| the chemiluminescent detection of leptospiral antigen. | the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using enhanced chemiluminescence for the rapid detection of leptospiral antigen (l. interrogans serovar hardjo) in biological fluids, and to assess the suitability of such an assay for the early diagnosis of human leptospiral infections. the limit of detection for homologous antigen in phosphate buffered saline was 9 x 10(4) leptospires/ml. in human blood the sensitivity remained unchanged throughout the sampling time, (1.8 x 10(5) lept ... | 1992 | 1486231 |
| [the mechanisms maintaining epidemic foci of leptospirosis]. | 24,419 samples of blood serum, collected in the azerbaijan ssr among different professional groups of the population, have been tested for leptospirosis. the comparison of the results with those obtained in the natural foci of leptospirosis and in the foci of this infection appearing as a consequence of human activities has made it possible to come to the conclusion that the epidemic foci of leptospirosis are maintained due to the existence of foci among cattle. the cases of contamination among ... | 1991 | 1830996 |
| leptospirosis. epidemiological features of a sporadic case. | leptospirosis occurred in a 45-year-old man with presumed infection from an exposure to contaminated water at his source of employment. an intensive epidemiological investigation, including serological examination of all family members and pets and cultures on the patient and his family pets (cats and dogs), proved that the leptospiral organism was acquired by the patient's exposure to his dogs. the risk of acquiring infection from dogs that are asymptomatic and vaccinated is emphasized by this ... | 1989 | 2764659 |
| antigens recognised by the human immune response to infection with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. | serum samples from patients infected with leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (mat), enzyme immunoassay (eia) and immunoblotting. there was no apparent correlation between mat titre and eia optical density (od) for individual serum samples, but sequential serum samples produced similar profiles in both tests during the course of an infection. immunoblotting of hardjo sonicate with patients' sera revealed reactions with a number of bands, in the ... | 1988 | 3282073 |
| role of specific antibody in interaction of leptospires with human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. | it has previously been shown that human neutrophils ingest and kill nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa in the absence of serum but that pathogenic leptospira interrogans is not ingested by neutrophils even in the presence of normal serum. we extended this study by examining the interactions of human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages with pathogenic l. interrogans (serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) and evaluating the opsonizing effect of serotype-specific immune serum on the phagocytosis of pat ... | 1984 | 6500713 |
| a report on the isolation of leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae serovar from man. | | 1993 | 8276483 |
| identification of a reservoir of leptospira interrogans serovar muenchen in voles (microtus agrestis and clethrionomys glareolus) in england. | infection with leptospires of the australis serogroup is widespread in voles in southern england and the serovar identification of five randomly-selected isolates was determined by cross agglutination absorption. two isolates from short-tailed voles (microtus agrestis) and three isolates from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) were all identified as serovar muenchen. the only previous isolation of this serovar is that from a human in germany. | 1983 | 6372316 |
| rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis using the igm-specific dot-elisa: comparison with the microscopic agglutination test. | the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was compared to the microscopic agglutination test (ma test) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. of 177 sera from 68 soldiers who trained in the republic of panama, 102 sera were positive in the ma test and 93 of these sera were positive in the igm-specific dot-elisa. incidence of infection was 50 of 68 patients with the ma test and 48 of 68 in the igm dot-elisa. five ma test-positive sera were reactive only in the igg-specific dot-elis ... | 1985 | 3885773 |
| human leptospirosis in an area of central italy: results from a serological survey. | the results of a serosurvey for leptospiral antibodies in a random sample of healthy subjects are reported. the study was carried out in an area where a waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis, due to leptospires of serogroup australis, had occurred a month before. sera were tested with the microagglutination technique. leptospiral agglutinins were found in 13.8% of tested subjects, mostly in adult females. the highest prevalence rate was observed for serovar lora belonging to serogroup australis. ... | 1987 | 3663338 |
| serological studies of british leptospiral isolates of the sejroe serogroup. iii. the distribution of leptospires of the sejroe serogroup in the british isles. | some 94 strains of leptospires belonging to the sejroe serogroup isolated in the british isles were identified to the serovar level using specific factor sera. seventy strains were identified as leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 66 from cattle, 2 from pigs and 1 each from a sheep foetus and a human. twenty-four strains were identified as l. interrogans serovar saxkoebing, most strains were isolated from either wood mice, bank or field voles but strains were also isolated from badgers, a fox ... | 1987 | 3609169 |
