| an electron microscopic study of cytoecetes phagocytophila infection in ixodes ricinus. | tick-borne fever, caused by a rickettsia-like organism, cytoecetes phagocytophila, is transmitted by the sheep tick ixodes ricinus. an electron microscopic technique was developed to examine i ricinus for c phagocytophila infection. infected and uninfected ticks were obtained from a laboratory maintained tick culture. all stages of i ricinus collected from one field site were examined; 44 per cent of nymphae and 32 per cent of adults were infected with c phagocytophila, but larvae were uninfecte ... | 1989 | 2772404 |
| tick-borne fever: a review. | the literature on tick-borne fever is reviewed. tick-borne fever is a rickettsial disease of sheep and cattle characterised by high fever and severe leucopaenia. the causative agent, cytoecetes phagocytophila invades the neutrophils and monocytes and is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. there is very little information on the pathogenesis and immunogenesis of the disease but there is ample evidence that infected animals are predisposed to other diseases. animals infected with tick-borne fe ... | 1983 | 6349107 |
| a population-based seroepidemiologic study of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and lyme borreliosis on the west coast of sweden. | ehrlichioses are emerging infections in the united states. human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are acquired after ixodes ricinus-complex tick bites. an ongoing seroepidemiologic study of the 185 of the 356 permanent residents of the koster islands in sweden was expanded to include ehrlichioses. ehrlichial antibodies were measured by ifa using ehrlichia equi and ehrlichia chaffeensis. borrelia burgdorferi igg elisa-seropositive subjects were confirmed by western blot. ... | 1997 | 9041353 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern germany: increased seroprevalence in high-risk groups. | to date, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), the causative agent of which is likely transmitted by ticks in the ixodes ricinus-ixodes persulcatus complex, has not been diagnosed with certainty in patients outside the united states. the presence of a closely related vector tick, i. ricinus, as well as the occurrence of similar ehrlichia spp. of veterinary importance, suggests that this disease is likely to be present in europe. the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of anti ... | 1997 | 9399527 |
| coexistence of ehrlichia phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from italy as determined by 16s rrna gene sequencing. | | 1997 | 9399564 |
| [does the infectious disease, human ehrlichiosis, exist in sweden? ticks get a hold of new zoonoses]. | human ehrlichiosis diseases, decently recognised as emerging human infections in the usa, are caused by vector-borne, strictly intracellular bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae. human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by ehrlichia schaffeensis, whereas the agent causing human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) has yet to be identified [1]. the putative increase in the occurrence of these primary zoonoses is dependent on the complex relationship between the infectious agents, the vectors, and the h ... | 1997 | 9411085 |
| [serologic studies on the occurrence of bovine ehrlichiosis in the cantons zürich, schaffhausen, thurgau, st. gallen and obwalden]. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the geographical distribution of bovine ehrlichiosis in the cantons zürich, schaffhausen, thurgau, st. gallen and obwalden. to this end, an indirect immunofluorescence assay was established. the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was estimated to be close to 100% based on the results obtained with several reference sera from the us national veterinary services laboratories and the seroconversion panels of 20 heifers and cows. blood samples from 25 ... | 1997 | 9451917 |
| ehrlichial dna amplified from ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in france. | granulocytic ehrlichia 16s rdna was amplified for the 1st time from an ixodes ricinus (linne) tick collected in europe. sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products from the 16s rrna gene demonstrated the organism from which it originated to be closely related to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging disease that was recently described in the united states; ehrlichia phagocytophila, the agent of tick-borne fever of ruminants in europe; and ehrlichia equi. the agent ... | 1998 | 9538582 |
| detection of ehrlichia phagocytophila dna in ixodes ricinus ticks from areas in switzerland where tick-borne fever is endemic. | a total of 1,523 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from regions where bovine ehrlichiosis is endemic and were examined for ehrlichia phagocytophila via pcr. of the ticks from cattle with ehrlichiosis, the ticks from healthy cattle, and the free-living ticks, 26.5% (18 of 68), 4.4% (35 of 802), and 0.8% (5 of 653), respectively, were positive. | 1998 | 9705425 |
| natural prevalence of infection with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila of ixodes ricinus ticks in scotland. | ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults were collected from vegetation and from sheep at four sites in scotland typical of areas endemic for tick-borne fever in sheep caused by infection with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila (rickettsiales). the great majority of ticks examined was from woodland sites adjacent to sheep farms where there was a high probability of them feeding on roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in a non-domestic focus of infestation and infection. ticks were examined for infection by ... | 1998 | 9760062 |
| granulocytic ehrlichia infection in ixodid ticks and mammals in woodlands and uplands of the u.k. | the prevalence of infection with ehrlichiae of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup (the granulocytic ehrlichiae), in questing ixodes ricinus ticks of u.k. upland and woodland habitats, was investigated by pcr. the prevalence of infection in the three feeding stages of i. ricinus indicated that granulocytic ehrlichiae are transmitted transstadially with no, or inefficient, transovarial transmission. the presence of infected ticks in both habitats indicates that endemic cycles of granulocytic e ... | 1998 | 9824827 |
| identity of ehrlichial dna sequences derived from ixodes ricinus ticks with those obtained from patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in slovenia. | adult ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks collected near ljubljana, slovenia, were tested for the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) by using pcr assays based on the 16s rrna gene. three (3.2%) of 93 ticks were found to contain granulocytic ehrlichiae. nucleotide sequences of portions of the bacterial groesl heat shock operon amplified from these ticks were identical or nearly (99.8%) identical to those previously determined for human patients with hge from slovenia, providing add ... | 1999 | 9854093 |
| detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in uk ticks using polymerase chain reaction. | nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks collected from woodland areas in south wales, uk, were tested using the polymerase chain reaction for the presence both of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) and borrelia burgdorferi. twenty-two of 60 (37%) ticks were found positive in the pcr for b. burgdorferi and 4/60 (7%) for the hge agent. one tick was found positive both for b. burgdorferi and hge agent. our findings imply the presence of the hge agent in uk ticks and the finding of a ... | 1998 | 10030718 |
