| suppression of immunoresponses to haemophilus gallinarum with nonviable mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. | the suppressive effect of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) on haemophilus gallinarum (hg) immune response was shown. antibody response to hg was highly suppressed when chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with hg-mg combined bacterin. findings were similar in chickens injected intramuscularly with hg and mg bacterin separately at adjacent sites. no immunosuppressive effect was recognized when injections with hg and mg bacterins were in the left and right thigh muscles, respectively, or from int ... | 1978 | 749885 |
| slide-agglutination test of haemophilus gallinarum antigen treated by trypsin to inhibit spontaneous agglutination. | spontaneous agglutination of haemophilus gallinarum (hg) cells cultured in kato's broth was inhibited by trypsin treatment. the treated cell had the same antigenicity as the common antigen prepared from chicken meat infusion broth. trypsinized antigen could be used in the slide-agglutination test to detect hg antibody in chicken serum. | 1978 | 749897 |
| [the occurrence of neuraminidase and n-acylneuraminate pyruvate lyase in haemophilus paragallinarum and haemophilus paravium n.sp (author's transl)]. | 14 strains of h. paragallinarum, isolated from fowls suffering from infectious coryza or received from other investigators for comparison, and a collective consisting of 9 strains of the new species h. paravium nova species, also isolated from fowls, were shown to possess both enzymes, neuraminidase (ec 3.2.1.18) and n-acylneuraminate-pyruvate lyase (ec 4.1.3.3). the detection of the enzymes was made initially by paper chromatography using n-acetyl-neuraminyllactose as substrate and secondly by ... | 1977 | 842179 |
| infectious coryza: in vivo growth of haemophilus gallinarum as a determinant for cross protection. | four strains of haemophilus gallinarum representing 3 immunotypes were used in exposure and challenge exposure studies to determine if in vivo growth of the organism would induce cross protection in chickens. birds which recovered from infection to 1 immunotype were refractory to reinfection with the heterologous immunotype. in contrast, in vitro-produced bacterins produced immunotype-specific protection. | 1977 | 931141 |
| correlation between the ability of haemophilus paragallinarum to acquire ovotransferrin-bound iron and the expression of ovotransferrin-specific receptors. | to investigate the mechanisms of iron acquisition in avian haemophili, strains of haemophilus paragallinarum and h. avium were tested for siderophore production and utilization of transferrin iron for growth. no evidence of siderophore production was detected in either of these species using a functional screening assay. h. paragallinarum, but not strains of h. avium, was able to acquire iron from 30% saturated chicken and turkey transferrins but not from human, porcine, or bovine transferrins. ... | 1992 | 1417595 |
| serotyping of haemophilus paragallinarum isolated in malaysia. | | 1992 | 1606267 |
| production, characterization and protective effect of monoclonal antibodies to haemophilus paragallinarum serotype a. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to haemophilus paragallinarum serotype a were obtained by fusion of murine myeloma cells (p3-x63-ag8-u1) and spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized with whole cells of strain 221. enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with whole cells was used to show that the monoclonal antibodies are specific for serotype a of h. paragallinarum. four monoclonal antibodies indicated hemagglutination-inhibition (hai) activity against serotype a; their titers were 10(4)-10(5). by western ... | 1991 | 1715621 |
| characterization and use of monoclonal antibodies to identify haemophilus paragallinarum serovars. | two serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to haemophilus paragallinarum serovars a/1 and c/2 strains, respectively, were developed and characterized by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and dot-blotting tests using representative h. paragallinarum serovars a/1, b, and c/2 strains. in both the hi and dot-blotting tests, one mab (e5c12d10), raised against strain 221, serovar a/1, reacted only with serovar a/1 strains, while the other mab (f2e6), raised against strain s1 of serovar c/2, reac ... | 1990 | 2138887 |
| pathogenicity and serovar-specific hemagglutinating antigens of haemophilus paragallinarum serovar b strains. | the pathogenicity and presence of serovar-specific hemagglutinating (ha) antigens of haemophilus paragallinarum serovar b reference strains 0222 and spross and field isolates 24268 and 24317 were investigated. chickens challenged with all strains except strain 0222 showed clinical signs of infectious coryza. for all four strains, challenged chickens had intrasinus lesions and were colonized by the challenge organism. before and after hyaluronidase treatment, strains 0222, 24268, and 24317 showed ... | 1990 | 2149263 |
| proposal of a new serovar and altered nomenclature for haemophilus paragallinarum in the kume hemagglutinin scheme. | by using the kume hemagglutinin serotyping scheme, 13 australian isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum were shown to constitute a new serovar within the presently termed serogroup ii. because of the likelihood that new serovars will continue to be established, we propose a rationalization of the nomenclature of the kume scheme. under this altered scheme, the three recognized serogroups i, ii, and iii are renamed a, c, and b, respectively. within each of the serogroups, the serovars are numbered ... | 1990 | 2199492 |