| human-to-human transmission of leptospira interrogans by milk. | | 1988 | 3392418 |
| [serological study of the ocular complications of human leptospirosis]. | | 1988 | 3194619 |
| human leptospirosis--a review of 50 cases. | epidemiological and clinical aspects of 50 consecutive patients, 47 adults and three children, hospitalized between 1977 and 1987 for human leptospirosis, were reviewed. 45 (90%) of the patients were from rural regions. 32 (64%) cases occurred in individuals at occupational risk for the infection. 35 (70%) cases were registered in the warm season. the source of infection was known in 34 (68%) cases. weil's disease was diagnosed in 31 (62%) patients, aseptic meningitis in 12 (24%) and acute unexp ... | 1989 | 2921094 |
| first human isolate of leptospira interrogans as serovar bratislava in italy. | a strain of leptospira interrogans was isolated from a patient suffering from leptospirosis and was typed by the cross agglutination absorption test using monoclonal antibodies prepared against different serovars of the australis serogroup. this newly isolated strain belonged to serovar bratislava. it is the first reported isolation from man, in italy, of leptospira bratislava, thus supporting the emerging role of this serovar in human leptospirosis. | 1989 | 2627502 |
| [the improvement of immunobiological preparations against leptospirosis. an experimental study of a new concentrated purified vaccine against icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis for human immunization]. | the findings of the study of immunological structure of the population in regions endemic for leptospirosis indicate that the immune status of humans makes it impossible to obtain titrated blood sera for the preparation of antileptospirosis immunoglobulin. the data obtained in the study of the immunobiological properties of a new concentrated vaccine against icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis show the possibility of using this vaccine for the immunization of donors with the aim of obtaining blood s ... | 1990 | 2343683 |
| purification and characterization of a protein antigen from leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, common to a wide range of bacteria. | a protein with a molecular mass of 64 kda (p64) from leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was partially purified by using successively, phase partitioning with triton x-114, ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation. purification to homogeneity was obtained by electroelution of p64 from sds-polyacrylamide gels. monospecific rabbit antiserum (r alpha p64) was prepared using the purified protein preparation. p64 had a native molecular mass of greater than 670 kda and was rec ... | 1990 | 2283504 |
| [seroepidemiological studies of zoonotic infections in hunters in southeastern austria--prevalences, risk factors, and preventive methods]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences to zoonotic pathogens in hunters, to propose preventive measures and to obtain more information about the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in local wild animal populations. from 146 male and 3 female hunters originating from the south-eastern austrian federal states of styria and burgenland blood samples were taken and anamnestic data were obtained using a questionnaire. the serological investigations included the following viral, bact ... | 2003 | 12894685 |
| leptospires in rattus spp. on barbados. | among 138 rattus norvegicus and 98 r. rattus trapped on barbados in 1964-65 and examined for evidence of leptospiral infection, seropositivity prevalence rates were similar (34 and 30%, respectively), but isolation/dark field microscopy rates were higher in r. norvegicus (27%) than r. rattus (15%). r. norvegicus carried mainly serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae and r. rattus mainly serogroup autumnalis. these two serogroups cause 90% of severe human leptospirosis on the island. | 1991 | 2023284 |
| antigens recognized by the human immune response to severe leptospirosis in barbados. | serum samples obtained from patients hospitalized in barbados with severe leptospirosis were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (mat), enzyme immunoassay (eia) and immunoblotting with leptospires that had been isolated from these patients. while serum samples taken a few days after onset of symptoms often showed no apparent correlation between mat and eia, later sequential serum samples produced similar profiles in both tests during the course of infection. immunoblotting sonicate from ... | 1991 | 1879481 |
| diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central georgia. | serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (canis latrans) in south-central georgia (usa). prevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (p = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in ... | 1992 | 1474655 |