| detection of hge agent-like ehrlichia in ixodes ricinus ticks in northern italy by pcr. | little is known about the distribution of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in europe and even less is known in italy, where no case of clinically documented hge has been reported. in a previous study we reported the presence of ehrlichia dna in ixodes ricinus ticks from central italy. by the use of an ehrlichia-specific pcr we found that 24% of the ticks were positive. furthermore, we demonstrated a simultaneous coinfection of the same tick by both, borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagoc ... | 1998 | 10048173 |
| quantitative real-time pcr for detection of members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup in host animals and ixodes ricinus ticks. | a taqman pcr was established for identification and quantitation of members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila group in experimentally infected cows and in ixodes ricinus ticks. the taqman pcr identified a 106-bp section of the 16s rrna gene by use of a specific fluorogenic probe and two primers. this technique was specific for members of the e. phagocytophila group, which include e. phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi, and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. the taqman system identified 10 co ... | 1999 | 10203480 |
| evidence of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ixodes ricinus ticks in switzerland. | a total of 1,667 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five regions in switzerland where there have been sporadic occurrences of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs and horses. the ticks were examined for rickettsiae of the ehrlichia phagocytophila group via nested pcr. twenty-one ticks (1.3%) were positive; 3 (0.5%) were nymphs, 6 (1.3%) were adult males, and 12 (1.9%) were adult females. the number of positive ticks varied with the stage of development and with the geographical origin. nucleo ... | 1999 | 10203481 |
| the effects of ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila on the clinical chemistry of sheep and goats. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is a rickettsial disease of domestic and wild ruminants in temperate climates where the hard tick ixodes ricinus is present. the disease is characterized by a high temperature and severe leukopenia. in the present study, the effects of tbf on the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (alp), and on the concentrations of plasma zinc, iron, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine and albumin were investigated by inoculating one group of eight sheep and one group of eight goats wit ... | 1999 | 10216452 |
| molecular evidence of coinfection of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in switzerland. | adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in switzerland and tested for the presence of coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent by real-time pcr. of 100 ticks, 49% were positive for b. burgdorferi and 2% were positive for the hge agent. the two hge agent-positive ticks were also found to be positive for b. burgdorferi. | 1999 | 10488215 |
| [ehrlichiosis is common among animals but can also occur in humans]. | granulocytic ehrlichiosis is attracting increasing attention as a disease of both humans and animals. pasture fever in cattle is a form long known in sweden, and a similar disease was observed in swedish dogs and horses in the late 1980s. the first cases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) reported from the usa in 1994 proved to have been caused by a species of erhlichia identical or very similar to the species found in swedish dogs and horses. presence of the hge agent has now been demonst ... | 1999 | 10522093 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern germany. | a total of 287 adult ixodes ricinus ticks, collected in two regions of southern germany (frankonia and baden-württemberg) where borrelia burgdorferi infections are known to be endemic, were examined for the presence of 16s ribosomal dna specific for the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup, e. chaffeensis, e. canis, and b. burgdorferi by nested pcr. totals of 2.2% (6 of 275) and 21.8% (65 of 275) of the ticks were positive for the e. phagocytophila genogroup and b. burgdorferi, respectively. two t ... | 1999 | 10523532 |
| epidemiological aspects of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern germany. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is a newly emerging acute febrile illness which is likely transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus/i. persulcatus complex. first seroepidemiological surveys on the prevalence of hge antibodies, detection of dna of granulocytotropic ehrlichiae in i. ricinus and one case of hge from slovenia confirmed by serology and pcr (polymerase chain reaction) suggest that hge might exist all over europe. the purpose of the present study was a) to determine the prevalen ... | 1999 | 10666819 |
| coexistence of ehrlichiae of the phagocytophila group with borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus from southern germany. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is an emerging infectious disease recognized in the western hemisphere. hge is well known to occur in north america, but records from outside the united states are sparse. the great majority of data from europe are restricted to seroprevalence studies and molecular biological detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae (ge) in ticks and mammals, but include defined cases from slovenia. they argue for the existence of this disease in many parts of europe. in the pre ... | 1999 | 10776845 |
| field evidence that roe deer (capreolus capreolus) are a natural host for ehrlichia phagocytophila. | samples of blood, spleen and legs from 112 culled roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected from nine sites widespread in the united kingdom. the prevalence of infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction. means of 58% of 102 plasma or serum samples were seroreactive by ifa, 38% of 84 blood samples and 29% of 82 spleen samples were positive by pcr. ticks on legs of 71 roe deer were ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults and 83% of legs we ... | 2000 | 10813158 |
| swiss army survey in switzerland to determine the prevalence of francisella tularensis, members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks. | a total of 6071 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected on swiss army training grounds in five regions of switzerland. the aim of the survey was to assess the prevalence of ticks infected with the human pathogens francisella tularensis, members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and the european tick-borne encephalitis virus. taqman pcr (pe biosystems, usa) and taqman rt-pcr (pe biosystems) analyses were performed on dna and rna extracted from pools of ten ti ... | 2000 | 10947217 |
