, leading to expression of late genes and virion morphogenesis. in human papillomavirus type 31 (hpv31), the late promoter is designated p742 and includes multiple start sites embedded within the e7 gene. in this report, we mapped viral dna elements ... | 2005 | 15731225 |
| elevated amount of human papillomavirus 31 dna in a squamous cell carcinoma developed from bowenoid papulosis. | a 50-year-old woman presented with asymptomatic, multiple black macules on the genitalia for 6 months. she presented multiple, round to irregularly shaped, black macules on her labia major and perineum. a keratotic reddish nodule was found on one of the macules. the results of laboratory investigations showed pancytopenia and a decreased cd4/cd8 ratio. a lymphocyte stimulation test showed a decreased response. the histological examination of a biopsy specimen led us to the diagnosis of bowenoid ... | 2004 | 15539898 |
| infection, replication, and cytopathology of human papillomavirus type 31 in trophoblasts. | human papillomavirus (hpv) dna is preferentially found in spontaneous abortions, specifically residing in trophoblasts, and transfected hpv-16 dna replicates and produces progeny in 3a trophoblasts in culture. in this study 3a trophoblasts were shown to display both hpv receptors and infection by hpv-31b and hpv-6 virus resulted in de novo (increasing) hpv dna replication in these cells (inhibited by neutralizing anti-hpv31b antibodies). reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis r ... | 2003 | 14644610 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium with human papillomavirus type 31. | | 1997 | 9154764 |
| human papillomavirus type 31 infection of the uterine cervix in england. | a total of 452 uterine cervical scrapes, from two centres in england, has been examined by dot blot hybridisation for the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. hpv dna was found in 36.5% samples. twenty-nine of the women were infected with more than one type. of those with detectable hpv, 14.5% had hpv type 31 infections. this type appears to cause significant infection of the genital tract in england. | 1989 | 2545788 |