| [investigation of microbicidal activity of neutrophil defensins against leptospires]. | defensins play an important role in oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms of neutrophils. they are effective against many bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. however, the effect of defensins upon leptospires has not been studied. in the present report, human defensins (i.e. hnp, a mixture of hnp1, hnp2 and hnp3 were prepared from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by chromatography on sephadex g-100 and then on biogel p-10. rabbit defensin np1 was purified from rabbit peritoneal granulo ... | 1992 | 1452139 |
| leptospirosis in trinidad and grenada, with special reference to the mongoose. | in trinidad, six leptospira isolates were made from 957 febrile patients between 1968 amd 1972. in addition, cf antibodies were detected in 6-6% of febrile patients and human survey sera collected during this period. in 1972 alone, 10-4% (38/363) of sera examined had cf titres consistent with positive exposure to the disease. grenada does not report leptospirosis, but the disease is common in mongooses in both trinidad and grenada. serogroups icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona and canicola are present ... | 1976 | 1265819 |
| leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man. | leptospirosis associated with probable l. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of western victoria. thirty-six of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. one of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. microscopic agglutination titres to l. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. there was an associated human infection. | 1977 | 901323 |
| dynamic changes in the epidemiology of canicola fever in israel. natural adaptation of an established serotype to a new reservoir host. | investigation of human leptospirosis caused by the serotype canicola revealed a significant shift in the chain of infection of this disease. the adaptation of an old and well-established serotype to a new and abundant host, the norway rat, provides a new means for spreading and transferring canicola fever to man and farm animals. the changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis described should serve as a warning to epidemiologists responsible for suggesting proper prophylactic measures. | 1977 | 831464 |
| [formation of group and intergroup antibodies in humans with leptospirosis infections]. | the authors studied regularities attending the biosynthesis of group (homologous) and intergroup (heterologous) antibodies in man during the whole cycle of leptospirosis infection, and for three months after it. leptospira of the serological groups pomona, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, hebdomadis, the most prominent in the morbidity structure at present, served as etiological causative agents of the disease. biosynthesis of both homologous and heterologous antibodies had its specific featu ... | 1978 | 567919 |
| leptospira interrogans and leptospira peptidoglycans induce the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from human monocytes. | elevated plasma concentrations of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) have been observed in patients affected by leptospirosis. in this study we found that a preparation of peptidoglycan of leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni, was able to induce the release of tnf alpha from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. tnf alpha induction occurred in a dose dependent manner and was not affected by the endotoxin inhibitor polymixin b. this is the first report on induction of tnf a ... | 1996 | 9026448 |
| differential tlr recognition of leptospiral lipid a and lipopolysaccharide in murine and human cells. | leptospira interrogans is a spirochete that is responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease. this bacterium possesses an unusual lps that has been shown to use tlr2 instead of tlr4 for signaling in human cells. the structure of its lipid a was recently deciphered. although its overall hexa-acylated disaccharide backbone is a classical feature of all lipid a forms, the lipid a of l. interrogans is peculiar. in this article, the functional characterization of this lipid a was studied in compa ... | 2005 | 16237097 |
| survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in abu dhabi, united arab emirates. | prevalence of antibodies against some important disease agents in sera from racing camels in abu dhabi (united arab emirates) is reported. antibodies against brucella abortus were detected in 1.5% of racing camels, but only 0.76% had titres sufficient for the animals to be considered infected. the complement fixation test revealed antibodies against coxiella burnetii (causative agent of q fever) in 7.9% of camels (with a geometrical mean titre of 13) and against parainfluenza virus type 3 in 5.6 ... | 1994 | 7949353 |
| evaluation of the quantitative buffy coat analysis (qbc) system for the detection of leptospira in human blood. | | 1994 | 7667735 |
| efficacy of macrolides and telithromycin against leptospirosis in a hamster model. | human studies support the use of beta-lactams and tetracyclines in the treatment of leptospirosis. additional agents from these and other classes of antimicrobials also have in vitro activity against leptospira species, though corroborating in vivo data are limited or lacking. we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin in a lethal hamster model of leptospirosis using leptospira interrogans serogroup canicola serovar portlandvere. a range of dosages f ... | 2006 | 16723556 |