| ehrlichiosis in a moose calf in norway. | a case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a moose calf (alces alces) in norway is described. the animal was heavily infested with ticks (ixodes ricinus), and died from a klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia. examination of blood smears from the calf revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (morulae) typical of infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila in the granulocytes. ehrlichia sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in blood from the calf, and in the ticks. sequence determination identified it as ... | 2001 | 11272499 |
| [molecular tools in the epidemiology of tick-borne bacterial diseases]. | molecular tools have been used to detect rickettsiae in ticks. in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in france, we detected for the first time there an emerging pathogen, rickettsia helvetica, and an ehrlichia sp, closely related to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. in guadeloupe (french west indies), we described the occurrence of african tick-bite fever due to rickettsia africae, which had been previously reported in sub-saharan africa only. in africa, we completed our knowledge about ... | 2001 | 11282521 |
| risk factors in habitats of the tick ixodes ricinus influencing human exposure to ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria. | ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodida) were sampled during 1996-99 in southern scotland, on vegetation using cloth drags, on humans by removal from clothing and on roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.) by searching legs of culled deer. developmental microclimate was recorded by automatic recorders and questing microclimate by portable instruments during tick collections. ticks and deer were examined for infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria (rickettsiales) using microscopy and polymerase chai ... | 2001 | 11297100 |
| identification of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks in the baltic regions of russia. | the presence and distribution of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated among ixodid ticks collected in the baltic regions of russia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. a total of 3,426 ixodes ricinus and 1,267 ixodes persulcatus specimens were collected, and dark-field microscopy showed that 265 (11.5%) i. ricinus and 333 (26.3%) i. persulcatus ticks were positive. from these samples, 472 dark-field-positive and 159 dark-field-negative ticks were subjected to pcr an ... | 2001 | 11376063 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a roe deer calf in norway. | a case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis is described in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) calf from norway. the calf was heavily infested with ixodes ricinus and died from escherichia coli septicemia. granulocytic ehrlichia sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from several organs and sequence determination identified a variant of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent. this is the first report of a possible clinical granulocytic ehrlichia sp. infection in a roe deer. | 2001 | 11504236 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia spp. in ixodes ticks from southern norway. | we report the results of a study of the prevalence of ehrlichia and borrelia species in 341 questing ixodes ricinus ticks from two locations in southern norway. the prevalences of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia spp. were, respectively, 16 and 11.5% at site 1 and 17 and 6% at site 2. prevalence and species composition of borrelia and ehrlichia varied with location and date of collection. the dominant borrelia species at both sites was borrelia afzelii, followed by borrelia burgdorf ... | 2001 | 11574588 |
| high prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from bulgaria. | bulgarian ixodes ricinus ticks were examined for ehrlichia and borrelia coinfection: 34 and 32% of adult ticks and at least 2 and 10% of nymphs were positive for these infections, respectively. coinfections and dual or triple borrelia infections were frequent, although ehrlichia phagocytophila heterogeneity was minimal. multiple tick-borne bacteria coexist in i. ricinus ticks in southeastern europe. | 2001 | 11682552 |
| presence of granulocytic ehrlichia in ticks and serological evidence of human infection in la rioja, spain. | in order to estimate the risks of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in an endemic area for lyme disease in the north of spain (la rioja), we collected and investigated by pcr specific to the e. phagocytophila group dna, a total of 6870 ixodes ricinus ticks. we also used an indirect immunofluorescence (ifi) test to study the presence of antibodies to the hge agent in 147 human serum samples including patients with lyme disease (ld), forestry workers, and persons with history of previous tick ... | 2001 | 11693514 |
| antibodies to granulocytic ehrlichia in moose, red deer, and roe deer in norway. | serum samples from 104 moose (alces alces), 124 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 114 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected from different counties in southern norway from 1994 to 2000, were analysed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining method for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. the overall seroprevalences for granulocytic ehrlichia spp. in moose, red deer, and roe deer from ixodes ricinus infested counties were 43%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. antibody prevalence was significantly h ... | 2002 | 11838199 |
| field evidence for density-dependent facilitation amongst ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on sheep. | engorged ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from sheep resident in an upland uk field site were significantly lighter than nymphs that engorged on previously tick-naïve sheep, indicating that site-resident sheep continually exposed to ticks acquired anti-tick resistance. the weights of engorged nymphs that fed on naturally tick-resistant sheep increased significantly, however, when increasingly high numbers of adult female ticks fed on the sheep during seasonal peaks of tick activity. this relation ... | 2002 | 11862990 |
| natural ehrlichia phagocytophila transmission coefficients from sheep 'carriers' to ixodes ricinus ticks vary with the numbers of feeding ticks. | in a longitudinal study in a uk upland site, 38% of adult sheep were detected as infected with the tick-borne bacterium ehrlichia phagocytophila by pcr of blood samples. infection prevalence declined significantly with sheep age but varied significantly and non-linearly with the number of adult ixodes ricinus ticks feeding per sheep. these findings suggested that under conditions of natural repeated tick-borne challenge sheep remain partially susceptible to re-infections, but the likelihood of r ... | 2002 | 11862991 |
| serological and molecular evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis focus in the białowieza primeval forest (puszcza białowieska), northeastern poland. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is an emerging tickborne zoonosis. first described in the usa, it is being increasingly reported from several european countries. this study was undertaken to provide serological and molecular evidence of the occurrence of the hge focus in the białowieza primeval forest, located in northeastern poland. to this end, the seroprevalence of hge in this area, where lyme borreliosis and tickborne encephalitis are highly endemic, was determined by means of an indir ... | 2002 | 11913504 |