| serotyping of haemophilus paragallinarum by the page scheme: comparison of the use of agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. | seventy-two isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum were serotyped according to the page scheme, using a new hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test. the results were compared with the plate agglutination method conventionally used in the page scheme. the hi test used washed cells of h. paragallinarum, glutaraldehyde-fixed chicken erythrocytes, and rabbit antisera originally produced for the agglutination method. for 49 of the isolates, there was complete correlation between the results of the hi s ... | 1990 | 2241694 |
| monoclonal antibody characterization of two field strains of haemophilus paragallinarum isolated from vaccinated layer hens. | an oil-based bacterin, containing strains 083 and 0222 of haemophilus paragallinarum, is commonly used in south africa to vaccinate laying flocks against infectious coryza. two strains of h. paragallinarum, designated m85 and sb86, were isolated from infected but vaccinated commercial laying flocks in two incidental outbreaks of coryza in 1985 and 1986. a panel of five monoclonal antibodies was established which clearly distinguished the vaccine strains from the field isolates. one of these reac ... | 1989 | 2751552 |
| comparison of hemagglutinin and agglutinin schemes for the serological classification of haemophilus paragallinarum and proposal of a new hemagglutinin serovar. | ninety-five isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum were classified serologically by a hemagglutinin serotyping scheme, and the results were compared with results from agglutinin serotyping of the same isolates. of the isolates, 65 were from australia, 5 were from japan, 6 were from the federal republic of germany, 7 were from the united states, and 12 were from south africa. seven hemagglutinin serovars, ha-1 to ha-7, corresponding to agglutinin serovars a (ha-1, ha-2, and ha-3), c (ha-4, ha-5, ... | 1989 | 2768440 |
| hemagglutinating activity and immunological properties of haemophilus paragallinarum field isolates in japan. | four field isolates (s4, s10, s15, and s17) of haemophilus paragallinarum were recovered from chickens affected with infectious coryza in widely separated regions of japan. their hemagglutinating (ha) activity and immunological properties were compared with those of strain 221 of serovar a/1 and strains modesto and s1 of serovar c/2. when treated with potassium thiocyanate or hyaluronidase, all the isolates showed ha activity against formaldehyde-fixed chicken erythrocytes but not against fresh ... | 1989 | 2775098 |
| evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, the serum plate agglutination test, and the hemagglutination-inhibition test for antibodies formed in response to mycoplasma gallisepticum. | two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits, seven serum plate agglutination (spa) antigens, and the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test for antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were compared for sensitivity and specificity using known mg-positive and mg-negative sera from leghorn chickens. all spa antigens proved to be highly sensitive when testing mg-positive sera. laboratory-prepared spa antigens yielded fewer positive reactions when testing mg-negative sera than co ... | 1988 | 3041957 |
| serological response of chickens either vaccinated or artificially infected with haemophilus paragallinarum. | the serological response of chickens either vaccinated or artificially infected with haemophilus paragallinarum (hpg) serovar a or c was investigated using both a specific hemagglutinin (ha) antigen and a common ha antigen. with hpg serovar a, both vaccinated and artificially infected chickens produced hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies to hpg serovar-specific and hpg common ha antigens. most chickens vaccinated with hpg serovar c had detectable hi antibodies to both types of ha antigen ... | 1988 | 3401174 |
| antibacterial activities of new nitrofuran derivatives on mycoplasm gallisepticum and haemophilus gallinarum. | | 1970 | 4191833 |
| infectious coryza of chickens. v. influence of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection on chicken infected with haemophilus gallinarum. | | 1965 | 5871448 |
| serological classification of australian isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum. | thirty-nine australian isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum were compared serologically with 3 reference serotype strains of h. paragallinarum using a plate agglutination test. twenty-eight of the isolates were serotype c, 5 were serotype a, while the remaining 6 isolates could not be assigned to a serotype. | 1984 | 6210076 |
| performance of 3 successive generations of specified-pathogenfree chickens maintained as a closed flock. | no antibodies against salmonella pullorum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, haemophilus gallinarum, fowl pox virus, marek's disease virus, herpes virus of turkey, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, avian leukosis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and newcastle disease virus were detectable in the sera obtained from these chickens in 3 generations at various ages. antibodies against i ... | 1980 | 6253742 |