| leptospira icterohemorrhagiae and leptospire peptidolgycans induce endothelial cell adhesiveness for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | we have examined the effect of the virulent leptospira interrogans strain teramo, serotype icterohemorrhagiae, on the adherence of human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hec). selective pretreatment of hec with intact or sonicated leptospires caused a dose- and time-dependent increase of hec-pmn adhesion (13.2% +/- 2.5% adherence to untreated hec versus 46.3% +/- 5.6% adherence to hec pretreated for 4 h with 10(8) intact leptospi ... | 1995 | 7542637 |
| pathogenic leptospira isolates from the caribbean islands of trinidad, grenada and st. vincent. | all known isolates of leptospira interrogans obtained in trinidad, grenada and st. vincent up to the end of 1979 are listed. there were 80 from trinidad, 20 from grenada and 2 from st. vincent, representing at least 20 serotypes from 11 or more serogroups. six of the serotypes were first reported from trinidad. the leptospires were isolated from man, domestic animals and wildlife species. | 1980 | 7251267 |
| interaction of leptospires with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. | the role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) in defense against leptospires has not been adequately studied, in part, because of difficulty in quantitating pathogenic leptospires. by using pour plates to quantitate nonpathogenic leptospires and the most-probable-number procedure to quantitate the pathogenic leptospires, we examined the interactions of nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa and pathogenic leptospira interrogans serovar icterohemorrhagiae with human neutrophils. phase-contrast, s ... | 1984 | 6715045 |
| evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin m antibody in diagnosis of human leptospiral infection. | the panbio leptospira immunoglobulin m (igm) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is a commercially available screening test for the diagnosis of acute leptospiral infection. the ability of the test to diagnose early or recent leptospira interrogans infection was assessed by testing sera with known microagglutination test (mat) titers to serovars pomona, hardjo, copenhageni, and australis. the igm elisa detected all 41 cases of early or recent leptospiral infection (sensitivity, 100%), with ... | 1997 | 9230359 |
| serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in raccoons from illinois. | the determination of serologic titers to infectious organisms is a valuable tool for quantitating exposure to disease organisms. raccoons (procyon lotor) were live-trapped from september 1989 to october 1993 and samples collected from two distinct locations in west-central illinois (usa); a state recreational facility (park) and privately owned farming property (farm). sera were submitted for testing leptospira interrogans (serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemmorhagiae ... | 1999 | 10231761 |
| epidemiological trend of human leptospirosis in italy between 1994 and 1996. | in the three-year period 1994 1996, 222 reports on human cases of leptospirosis were received by the italian ministry of health. the average annual number of reports was 29.2% lower than in the preceding eight years. in all cases but two the infections were thought to have been acquired in italy. as in previous years, the majority of cases was observed in the northern regions of the country (83.8%), mostly in males (88.9%). cases occurred in all age groups, but were more common in the working-ag ... | 2000 | 10780347 |
| the relationship between rainfall and human leptospirosis in florianópolis, brazil, 1991-1996. | the relationship between serologically confirmed cases of leptospirosis and the amount of rainfall in greater florianôpolis, in southern brazil, was studied retrospectively for the period 1991 to 1996. maximum daily and total monthly rainfall for present and previous months were statistically significant predictors of the number of cases of leptospirosis in poisson regression models. however, daily maximum rainfall data showed a much better model fit than total monthly rainfall. for each millime ... | 2000 | 10934496 |
| identification and partial characterization of a novel hemolysin from leptospira interrogans serovar lai. | it has been suggested that leptospiral hemolysins are important in the virulence and pathogenesis of leptospirosis. we have isolated an escherichia coli clone carrying the 7.8kb dna insert from a genomic library of leptospira interrogans serovar lai by plaque hybridization using a sequence derived from the sphingomyelinase c gene (spha) of l. borgpetersenii. the clone showed a clear beta-hemolytic zone on sheep blood agar and high hemolytic activities on both human and sheep erythrocytes in liqu ... | 2000 | 10974532 |
| [leptospirosis and environment. study of 2 major foci in new caledonia]. | a study of human and animal leptospirosis was carried out in new caledonia's two most important focuses. this survey showed an annual incidence in the human population of 8.8 p. thousand in the nera basin and 0.88 p. thousand in the coulée basin. male adults with agricultural and livestock occupations are the most exposed, especially from march to may, the end of the hot season. frequent contacts with fresh water and animals, and the failure to use of gloves and boots, significantly increase the ... | 1988 | 3231845 |