| persistence of ehrlichia phagocytophila infection in two age groups of lambs. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is caused by the rickettsiae ehrlichia phagocytophila and is a common disease in sheep in tick (ixodes ricinus) infested areas in norway. earlier investigations have shown that some sheep could remain infected for several months after the primary infection. in this study, the persistence of e. phagocytophila after experimental infection was investigated in 2 age groups of lambs. six lambs (1-2 weeks old) and 14 lambs (6-8 months old) were inoculated intravenously with an o ... | 2001 | 11957373 |
| prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes ricinus ticks in middle germany (thuringia) detected by pcr and sequencing of a 16s ribosomal dna fragment. | a total of 305 ixodes ricinus ticks (243 nymphs and 62 adults) were collected from three different regions of thuringia in middle germany which are known to be endemic for borrelia burgdorferi. our aim was to investigate the carrier rate of ticks for granulocytic ehrlichia species. the presence of ehrlichial 16s ribosomal dna was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. using primers specific for the ehrlichia phagocytophila group pcr fragments of 151 bp and 943 bp, respectively, were produced ... | 2002 | 12076817 |
| ehrlichiosis in ixodes ricinus and wild mammals. | | 2002 | 12141732 |
| coinfection of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in northern poland with the agents of lyme borreliosis (lb) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). | adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from pomerania province, northern poland, to determine the presence of infection with agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) and lyme borreliosis by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). of the 424 ticks 19.2% and 11.6% contained ehrlichiae and spirochetes, respectively. frequency of single infection with the hge agent was 63/424 while frequency of single infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 28/424. as many as 21/424 ticks (5% ... | 2002 | 12141746 |
| detection of four borrelia burgdorferi genospecies and first report of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in central italy. | the presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and of ehrlichia phagocytophila group was sought by pcr in ixodes ricinus collected in a protected area of central italy. nymphs (n = 1475, gathered in 295 pools of 5 nymphs each) and adult ticks (n = 28) were examined. b. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in 13.8% of the nymph pools; of these, 63.4% were infected by b. valaisiana, 26.8% by b. afzelii, 7.3% by b. garinii, and 2.5% by b. burgdorferi s.s. only a single adult male tick proved to host b. afzelii ... | 2002 | 12211602 |
| cultivation of an ovine strain of ehrlichia phagocytophila in tick cell cultures. | ehrlichia phagocytophila (previously known as cytoecetes phagocytophila) which causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in the uk and mainland europe is transmitted by the temperate hard tick ixodes ricinus. the disease in sheep is characterized by fever, leucopenia and immunosuppression. studies on the pathogenesis and other aspects of the disease have been hampered because the organism has not been cultivated in continuous or primary cell culture systems. this paper d ... | 2002 | 12354525 |
| infection with anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) was recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne infection in europe. the disease is caused by anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophila. the first confirmed acute human disease caused by a. phagocytophila was reported from slovenia in 1998. the tick ixodes ricinus was identified as the likely vector for this pathogen of humans and animals in europe. in order to assess the possibility that roe and red deer in slovenia serve as potential reservoir host ... | 2002 | 12422618 |
| molecular and microscopical evidence of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients, animals and ticks in the czech republic. | we report moderately severe cases of human ehrlichiosis and a lethal one caused by human granulocytic ehrlichia, the hge agent, closely related to ehrlichia phagocytophila and ehrlichia equi. their vector is the ixodes ricinus tick, which also transmits borrelia burgorferi sensu lato in central, west and east regions of the czech republic. the diagnosis was established by pcr with sequence analysis of the genes encoding 16s rrna of ehrlichia and with reverse hybridization by using enzyme linked ... | 2002 | 12437223 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe. | ehrlichiosis comprises a group of emerging tick-borne infectious diseases caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that infect leukocytes. infections caused by members of the genus ehrlichia have been described in animals and humans, but to date there are no convincing reports of the presence of other types of human ehrlichiosis different from human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in europe. the european vector is the same as that of lyme borreliosis, the hard tick ixodes ricinus, ... | 2002 | 12519349 |
| prevalence of igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and ehrlichia phagocytophila in sera of patients presenting symptoms of lyme disease in a central region of italy. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence (seroprevalence) of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila among patients resident in lazio, a region of central italy. of a sample of 1,050 patients, which presented clinical manifestations related to lyme disease, 34 (3.2%) were borrelia-seropositive (lyme index value >/= 1.2). the sera of 25 out of the 34 patients that were borrelia-positive were also analysed for the presence of antibodies against e. phagocyto ... | 2002 | 12575927 |
| transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum to ixodes ricinus ticks from sheep in the acute and post-acute phases of infection. | a total of 60 sheep were exposed to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on an enclosed area of ixodes ricinus-infested pasture in north wales, united kingdom, and rapidly acquired acute a. phagocytophilum infections detectable by pcr and blood smear examination. of the ticks that had engorged in the previous instar on infected sheep, 52% of adult ticks and 28% of nymphs were pcr positive; a significant, 10-fold increase in prevalence compared to that of ticks that engorged on sheep preinfection ... | 2003 | 12654828 |
| molecular evidence of coinfection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, and babesia microti in ticks from northwestern poland. | to assess the potential risk for tick-borne agents, ixodes ricinus were collected from 2 sites in northwestern poland. the ticks were tested by polymerase chain reaction for coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent, and babesia microti. of the 533 processed ticks, 16.7% were positive for b. burgdorferi s. l., 13.3% for b. microti, and 4.5% for the hge agent. twenty ticks were coinfected with 2 or 3 of the pathogens. | 2003 | 12659331 |
| prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from southwestern finland and from vormsi island in estonia. | altogether, 343 adult and 111 nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks collected from parks in turku and suburban and rural islands of the turku archipelago, finland, and 100 adult i. ricinus ticks collected from vormsi island, estonia, were included in this study. using the polymerase chain reaction the ticks were examined for 16s rdna of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup and for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato reca and flagellin genes. none of the finnish ticks was found to be infected with e. phagoc ... | 2003 | 12716393 |