| [in vivo effectiveness of the sulfonamide sulfachlorpyridazine (scp) and of the combination of sulfachlorpyridazine and trimethoprim (scp + tmp) against haemophilus paragallinarum]. | | 1983 | 6347605 |
| clearance of the challenge organisms from the upper respiratory tract of chickens injected with an inactivated haemophilus paragallinarum vaccine. | | 1984 | 6521144 |
| immunologic properties of variants dissociated from serotype 1 haemophilus paragallinarum strains. | | 1984 | 6737827 |
| further characterization of haemophilus paragallinarum and haemophilus avium. | a total of 60 isolates of haemophilus spp. from chickens, including four reference strains of h. paragallinarum and one of h. avium, were examined for their physiological and biochemical properties. the isolates could be placed into two groups. one group was identified as h. paragallinarum and consisted of 43 isolates including the four reference strains of h. paragallinarum. the other group was identified as h. avium and consisted of 17 isolates including the reference strain of h. avium. h. av ... | 1982 | 6758314 |
| adhesion of haemophilus paragallinarum to cultured chicken cells. | adhesion of haemophilus paragallinarum to chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) in vitro was investigated in correlation with its virulence. under the scanning electron microscope, the organisms were seen adhering to cef exposed to the bacteria. by transmission electron microscopy, the organisms appeared to attach to the plasma membrane of cef by their fuzzy material. they were enclosed in membrane-limited vesicles and appeared morphologically intact. specific fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasm o ... | 1982 | 7167062 |
| hemagglutination inhibition of haemophilus paragallinarum type 1 hemagglutinin by lipopolysaccharide. | | 1981 | 7332131 |
| latex agglutination test for measurement of type-specific antibody to haemophilus paragallinarum in chickens. | a latex agglutination test employing serotype-specific haemophilus paragallinarum polysaccharides as the antigen has been developed. it can be used to measure the antigen-antibody reaction in chicken sera when spontaneous latex particle agglutinin is removed without loss of detectable antibody by kaolin pretreatment. the test was tried to detect the serological response in immunized chickens with two different serotype strains of h. paragallinarum; it could detect the type-specific antibody, and ... | 1981 | 7337616 |
| characterization of haemophilus paragallinarum isolated in the philippines. | in 1989 and 1990, we isolated five strains of haemophilus paragallinarum in the philippines. serological studies were done on three of these isolates. the results of haemagglutination, reactability to monoclonal antibodies and cross immunization with standard strains showed that they belonged to serotypes a, b and c respectively. this is the first report on the isolation of h. paragallinarum and on a related serological study in the philippines. | 1994 | 7865575 |
| isolation and characterization of a haemophilus paragallinarum mutant that lacks a hemagglutinating antigen. | in an in vivo cross-protection test with haemophilus paragallinarum strains of serovars b and c, we isolated and characterized a mutant strain, s1m, which lacked a hemagglutinating (ha) antigen when compared biologically and immunologically with isogenic strain s1. unlike the isogenic strain s1, the mutant strain s1m lacked ha activity against formaldehyde-fixed chicken erythrocytes, even after hyaluronidase treatment, and it did not stimulate hemagglutination-inhibition antibody in chickens imm ... | 1993 | 8141756 |
| purification of hemagglutinin from haemophilus paragallinarum using monoclonal antibody. | the purification of hemagglutinin from haemophilus paragallinarum was attempted using affinity chromatography with monoclonal antibody. the antigen eluted from the affinity column using potassium thiocyanate buffer agglutinated chicken erythrocytes. in immunoblotting of the eluted antigen, a single band with monoclonal antibody was found as well as the crude antigen. when the chickens were immunized with the eluted antigen, they produced the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody, and they sh ... | 1993 | 8451834 |
| the effect of route of inoculation on protection by killed vaccines in chickens. | the effect of various routes of immunization on protection against challenge by virulent agents was examined in chickens. chickens were immunized intratracheally, intranasally, per os, by crop gavage, and intramuscularly. agents examined were killed haemophilus paragallinarum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, and infectious bursal disease virus. results of immunization by intratracheal administration were equivalent to those produced by parenteral administration. all vaccines effectively induced produc ... | 1995 | 8561734 |
| effects of transformation on the hemagglutinins of haemophilus paragallinarum. | strain 0083 and two field isolates of h. paragallinarum were previously converted into nad-independent organisms by the use of crude dna extractions from naturally occurring nad-independent h. paragallinarum isolates. two of these transformed isolates [0083(t) and a745(t)] were used as dna donors in another transformation experiment in which another field isolate (m85) was used as the dna recipient. transformation was confirmed by lack of nad requirement for growth, by carbohydrate fermentation ... | 1995 | 8668324 |