| identification of the hemolysis-associated protein 1 as a cross-protective immunogen of leptospira interrogans by adenovirus-mediated vaccination. | new vaccine strategies are needed for the prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and animal disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. our previous work determined that a protein leptospiral extract conferred cross-protection in a gerbil model of leptospirosis. the 31- to 34-kda protein fraction of leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis was shown sufficient for this purpose. in the present study, n-terminal sequencing of a 32-kda fraction and southern blotting of genomic dna with corr ... | 2001 | 11598056 |
| rapid translocation of polarized mdck cell monolayers by leptospira interrogans, an invasive but nonintracellular pathogen. | pathogenic spirochetes of the genus leptospira are a major cause of human zoonotic infectious disease worldwide. after gaining entry through the skin, the organism causes disease by hematogenously disseminating to multiple organs. the mechanism by which it penetrates the mammalian cell barriers to disseminate is not well understood. in this study, we used a low-passage-number isolate of leptospira interrogans to elucidate the invasive potential of this spirochete. quantification of bacteria by d ... | 2002 | 12438371 |
| interleukin 12 in part regulates gamma interferon release in human whole blood stimulated with leptospira interrogans. | heat-killed pathogenic leptospira interrogans serovar rachmati induced the production of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and the ifn-gamma-inducing cytokines interleukin-12p40 (il-12p40) and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human whole blood in vitro. the production of ifn-gamma was largely dependent on il-12. these data establish that pathogenic leptospires can stimulate the production of type i cytokines involved in cellular immunity. | 2003 | 12626464 |
| leptospira in slaughtered fattening pigs in southern vietnam: presence of the bacteria in the kidneys and association with morphological findings. | one kidney was collected from each of 32 fattening pigs at an abattoir in southern vietnam in 2001 in order to demonstrate infecting leptospira serovar and to associate renal macro- and microscopic findings with the presence of renal leptospires. leptospires were demonstrated in 22 (69%) of the investigated kidneys by immunofluorescence. multifocal interstitial nephritis (mfin) and gross renal lesions (white spots) were each demonstrated in 24 (75%) kidneys. leptospira interrogans serovar bratis ... | 2003 | 12713897 |
| leptospirosis in india and the rest of the world. | leptospirosis is an acute anthropo-zoonotic infection of worldwide significance caused by spirochaete leptospira interrogans which has 23 serogroups and >200 serovars. various factors influencing the animal activity, suitability of the environment for the survival of the organism and behavorial and occupational habits of human beings can be the determinants of incidence and prevalence of the disease. the disease was considered inconsequential till recently, but it is emerging as an important pub ... | 2003 | 14499041 |
| replication or death: distinct fates of pathogenic leptospira strain lai within macrophages of human or mouse origin. | pathogenic leptospires evoke severe diseases in humans but only cause mild chronic or asymptomatic infection in many host animals. the reasons for this diversity of infection remain unclear. here, we demonstrated that leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain lai had a similar ability to adhere to and enter primary and immortal (thp-1 and j774a.1) macrophages from human and mouse, but its intracellular fate in human macrophages differed markedly from that in mouse. the leptospires resided within ... | 2010 | 19587003 |
| new approach for serological testing for leptospirosis by using detection of leptospira agglutination by flow cytometry light scatter analysis. | leptospirosis is considered an important reemerging infectious disease worldwide. the standard and most widespread method for the diagnosis of leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (mat). this test is laborious and time-consuming, and the interpretation of the results is subjective. in the present work we describe an application of flow cytometry (fcm) as a tool for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. the analysis is based on the sensitivity of fcm to the size and shape of ... | 2004 | 15071025 |
| [clinical reasoning and decision-making in practice. a man with jaundice, renal function disorder, thrombocytopenia, muscular pain and confusion]. | a 51-year-old man became jaundiced, after experiencing flu-like symptoms for a week. on admission anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic and renal function disorders were present. one month previously he had had sinusitis. thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp)/haemolitic-uraemic syndrome (hus) was suspected, but the thrombocyte count rose spontaneously. the leukocytosis indicated an infectious cause of the symptoms and the jaundice appeared to originate from intrahepatic cholestasis. all sym ... | 2004 | 15211963 |
| [immune-functional epitopes and inflammation-inducing effects of the major outer envelope proteins of leptospira interrogans]. | to investigate the immune-functional epitopes and inflammation-inducing effects of the major outer envelope proteins of leptospira interrogans. | 2005 | 15693117 |