| prevalence of four species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes ricinus ticks in central germany. | a total of 305 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from three areas of thuringia in central germany were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species and anaplasma phagocytophila. overall, 11.1% were infected with borrelia burgdorferi and 2.3% with anaplasma phagocytophila. adult ticks showed a significantly higher rate of infection with both borreliae and anaplasma phagocytophila. borrelia garinii (55.9%) was detected most frequently, followed by borrelia burgdorferi sensu ... | 2003 | 12783276 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies and of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the area of monti lepini, italy. | ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that are parasites in every class of vertebrates in most regions of the world. they are also considered to be important vectors for the transmission of human infectious diseases. in the present study we used polymer chain reaction (pcr) amplification analysis to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila, the agents of, respectively, lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, among ticks inhabiting the area ... | 2003 | 12797900 |
| epidemiology and impact of coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks. | ixodes scapularis and other ticks in the ixodes ricinus complex may transmit multiple pathogens, but research on coinfections has been limited. coinfections occur with varying frequency in ticks, but single infections are more common than dual infections. the proportion of i. scapularis or i. ricinus ticks coinfected with both borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophila is generally low, ranging from < 1% to 6% in six geographic areas. a higher prevalence of tick coinfection (26 ... | 2002 | 12804168 |
| investigation of anaplasma phagocytophila infections in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks in austria. | | 2003 | 12860606 |
| genetic diversity of bacterial agents detected in ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northeastern italy. | a total of 360 ticks were removed from 353 asymptomatic subjects in belluno province, italy and surrounding areas, from 1998 to 2001. ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus (357), ixodes hexagonus (1), rhipicephalus sanguineus (1), and ixodes ventalloi (1). tick dna was investigated by pcr and subsequent sequencing of amplified products to identity associated bacterial agents. primers targeting different genes of rickettsia (glta and ompa), borrelia (16s rdna, rpob), francisella (16s rdna), and ... | 2003 | 12860623 |
| identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma and ehrlichia species, and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from southeastern europe. | prevalence data for tick-borne pathogens are used to assess the risk for human health. in this study the presence and identity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and rickettsia species in bulgarian ixodes ricinus ticks and in non- ixodes ticks from turkey and albania was determined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot hybridization. in the adult bulgarian ticks, the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection was approximately 40%, while bor ... | 2003 | 12938010 |
| a review of studies on the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep: implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles. | we review the findings of a longitudinal study of transmission of the intracellular tick-borne bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep to ixodes ricinus ticks under natural conditions of tick attachment in the uk. in this study, sheep-to-tick transmission efficiency varied in a quadratic relationship with the number of adult ticks that were feeding on the sheep. we raise the hypothesis that this relationship may be due to conflicting effects of the density of ticks on bacterial survival a ... | 2002 | 14570131 |
| reduced weight gain due to subclinical anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) infection. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is caused by the rickettsia anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) and is a common disease in sheep in areas of norway infested by ixodes ricinus ticks. tbf can cause both direct and indirect losses to sheep kept on tick-infested pastures. in the present work we studied a sheep flock of 26 ewes and 50 lambs on pasture from may until september. no cases of tbf had earlier been observed on this pasture. blood samples from lambs with a reduced weekly we ... | 2002 | 14570133 |
| high diversity of anka sequences of anaplasma phagocytophilum among ixodes ricinus ticks in germany. | in germany humans with acute granulocytic ehrlichiosis have not yet been described. here, we characterized three different genes of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains infecting german ixodes ricinus ticks in order to test whether they differ from strains in other european countries and the united states. a total of 1,022 i. ricinus ticks were investigated for infection with a. phagocytophilum by nested pcr and sequence analysis. forty-two (4.1%) ticks were infected. for all positive ticks, parts ... | 2003 | 14605135 |
| canine ehrlichiosis. | ehrlichia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria with tropism for hematopoietic cells. monocytic ehrlichioses in dogs and humans are transmitted by ticks and primarily caused by e. canis and e. chaffeensis, respectively. e. canis causes canine monocytic ehrlichioses (cme), a potentially fatal disease in dogs that requires rapid and accurate diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate therapy leading to a favorable prognosis. cme is characterized by three stages; 1) acute, 2) subclinical and 3) ... | 2003 | 14677903 |
| molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern slovakia. | ixodes ricinus ticks (20 males, 20 females and 20 nymphs) collected in kosice, slovakia were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) by pcr. 38.3 % of the tested ticks carried single infection of b. burgdorferi s.l. and 8.3 % were infected with a. phagocytophilum. double infection of both pathogens was detected in 5 % of tested ticks. these results indicate that both b. burgdorferi s.l. and a. phagocytophilum co-circulate in the enzootic ... | 2003 | 14677924 |
| acarological risk of exposure to agents of tick-borne zoonoses in the first recognized italian focus of lyme borreliosis. | acarological risk was calculated as the probability of encountering at least one host-seeking ixodes ricinus tick infected by the pathogen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in 100 m transects in the province of genoa, italy. the seasonal pattern of i. ricinus was studied using generalized estimating equations (gee) with negative binomial error, to consider overdispersion of tick counts and repeated sampling of the same dragging sites from april 1998 to march 1999. prevalence of infection by b. bu ... | 2003 | 14959782 |
| molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild animals in austria. | real-time pcr analysis of a groesl heat shock operon segment showed the presence of two genetic lineages of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks as well as one variant in wild red and roe deer, the latter supposedly representing the natural reservoir of one variant of a. phagocytophilum. | 2004 | 15131214 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. a medline literature search revealed that the european story of hge began in 1995 with an article on the presence of serum antibodies to a. phagocytophilum. at present, there is seroepidemiological information indicating the presence of infection with hge agent(s) for several european countries; seroprevalence rates range from zero or very low to up to 28%. the proportion of seropositive persons i ... | 2004 | 15146982 |
| vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in latvia in 1993-2002. | during the period of 1993-2002 an increase and the remarkable changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and lyme borreliosis (lb) as well as annual activities of vector species were noticed. the highest increase of tbe morbidity in latvia has been observed in 1994 and 1995, and less expressed also in 1998 which was followed by a significant decrease during subsequent years. whereas the highest peak of lb morbidity has been noticed in 1998 with only a minor decrease during subsequ ... | 2004 | 15146983 |
| pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ehrlichia sp.), wolbachia sp., rickettsia sp., and babesia sp. in southern germany. | tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis have been well known in germany for decades. ongoing research now gives an additional focus to a broad range of other bacteria and parasites in ticks like anaplasma phagocytophilum, former ehrlichia sp., rickettsia sp. and babesia sp. knowledge about the prevalence of these infectious agents in ticks is an important prerequisite for risk assessment of human diseases. therefore nymphs and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were c ... | 2004 | 15146989 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and central eastern europe. | anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and anaplasma phagocytophila) is the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosis) in humans, horses, sheep, cattle, dogs and cats. in the present study, 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected from 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary were tested for the pathogen, as 112 pools each containing five or fewer ticks from one fox. six of the pools, representing ticks from six different foxes, w ... | 2004 | 15228721 |
| polymerase chain reaction in detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent dna in ixodes ricinus ticks. | pcr, or polymerase chain reaction, is the most hoped-for diagnostic method for ehrlichiosis detection. in european molecular laboratories, the gene encoding 16s rrna for ribosomal small subunit has been the most frequently used ehrlichia dna marker. due to a lack of pcr standardization, this work compares sensitivity of two pairs of primers that amplify the 16s rdna gene fragments. | 2003 | 15232900 |
| human anaplasmosis in north-eastern poland: seroprevalence in humans and prevalence in ixodes ricinus ticks. | sera of 500 inhabitants of north-eastern poland, 450 suspected for lyme borreliosis and 50 blood donors (control group), were analysed for the presence of igg antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human anaplasmosis (ha), known so far as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). forty one (9.1 %) sera of the study group and one serum (2 %) of the control group were positive using indirect fluorescence assay (ifa). the seropositivity tended to be more frequent among ma ... | 2004 | 15236505 |
| ixodes ricinus as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in urban and suburban forests. | in the suburban and urban forests in the cities of gdansk, sopot and gdynia (northern poland), ixodes ricinus ticks should be considered as the vector of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause significant diseases in wild and domestic animals and humans. these microorganisms include etiologic agents of lyme disease, human anaplasmosis (ha) and babesiosis: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, respectively. dna extracts from 701 ticks collected in 15 lo ... | 2004 | 15236507 |
| [ixodes ricinus, transmitted diseases and reservoirs]. | the tick ixodes ricinus has been recorded in most italian regions especially in thermo-mesophilous woods and shrubby habitats where the relative humidity allow the tick to complete its 3 year developmental cycle, as predicted for the european climatic ranges. this tick acts both as vector and reservoir for a series of wildlife zoonotic pathogens, especially the agents of lyme diseases, tick borne encephalitis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which are emerging in most of europe. to assess th ... | 2004 | 15305699 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna in ixodes ticks (acari: ixodidae) from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal. | a total of 278 ixodes ticks, collected from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. six (4%) of 142 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in madeira island and 1 nymph and 1 male (2%) of 93 i. ventalloi collected in setubal district tested positive for a. phagocytophilum msp2 genes or rrs. infection was not detected among 43 i. ricinus on mainland portugal. all pcr products were confirmed by ... | 2004 | 15498168 |
| [ticks (acarina: ixodidae) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogen microorganisms in spain]. | hard and soft-ticks are obligate haematophagous arachnids of medical and veterinary significance mainly because of the animal disease agents transmitted by them, which include an array of different pathogens (virus, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). ticks transmit microbes by several routes including salivary secretions, coxal fluids, regurgitation and faeces. among the biological factors that contribute to the high vector potential of ticks are their living habits and characteristic properties ... | 2005 | 15743581 |
| detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco. | a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ... | 2005 | 15750072 |
| [ehrlichiosis--a disease rarely recognized in poland]. | ehrlichioses constitute a group of acute zoonoses caused by the infection with the microorganisms belonging to the genera ehrlichia, anaplasma and neorickettsia (rickettsiaceae). presence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophila (a. phagocytophila) and transmitted by ixodes ricinus tick has been confirmed in poland. all the cases described so far were noted in the area of endemic prevalence of lyme borreliosis (north-east of poland). lack of char ... | 2004 | 15765762 |
| [babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum: two emerging zoonotic pathogens in europe and hungary]. | babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum was recently reported with a minimum prevalence of 0.9 and 1.3% in hungary based on the pcr-sequencing analysis of 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). these results and the epidemiological data of the neighbouring countries indicate that human cases caused by these pathogens may occur in the country. the aim of the present paper is to summarise the current knowledge on the morphology, life cycle and distribution of b. microti and a. phagocytop ... | 2005 | 15856623 |
| risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of roztocze national park (south-eastern poland). | the objective of the present study was to assess the risk of borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) among the forestry workers of the roztocze national park (south-eastern poland) by examination of ixodes ricinus ticks living in park area with pcr method, and by the serological and clinical examination of the workers. in 406 examined ticks, the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 11.5 %. the nested pcr reaction for determining the genospecies showed that the mos ... | 2005 | 16028877 |
| tick species and tick-borne infections identified in population from a rural area of spain. | to determine the tick species that bite humans in the province of soria (spain) and ascertain the tick-borne pathogens that threaten people's health in that province, 185 tick specimens were collected from 179 patients who sought medical advice at health-care centres. the ticks were identified, and their dna examined by pcr for pathogens. most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). nine species of ticks were identified, the most frequent being dermacentor marginatus ... | 2005 | 16181517 |
| comparing the sensitivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna detection in ixodes ricinus ticks by amplifying a fragment of the epank-1 and the 16s rdna genes. | the study compared the sensitivity of two genetic markers (epank1, 16s rdna) in identifying anaplasma dna by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. material for anaplasma dna studies was isolated from i. ricinus. amplification of the 16s rdna gene resulted in 5.77% positive samples, the value for the epank-1 gene equaled 11.54%. the results suggest that the sensitivity of the reaction for the epank-1 gene is greater than that of 16s rdna for the identification of anaplasma dna from ... | 2004 | 16261882 |
| first detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in quill mites (acari: syringophilidae) parasitizing passerine birds. | forest passerine birds and their ectoparasites: ixodes ricinus ticks and syringophilidae quill mites were surveyed for infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in west-central poland. of 126 birds captured from may to june of 2002, 71 (56.3%) comprising eight species, hosted immature i. ricinus ticks. a total of 383 ticks and 71 blood samples collected from tick-infested birds were investigated by pcr. the pathogen was not detected in either bird-derived ticks or in blood samples. among the capt ... | 2006 | 16293433 |
| broad-range pcr-ttge for the first-line detection of bacterial pathogen dna in ticks. | ticks are known or suspected vectors for a wide range of bacterial pathogens. one of the first steps for tick-borne risk assessment is the detection of these pathogens in their vectors. in the present study, a broad-range pcr amplification of the eubacterial gene encoding the 16s rrna gene combined with temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (ttge) was evaluated as a method allowing the one-step detection of bacterial pathogen dna in ticks. firstly, dna extracts from bacteria known to ... | 2006 | 16472523 |
| detection of a non-pathogenic variant of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus from la rioja, spain. | our aim was to identify variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum 16s rrna gene sequences among products amplified from ixodes ricinus collected in la rioja, spain. a. phagocytophilum ap-variant 1, reported as non-pathogenic, was detected in 12 samples (two adults and ten nymphs). this finding could justify the low incidence of human anaplasmosis in our area, despite the high prevalence of a. phagocytophilum in ticks. | 2005 | 16481536 |
| differences in the transmissibility of two anaplasma phagocytophilum strains by the north american tick vector species, ixodes pacificus and ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the etiologic agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, has a circum-global distribution within the northern hemisphere and shows a host species predilection that varies by the geographic region in which the disease is found. adaptation by the bacterium to a host species potentially contributes to the variation found worldwide but this is confounded by the bacterium's relationship with its tick vectors, all of which belong to the ixodes ricinus group. we tested the hypothesi ... | 2006 | 16550334 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasmataceae members in ixodes ricinus ticks in alsace, a focus of lyme borreliosis endemicity in france. | due to the high lyme borreliosis incidence in alsace, in northeastern france, we investigated in 2003-2004 three cantons in this region in order to determine the density of ixodes ricinus ticks infected by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasmataceae. the peak density of nymphs infected by b. burgdorferi sensu lato at munster and guebwiller, where the disease incidence was high, was among the highest reported in europe (105 and 114 per 100 m(2), respectively). in contrast, the peak densit ... | 2006 | 16598024 |
| a paretic condition in an anaplasma phagocytophilum infected roe deer calf. | this paper describes a case of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) calf in norway. the calf was found deserted, paretic, and heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. it was euthanized and investigated postmortem. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in several tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and 16s rrna sequence analyses. analyses for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus infections were negative. this is the ... | 2006 | 16699161 |
| pcr detection of granulocytic anaplasma and babesia in ixodes ricinus ticks and birds in west-central poland. | the aim of the study was to establish the role of forest birds as reservoirs of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in wielkopolski national park. a total of 108 birds from 9 species were collected between may-september 2002. blood samples were taken from 84 specimens and 442 individuals of the common tick, ixodes ricinus, were collected from the birds. the 73 additional ticks were collected from vegetation. pcr amplification of a fragment of the epank 1 gene and 18s rrna gene was used fo ... | 2006 | 16841867 |
| high prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks removed from human skin in north-eastern poland. | in order to examine the risk of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in humans, 76 ixodes ricinus ticks and 3 dermacentor reticulatus removed from humans were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by pcr targeting the16s rrna gene. the average infection rate was 23.7% (18/76) in ixodes ricinus ticks. a very high infection rate reaching 36.8% (14/38) was detected in female ixodes ricinus, followed by males--16.6% and nymphs--10.5%. no infection was noted in larvae. all dermacentor ... | 2006 | 16841871 |
| [anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of lyme disease in north-western poland]. | infections caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato may be accompanied by other microorganisms, such as anaplasma, ehrlichia and babesia. these pathogens are transmitted by the ticks and are a risk to humans and animals. ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational areas of szczecin and northwestern poland contained dna of the pathogens mentioned above and cases of double and triple coinfection have been documented. the aim of this paper was to determine if dogs suspect to ti ... | 2004 | 16865968 |