| development and application of dna probes and pcr tests for haemophilus paragallinarum. | a genomic dna library of haemophilus paragallinarum strain modesto was created. screening of this library identified four clones that reacted specifically with all 56 isolates of h. paragallinarum tested and failed to react with 24 closely related bacteria from the genera pasteurella and actinobacillus. all four clones also failed to react with dna extracted from one field isolate each of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. the probes based on these four clones were approximately 1 ... | 1996 | 8790892 |
| confirmation that pcr can be used to identify nad-dependent and nad-independent haemophilus paragallinarum isolates. | seventy five bacteria tentatively identified as haemophilus paragallinarum (the causative agent of infectious coryza), eight identified as ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and 13 identified as nad-independent pasteurella species were isolated from chickens with respiratory infection in various provinces in south africa. the isolates were characterized by conventional biochemical and serological methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay specific for h. paragallinarum was used to identify th ... | 1999 | 10396764 |
| infectious coryza: overview of the disease and new diagnostic options. | infectious coryza is a well-recognized and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease of chickens that is caused by the bacterium haemophilus paragallinarum. the occurrence of recent outbreaks in north america has emphasized that the disease can be significant in meat chickens as well as layer chickens. in developing countries, coryza is commonly complicated by the presence of a range of other infections, resulting in severe disease and significant economic losses. unusual forms of the ... | 1999 | 10515906 |
| virulence of south african isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum. part 2: naturally occurring nad-independent field isolates. | naturally occurring nad-independent variants of haemophilus paragallinarum, which have been isolates from poultry showing clinical signs of infectious coryza, were used to determine their virulence using a newly developed challenge model for infectious coryza. it was established that the nad-independent isolates belonging to a particular serogroup, were less virulent when compared to the virulence of the nad-dependent isolates from the same serogroup. it was shown that the virulence of the nad-i ... | 2002 | 12234004 |
| evidence of possible evasion of protective immunity by nad-independent isolates of haemophilus paragallinarum in poultry. | an indication of the ability of nad-independent variants of haemophilus paragallinarum to evade the immune system has been obtained from data obtained from several experiments. firstly, it was noted that there was a difference in the serovar distribution between the nad-dependent isolates in the 1990s and the nad-independent isolates, as there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serogroup a nad-dependent isolates. this can possibly be attributed to the extensive use of vaccines. on th ... | 2004 | 15185575 |
| haemophilus paragallinarum secretes metalloproteases. | haemophilus paragallinarum secretes metalloproteases into different culture media lacking serum. secreted proteins, concentrated by precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate ((nh(4))(2)so(4)) or methanol, displayed proteolytic activity at >100 kda molecular mass in 10% polyacrylamide gels co-polymerized with porcine gelatin (0.1%). they were active in a broad ph range (4-9); ph 7.5 being the optimum. protease activity was inhibited by 20 mmol edta/l and reactivated by calcium. the proteolytic act ... | 2005 | 16333350 |
| avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., isolated from valvular endocarditis in chickens. | a novel species of the pasteurellaceae, avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., is proposed based upon characterization of 27 isolates from valvular endocarditis in adult broiler parents. all isolates shared the same pfge type after digestion of dna with smai and xbai. in addition, all isolates meet the phenotypic characters for the genus avibacterium. separation of the novel species from other species of avibacterium was possible by means of tests for catalase, symbiotic growth, aerobic growth on ... | 2007 | 17684246 |
| amplified 16s ribosomal dna restriction analysis for identification of avibacterium paragallinarum. | a molecular technique based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 16s ribosomal genes amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr), referred to as amplified 16s ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra), was designed to identify 19 avibacterium paragallinarum strains isolated from infraorbital sinus and nasal turbinate bone samples of broiler chickens, breeders, and laying hens from different regions of peru. the 16s rdna was amplified by pcr using a pair of bacterial univers ... | 2008 | 18459296 |
| evaluation of inactivated infectious coryza vaccines in chickens challenged by serovar b strains of haemophilus paragallinarum. | four monovalent experimental vaccines (vi, v2, v3 and v7) containing an argentinean serovar b strain (h8) of haemophilus paragallinarum and three different commercial vaccines, either bivalent (v4 and v5) containing serovars a and c, or trivalent (v6) containing serovars a, b and c were administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes as a single or double dose (at 3-week intervals) to chickens of between 6 and 10 weeks. three to 7 weeks after the last vaccination, vaccinated and non-vaccina ... | 1997 | 18483913 |