| experimental leptospirosis in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus): a new model for studies of severe pulmonary leptospirosis. | experimental infection of marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) with leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni showed microscopic patterns of tissue reactions comparable to those seen in the severe forms of human leptospirosis, including intra-alveolar hemorrhage. the most impressive microscopic changes were seen in the lung and kidney of animals killed at days 6 and 12 after inoculation. there were extensive and irregular areas of hemorrhage predominating around main bronchial branches or diff ... | 2005 | 15728860 |
| serological survey of pre-weaned new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri) for brucellosis and leptospirosis. | to conduct a longitudinal serological survey for evidence of brucella spp and leptospira spp infection of pre-weaned new zealand fur seals in a colony on the otago peninsula. | 2005 | 16317444 |
| evolutionary implication of outer membrane lipoprotein-encoding genes ompl1, upl32 and lipl41 of pathogenic leptospira species. | leptospirosis is recognized as the most widespread zoonosis with a global distribution. in this study, the antigenic variation in leptospira interrogans and leptospira borgpetersenii isolated from human urine and field rat kidney was preliminarily confirmed by microscopic agglutination test using monoclonal antibodies, and was further subjected to amplification and identification of outer membrane lipoproteins with structural gene variation. sequence similarity analysis revealed that these prote ... | 2009 | 19944382 |
| [immunogenicity and protective capacity of leptospiral whole-cell monovalent serogroup ballum vaccines in hamsters]. | leptospira serogroup ballum is at present the first cause of human leptospirosis in cuba. killed whole-cell vaccines were formulated with two clinical isolates of leptospira interrogans serogroup ballum using aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. agglutinins levels induced by each vaccine in hamsters were estimated by microscopic agglutination test and specific igg activities were quantified by a whole cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. homologous and cross protective capacity against letha ... | 2005 | 16502635 |
| an improved multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis for leptospira interrogans serovar australis: a comparison with fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and its use to redefine the molecular epidemiology of this serovar in queensland, australia. | in this study, an improved multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) method based upon a previously published method is described. improvements to the method included redesigned primers and pcr conditions, combined with pooled capillary electrophoresis using multicolored dyes. allele sizes were converted into an allele string, and each unique allele string was assigned a numerical mlva type (mvt). the improved mlva method was then applied to 96 previously characterized lep ... | 2006 | 17030915 |
| a serological investigation of leptospirosis in sows from central thailand. | leptospirosis is a major pig-associated zoonosis worldwide. there are also human occupational disease exposure risks. for better public health and sanitation, the prevalence of this disease was investigated. four hundred sera were obtained from sows in central thailand during august 2004 to january 2005 and examined with 20 reference leptospira serovars by a microscopic agglutination test (mat). the results showed that 10% of samples gave a positive reaction. the most prevalent serovar was gripp ... | 2006 | 17121297 |
| recombinant antigen-based latex agglutination test for rapid serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. | a rapid recombinant antigen-based latex agglutination test (lat) has been developed to detect specific anti-leptospiral antibodies from human and dog sera. the recombinant lipl32 antigen developed and used for detecting the antibodies is specific in detection of the pathogenic serovars of leptospira as the expression of the lipl32 antigen is restricted only to the pathogenic leptospires. the sensitized latex beads are stable and could be stored at 4 degrees c for more than three months without s ... | 2007 | 17186409 |
| a serologic assessment of exposure to viral pathogens and leptospira in an urban raccoon (procyon lotor) population inhabiting a large zoological park. | in urban environments, raccoons (procyon lotor) may act as reservoirs for an array of pathogenic organisms, presenting spillover risks for human, domestic animal, and captive (zoo) animal populations. over 5 yr, 159 raccoons from a high-density raccoon population in st. louis, missouri (usa), were surveyed for exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus 1 (cav-1); feline parvovirus (fpv; =feline panleukopenia), and several serovars of leptospira interrogans. exposure to each of t ... | 2007 | 17469271 |
| ompl1 dna vaccine cross-protects against heterologous leptospira spp. challenge. | available leptospirosis vaccines made up of inactivated bacteria or their membrane components elicit immunity which is serovar specific and unsatisfactory immunological memory. a vaccine that protects across leptospira serogroups/serovars, i.e. broad spectrum, and induces long-lasting memory is needed for both human and veterinary uses. in this study, a plasmid dna vaccine was constructed from cloning gene encoding a transmembrane porin protein, ompl1, of pathogenic leptospira interrogans, serog ... | 2007 | 17891923 |
