| natural prevalence of infection with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila of ixodes ricinus ticks in scotland. | ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults were collected from vegetation and from sheep at four sites in scotland typical of areas endemic for tick-borne fever in sheep caused by infection with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila (rickettsiales). the great majority of ticks examined was from woodland sites adjacent to sheep farms where there was a high probability of them feeding on roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in a non-domestic focus of infestation and infection. ticks were examined for infection by ... | 1998 | 9760062 |
| field evidence that roe deer (capreolus capreolus) are a natural host for ehrlichia phagocytophila. | samples of blood, spleen and legs from 112 culled roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected from nine sites widespread in the united kingdom. the prevalence of infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction. means of 58% of 102 plasma or serum samples were seroreactive by ifa, 38% of 84 blood samples and 29% of 82 spleen samples were positive by pcr. ticks on legs of 71 roe deer were ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults and 83% of legs we ... | 2000 | 10813158 |
| risk factors in habitats of the tick ixodes ricinus influencing human exposure to ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria. | ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodida) were sampled during 1996-99 in southern scotland, on vegetation using cloth drags, on humans by removal from clothing and on roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.) by searching legs of culled deer. developmental microclimate was recorded by automatic recorders and questing microclimate by portable instruments during tick collections. ticks and deer were examined for infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria (rickettsiales) using microscopy and polymerase chai ... | 2001 | 11297100 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a roe deer calf in norway. | a case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis is described in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) calf from norway. the calf was heavily infested with ixodes ricinus and died from escherichia coli septicemia. granulocytic ehrlichia sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from several organs and sequence determination identified a variant of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent. this is the first report of a possible clinical granulocytic ehrlichia sp. infection in a roe deer. | 2001 | 11504236 |
| antibodies to granulocytic ehrlichia in moose, red deer, and roe deer in norway. | serum samples from 104 moose (alces alces), 124 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 114 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected from different counties in southern norway from 1994 to 2000, were analysed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining method for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. the overall seroprevalences for granulocytic ehrlichia spp. in moose, red deer, and roe deer from ixodes ricinus infested counties were 43%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. antibody prevalence was significantly h ... | 2002 | 11838199 |
| pcr detection and serological evidence of granulocytic ehrlichial infection in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra). | the role of wild mammals, such as roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), in the epidemiology of granulocytic ehrlichiae in switzerland was investigated. we tested blood samples for ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup 16s rrna gene sequences by pcr and for immunoglobulin g antibodies against granulocytic ehrlichiae by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (ifa). overall means of 60.9% of 133 roe deer serum samples and 28.2% of 39 chamois serum samples were seroreactive by ... | 2002 | 11880411 |
| infection with anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) was recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne infection in europe. the disease is caused by anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophila. the first confirmed acute human disease caused by a. phagocytophila was reported from slovenia in 1998. the tick ixodes ricinus was identified as the likely vector for this pathogen of humans and animals in europe. in order to assess the possibility that roe and red deer in slovenia serve as potential reservoir host ... | 2002 | 12422618 |
| a survey on anaplasma phagocytophila in wild small mammals and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in northern spain. | | 2003 | 12860607 |
| [ixodes ricinus, transmitted diseases and reservoirs]. | the tick ixodes ricinus has been recorded in most italian regions especially in thermo-mesophilous woods and shrubby habitats where the relative humidity allow the tick to complete its 3 year developmental cycle, as predicted for the european climatic ranges. this tick acts both as vector and reservoir for a series of wildlife zoonotic pathogens, especially the agents of lyme diseases, tick borne encephalitis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which are emerging in most of europe. to assess th ... | 2004 | 15305699 |
| a paretic condition in an anaplasma phagocytophilum infected roe deer calf. | this paper describes a case of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) calf in norway. the calf was found deserted, paretic, and heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. it was euthanized and investigated postmortem. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in several tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and 16s rrna sequence analyses. analyses for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus infections were negative. this is the ... | 2006 | 16699161 |
| molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in israel. | sequences from the anaplasma phagocytophilum 16s rrna gene were detected in 5 ticks representing 3 species (hyalomma marginatum, rhipicephalus turanicus, and boophilus kohlsi) collected from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in mount carmel, israel. the sequences were all identical to those of ap-variant 1 strain. | 2007 | 18252125 |
| divergence within the marker region of the groesl operon in anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite in human and animal granulocytes. in europe, a. phagocytophilum is transmitted by ixodes ticks; ixodes ricinus is the vector of the parasite in poland. in terms of epidemiology, the identification of pathogens in ticks increasingly relies on molecular techniques. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with species-specific primers is a tool that allows the quick and accurate detection of pathogens in ticks, humans, or animals. dn ... | 2008 | 18551326 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum groel gene heterogeneity in ixodes ricinus larvae feeding on roe deer in northeastern italy. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen with both veterinary and human health implications. the role of wildlife hosts for this pathogen are not well defined, even thought roe deer (capreolus capreolus) has been suggested to contribute to the occurrence of this tick-borne diseases in europe. therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of this ungulate species as a reservoir of human pathogenic strains of a. phagocytophilum in a tick-borne dis ... | 2009 | 18945191 |
| genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the alps in tyrol, austria. | the occurrence of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum was studied in wild ungulates from the northern and central eastern alps in tyrol, austria. for this purpose, spleen samples collected from 53 game animals during the hunting season 2008/2009 (16 roe deer [capreolus capreolus], 10 red deer [cervus elaphus], 16 alpine chamois [rupicapra r. rupicapra], 7 alpine ibex [capra i. ibex], and 4 european mouflons [ovis orientalis musimon]) were analyzed. thirty-five animals originated from t ... | 2011 | 21323423 |
| variability within the msp2 gene in populations of anaplasma phagocythopilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite of verterbrate granulocytes. this bacterium is the aetiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the msp2 gene encoding major surface protein 2 is unique for anaplasma and displays high antigenic variation. a fragment of the msp2 gene (334 bp) of a. phagocytophilum, amplified with dna isolated from ixodes ricinus, syringophilidae, capreolus capreolus and canis lupus familiaris, was used to determine polymorphisms of ... | 2010 | 21324269 |
| genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia. | abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ... | 2011 | 21612528 |
| wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ... | 2011 | 21739932 |
| isolation, propagation and preliminary characterisation of anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line ide8. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs, horses, and humans and tick-borne fever of ruminants. the bacterium has been detected in a variety of other mammals including wild ruminants without overt clinical signs of disease. isolates in cell culture have been obtained from humans, dogs, horses, sheep, and ticks, but no strain from wild ruminants exists in cell culture in europe. from september to november 2010, edta blood samples w ... | 2011 | 22108013 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks from parks in the emilia-romagna region of northern italy. | the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and phylogenetic characterisation of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks in three parks of the emilia-romagna region of northern italy, an area in which no survey of this agent had previously been conducted. a total of 360 tick samples were analysed; 292 were sourced from the environment and 68 from animals and humans. real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that 33 tick samples (9.2%) were positive for a. phagocytophilum. ixodes ricinus was ... | 2012 | 23277122 |
| vertical transmission of bartonella schoenbuchensis in lipoptena cervi. | lipoptena cervi (diptera: hippoboscidae) is a hematophagous ectoparasite of cervids, which is considered to transmit pathogens between animals and occasionally to humans. the principal life stage that is able to parasitize new hosts is a winged ked that just emerged from a pupa. to facilitate efficient transmission of pathogens between hosts, vertical transmission from female deer keds to their offspring is necessary. we investigated vertical transmission of several vector-borne pathogens associ ... | 2015 | 25889985 |
| serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders. | in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas. | 2015 | 26609692 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama) and mouflon (ovis musimon) in germany. | infections with the tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. can cause febrile disease in several mammalian species, including humans. wild ruminants in europe are suggested to serve as reservoir hosts for particular strains or species of these pathogens. the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of a. phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama) and mouflon (ovis musimon orientalis) in germany, and the diversi ... | 2017 | 27546888 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes that are potentially virulent for human in wild ruminants and ixodes ricinus in central italy. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis worldwide. as is the case for many tick-borne diseases, the epidemiological cycle is associated to the environmental conditions, including the presence of wild vertebrate reservoir hosts, vectors, climate and vegetation. in this study a total number of 87 spleen samples of wild ruminants carcasses from central italy, and 77 ixodes ricinus collected from the same dead animals were screened for anaplasma phagocytophilum by us ... | 2016 | 27020736 |
| genotyping of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from poland for selected genes. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogen of vertebrates which invades granulocytes. the potential reservoirs of anaplasma include game animals and small mammals. the aim ofthis study was to gain insight into the variability ofnucleotide sequences of ribosomal and selected protein-coding genes (anka, msp4 and the groesl heat-shock protein operon) present in isolates of a. phagocytophilum collected from wild ruminants (cervus elaphus and capreolus capreolus) in pol ... | 2014 | 24745148 |
| detection of tick-borne pathogens in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), in questing ticks (ixodes ricinus), and in ticks infesting roe deer in southern germany. | the hard tick ixodes ricinus is the most common tick in central europe and plays an important role as a vector of several pathogens. in the complex life cycles of these pathogens, the role of wild animals as natural reservoirs has been discussed. the aims of this study were to investigate the role of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) as a potential reservoir host for babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. therefore, we explored the differences in the infection rates of roe dee ... | 2013 | 23571115 |
| evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in game animals from slovenia. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen responsible for granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammalian hosts including humans. wild animals may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infection with a. phagocytophilum among wildlife in slovenia. serum samples (n = 376) from the most important game species [red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa), chamois (rupicapra ... | 2012 | 23160026 |
| detecting and characterizing mixed infections with genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) by developing an anka cluster-specific nested pcr. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium able to infect a wide variety of wild and domestic animals worldwide. based on the genetic diversity observed with different molecular markers, several host-specific lineages have been identified. roe deer is one of the most important reservoirs of this bacterium and hosts different genetic groups sometimes found on domestic animals. we therefore developed an anka cluster-specific nested pcr (npcr) to ... | 2017 | 28784148 |