| identification and characterization of haemagglutinin epitopes of avibacterium paragallinarum serovar c. | the objectives of this study were to identify haemagglutinin (ha) epitopes of avibacterium paragallinarum serovar c that are capable of eliciting haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody, and to investigate their immunogenic role. three conformational epitopes were detected on ha by blocking elisa and immuno-dot blot analysis using a panel of five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with hi activity, designated 8c1c, 4g8b, 24e4d, 11e11b, and 10d1a. the minimum dna regions coding these three epitopes ... | 2008 | 18514440 |
| nad (v-factor)-independent and typical haemophilus paragallinarum infection in commercial chickens: a five year field study. | an unusual bacterium causing respiratory disease in chickens emerged in south africa in february 1989. the disease resembled infectious coryza but the organism differed from typical haemophilus paragallinarum especially in that it did not require v-factor for growth. it has been termed an nad-independent h. paragallinarum. a study of avian haemophili isolated from diseased chickens in kwazulu-natal over the past five years revealed the presence of typical h. paragallinarum, nad-independent h. pa ... | 1995 | 18645802 |
| an upper respiratory disease of commercial chickens resembling infectious coryza, but caused by a v factor-independent bacterium. | from early 1989 the emergence of an infectious bacterial disease resembling infectious coryza was seen in several commercial chicken flocks in natal province of south africa. clinical signs were facial swelling and nasal discharge. an organism was routinely isolated from the infra-orbital sinus or trachea of infected chickens. the organism was found to be a gram-negative rod, non-motile, v factor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nad)-independent, catalase negative, oxidase positive and urease ... | 1992 | 18670957 |
| [differentiation of haemophilus strains isolated from chickens. iv. studies on the dissociation of haemophilus paragallinarum]. | bacteria of 2 phenotypic forms of one strain of haemophilus paragallinarum were morphologically, culturally, biochemically and serologically investigated. on transparent solid media bacteria of the m variant (mucoid) were capsulated and showed iridescence in oblique transmitted light throughout the first 8-14 hours of incubation. iridescence disappeared completely after 36 hours incubation. bacteria of this variant formed stable homogeneous suspensions in 0.15 m nacl and an homogeneous cloudines ... | 1976 | 18777329 |
| safety and efficacy of water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccines containing newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. | subunit vaccines containing haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein of newcastle disease virus (ndv), formulated as water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions, were prepared. first, the suitable constituents of a w/o/w emulsion adjuvant were investigated with polyvalent vaccines using ndv, infectious bronchitis virus and haemophilus paragallinarum. the w/o/w emulsion adjuvant, composed of the antigen in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate, polyso ... | 2001 | 19184940 |
| evaluation of two experimental infection models for avibacterium paragallinarum. | the clinical symptoms of infectious coryza are multiple and include nasal discharge, facial swelling, lacrimation, and anorexia. in general, the disease is not fatal to chicken; so, in experiments where animals are infected with avibacterium paragallinarum, there have been debates about conducting the challenge model and evaluating the clinical signs. in this experiment, 150 chickens, aged 30 days, were randomly divided into different groups. some groups were infected with the 'in-contact' chall ... | 2010 | 19729253 |
| analysis of the biosynthesis genes and chemical components of the capsule of avibacterium paragallinarum. | the aim of this study was to investigate biosynthesis genes and chemical components of the capsule of avibacterium paragallinarum. the sequence of a 10-kb region containing the capsule biosynthetic locus of av. paragallinarum was determined. two reference strains, i.e., 221 (serovar a) and h18 (serovar c), together with four taiwanese field strains (all serovar c) were sequenced. the results showed that there are two genotypes (i and ii) of the capsule biosynthetic locus in av. paragallinarum, a ... | 2010 | 20362405 |
| recombinant proteins containing the hypervariable region of the haemagglutinin protect chickens against challenge with avibacterium paragallinarum. | the haemagglutinin (ha) protein plays a key role in the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of avibacterium paragallinarum, but the domain organization and antigenicity exhibited by different domains of this protein remain unknown. this study reports the presence of a hypervariable region in the ha proteins of strains of serovars a and c of a. paragallinarum. this hypervariable region is located approximately at residues 1100-1600 of the ha protein. the sequence identity found in this hypervariable ... | 2010 | 21115052 |
| infectious coryza in chickens in great britain. | | 2010 | 21262677 |