| molecular detection of leptospira interrogans in human tissues and environmental samples in a lethal case of leptospirosis. | a forensic case of suspected leptospirosis with fatal course was resolved by the molecular detection of leptospira interrogans in postmortem human tissues and in environmental samples. polymerase chain reaction analysis and dna sequencing confirmed the clinical diagnosis of weil syndrome, and the death was considered to be an occupational accident with all the legal implications. | 2008 | 17943302 |
| [alkalinization of human urine for the experimental isolation of leptospiras]. | the effect of different alkalizing agents of urine on the isolation of leptospiras was studied. better results were obtained on using the basic solution of naoh 1n inoculated in urine one hour after being alkalized. | 2005 | 17966481 |
| a dominant clone of leptospira interrogans associated with an outbreak of human leptospirosis in thailand. | a sustained outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in northeast thailand between 1999 and 2003, the basis for which was unknown. | 2007 | 17989782 |
| morphological alterations in the kidney of rats with natural and experimental leptospira infection. | leptospirosis is a widespread anthropozoonosis, with a broad array of mammalian reservoirs, occurring as rural endemics, urban outbreaks related to floods, and emergent disease associated with water sports and recreational exposure in developed countries. rats are the major source of human infection, particularly in urban areas; however few reports have focused on the pathology of leptospirosis in this host. this study reports pathological changes in 60 kidneys from captured wild rats and compar ... | 2007 | 17996544 |
| leptospirosis presenting as acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis. | we report a rare case of a 21-year-old man with leptospirosis mimicking acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis. this case report aims at pointing out the need of taking into consideration the possibility of leptospirosis in patients with an influenza-like syndrome, headache accompanied by acute abdominal pain and a suspicious exposure in order to prevent unnecessary surgical interventions. | 2004 | 18084876 |
| leptospira interrogans is recognized through dc-sign and induces maturation and cytokine production by human dendritic cells. | leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease, caused by pathogenic leptospira species including leptospira interrogans, that causes public health and livestock problems. pathogenesis, immune response and cellular receptors for leptospira are not well understood. interaction of dendritic cells (dcs) with l. interrogans serovar autumnalis l-643 and bl-6 isolated from leptospirosis patients, and both virulent and avirulent serovar pyrogenes 2317 strains isolated from animal were investigated. carbohy ... | 2008 | 18564288 |
| putative outer membrane proteins of leptospira interrogans stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) and express during infection. | cell adhesion molecules (cams) are surface receptors present in eukaryotic cells that mediate cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions. vascular endothelium stimulation in vitro that lead to the upregulation of cams was reported for the pathogenic spirochaetes, including rlic10365 of leptospira interrogans. in this study, we report the cloning of lic10507, lic10508, lic10509 genes of l. interrogans using escherichia coli as a host system. the rational for selecting these sequences is ... | 2008 | 18778767 |
| an immunomagnetic separation-pcr method for detection of pathogenic leptospira in biological fluids. | abstract leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus leptospira. clinical manifestations of leptospirosis are similar to other febrile illnesses and this fact frequently retards the beginning of antibiotic therapy. thus, early and accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite for proper treatment of leptospirosis. antigen and dna-based detection tests offer potential advantage over tests based on antibody detection for early diagnosis of lep ... | 2008 | 18803506 |
| evaluation of the expression and protective potential of leptospiral sphingomyelinases. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution, which affects both animals and humans. pathogenic leptospires, the bacteria that cause this disease, require iron for their growth, and these spirochetes probably use their hemolysins, such as the sphingomyelinases, as a way to obtain this important nutrient from host red blood cells during infection. we expressed and purified the leptospiral sphingomyelinases sph1, sph2, sph4, and sphh in a heterologous system. however, the recombinant ... | 2010 | 19826861 |
| the prophylaxis of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica). | we have already described briefly the portals of entry and of excretion of the pathogenic spirochetes. we may mention here that we have twice prevented epidemics by disinfection of the ground and the removal of the inundated water in certain places in coal mines. in one mine 19 out of 50 workmen, and in another 9 out of 30 workmen came down with weil's disease in about 2 weeks. we have already pointed out that the period during which the pathogenic spirochetes are excreted in the urine continues ... | 1916 | 19868055 |