| [participation of ixodes ricinus developmental stages in transmission of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila]. | the present study constitutes a survey on the prevalence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila, infecting ticks, ixodes ricinus. i. ricinus were collected in the spring and autumn of the years 2000-2002 in western pomerania (poland), on vegetation using cloth drags. in all, 3340 individuals of i. ricinus were collected from the sampling sites. this total comprised of 511 females, 525 males, and 1998 nymphs. the prevalence of this pathogen in ticks was ass ... | 2004 | 16865969 |
| the root-vole microtus oeconomus (pallas, 1776): a new potential reservoir of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum infection is a recently emerged tick-borne zoonosis. the bacterium's reservoirs likely comprise cervids, some ruminants, rodents, and perhaps other small and intermediate-size mammals; the main vector in europe is the ixodes ricinus tick. the białowieza primeval forest is an ecosystem with a known prevalence of tick-borne pathogens. we studied the root-vole microtus oeconomus to evaluate the natural infection of a. phagocytophilum. intragranulocytic bacterial clusters ( ... | 2006 | 16989562 |
| longitudinal analysis of tick densities and borrelia, anaplasma, and ehrlichia infections of ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitat areas in the netherlands. | from 2000 to 2004, ticks were collected by dragging a blanket in four habitat areas in the netherlands: dunes, heather, forest, and a city park. tick densities were calculated, and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma and ehrlichia species was investigated by reverse line blot analysis. the lowest tick density was observed in the heather area (1 to 8/100 m2). in the oak forest and city park, the tick densities ranged from 26 to 45/100 m2. the highest tick density was found in the du ... | 2006 | 17028227 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in the wood tick ixodes ricinus in the province of trento, italy. | | 2006 | 17033789 |
| highly variable year-to-year prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks in northeastern poland: a 4-year follow-up. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus ticks in europe. we followed-up a. phagocytophilum infection rate in i. ricinus in three selected collection sites in northeastern poland during a four-year period. overall infection rate was 14.1% (208/1474) with highest infection rate among females (36.8% verses males 8.2% and nymphs 0.9%). we noted a very big year-to-year variation of infection prevalence in each collection cite every year reflecting changeable granulocytic ana ... | 2006 | 17114727 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia spp., and borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ticks, and wild-living animals in western and middle slovakia. | in this study, three tick species (ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, and d. reticulatus), small terrestrial mammals, and game were examined by pcr for the presence of tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia spp., and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | 2006 | 17114728 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia sp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from france. | a total of 4701 ixodes ricinus, collected during the summer of 2003, were analyzed for three pathogens. dna was detected from the three pathogens. co-detection of more than one pathogen was observed. | 2006 | 17114729 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants in europe. | the agent that causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep was first described in 1940, 8 years after the disease was first recognized in scotland. the same agent was soon shown to cause tbf in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in other parts of the uk, scandinavia, and other parts of europe. after the initial use of the name rickettsia phagocytophila, the organism was given the name cytoecetes phagocytophila to reflect its association with granulocytes and its morphological similarity with cytoecete ... | 2006 | 17114753 |
| the occurrence of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in northern poland. | ixodes ricinus, the most commonly observed tick species in poland, is known vector of microorganisms pathogenic for humans as tbe virus, borrelia burgdorferi s.1., anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia sp. in this country. our study aimed to find out whether this tick can also transmit also rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (sfg). dna extracts from 560 ticks (28 females, 34 males, and 488 nymphs) collected in different wooded areas in northern poland were examined by pcr for the detection o ... | 2006 | 17114767 |
| new findings on anaplasmosis caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | ixodes ricinus (i. ricinus) is one of the vectors of anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum) in europe, in which rates of infection range from 1.9% to 34%. in 1998, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis-like (hge-like) ehrlichia dna was detected in italy, by pcr technique in one i. ricinus nymph out of 55 ticks that were examined. in 1996, 6.3% of 310 human sera in high-risk subjects from italy were found positive for antibodies to ehrlichia phagocytophila (e. phagocytophila). in the same year, ... | 2006 | 17135539 |
| pathogens and host dna in ixodes ricinus nymphal ticks from a german forest. | unfed nymphs of ixodes ricinus were collected from vegetation in a forest on the outskirts of berlin, germany and were analyzed for host and pathogen dna. pathogens were detected in 47% of the ticks. borrelia afzelii was the commonest pathogen detected, followed by rickettsia helvetica. other pathogens included b. valaisiana, b. garinii, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and a relapsing fever-like borrelia. most of the host dna detected was of rodent origin and was associa ... | 2006 | 17187573 |
| sympatric ixodes trianguliceps and ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on field voles (microtus agrestis): potential for increased risk of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the united kingdom? | the importance of wild rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens is considered low in the united kingdom because, in studies to date, those parasitized by exophilic ixodes ricinus ticks carry almost exclusively larvae and thus have a minor role in transmission cycles. in a cross-sectional study, 11 (6.7%) of 163 field voles (microtus agrestis) captured at field sites in northern england were pcr-positive for anaplasma phagocytophilum. the voles were found to act as hosts for both la ... | 2006 | 17187576 |
| first report of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) from republic of moldova. | we examined 198 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in chisinau city, republic of moldova by pcr assays for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and co-infection of both pathogens, which were detected in 9%, 25.2% and 2.5% of tested ticks, respectively. b. burgdorferi s.l. genotyping revealed the presence of five genospecies with dominance of b. garinii. our preliminary study provides evidence about occurrence of both pathogens in this populated area, which represent a ... | 2007 | 17342346 |