| whole-genome analysis of leptospira interrogans to identify potential vaccine candidates against leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is an important global human and veterinary health problem. humans can be infected by exposure to chronically infected animals and their environment. an important focus of the current leptospiral research is the identification of outer membrane proteins (omps). due to their location, leptospiral omps are likely to be relevant in host-pathogen interactions, hence their potential ability to stimulate heterologous immunity. the existing whole-genome sequence of leptospira interrogans ... | 2005 | 15766783 |
| a leptospira interrogans enzyme with similarity to yeast ste14p that methylates the 1-phosphate group of lipid a. | distinct from other spirochetes, cells of leptospira interrogans contain orthologues of all the escherichia coli lpx genes required for lipid a biosynthesis, but they synthesize a modified form of lipopolysaccharide that supposedly activates toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) instead of tlr4. the recent determination of the l. interrogans lipid a structure revealed an unprecedented o-methylation of its 1-phosphate group (que-gewirth, n. l. s., ribeiro, a. a., kalb, s. r., cotter, r. j., bulach, d. m., ... | 2005 | 15994324 |
| a clone of leptospira interrogans sensu stricto is the major cause of leptospirosis in the archipelago of andaman and nicobar islands, india. | andaman and nicobar islands in india has a century long history of human leptospirosis. several isolates have been recovered over the years from different locations. the present study was undertaken to understand the clonal relationship between all these pathogenic leptospires recovered from these islands. | 2005 | 16033518 |
| the vitamin k-dependent carboxylase has been acquired by leptospira pathogens and shows altered activity that suggests a role other than protein carboxylation. | leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease whose pathology includes a hemorrhagic response, and sequencing of the leptospira interrogans genome revealed an ortholog of the vitamin k-dependent (vkd) carboxylase as one of several hemostatic proteins present in the bacterium. until now, the vkd carboxylase was known to be present only in the animal kingdom (i.e. metazoans that include mammals, fish, snails, and insects), and this restricted distribution and high sequence similarity between met ... | 2005 | 16061481 |
| leptospiral endostatin-like protein a is a bacterial cell surface receptor for human plasminogen. | the spirochete leptospira interrogans is a highly invasive pathogen of worldwide public health importance. studies from our laboratories and another have demonstrated that l. interrogans can acquire host plasminogen on its surface. exogenous plasminogen activators can then convert bound plasminogen into the functionally active protease plasmin. in this study, we extend upon those observations and report that leptospiral endostatin-like protein a (lena) binds human plasminogen in a dose-dependent ... | 2010 | 20160016 |
| functional characterization of lcpa, a surface-exposed protein of leptospira spp. that binds the human complement regulator c4bp. | we have previously shown that pathogenic leptospiral strains are able to bind c4b binding protein (c4bp). surface-bound c4bp retains its cofactor activity, indicating that acquisition of this complement regulator may contribute to leptospiral serum resistance. in the present study, the abilities of seven recombinant putative leptospiral outer membrane proteins to interact with c4bp were evaluated. the protein encoded by lic11947 interacted with this human complement regulator in a dose-dependent ... | 2010 | 20404075 |
| first isolation of human leptospira strains, azores, portugal. | the aim of this study was the first identification of leptospira isolates from azorean inpatients. | 2010 | 20413339 |
| cross-reactivity of antibodies against leptospiral recurrent uveitis-associated proteins a and b (lrua and lrub) with eye proteins. | infection by leptospira interrogans has been causally associated with human and equine uveitis. studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that leptospiral lipoprotein lrua and lrub are expressed in the eyes of uveitic horses, and that antibodies directed against lrua and lrub react with equine lenticular and retinal extracts, respectively. these reactivities were investigated further by performing immunofluorescent assays on lenticular and retinal tissue sections. incubation of lens tissue s ... | 2010 | 20689825 |
| the ompl37 surface-exposed protein is expressed by pathogenic leptospira during infection and binds skin and vascular elastin. | pathogenic leptospira spp. shed in the urine of reservoir hosts into freshwater can be transmitted to a susceptible host through skin abrasions or mucous membranes causing leptospirosis. the infection process involves the ability of leptospires to adhere to cell surface and extracellular matrix components, a crucial step for dissemination and colonization of host tissues. therefore, the elucidation of novel mediators of host-pathogen interaction is important in the discovery of virulence factors ... | 2010 | 20844573 |
| characterization of conserved combined t and b cell epitopes in leptospira interrogans major outer membrane proteins ompl1 and lipl41. | leptospira interrogans are bacterial pathogens of animal that cause zoonotic infections in human. outer membrane proteins of leptospire are among the most effective antigens which can stimulate remarkable immune responses during the infection processes, and thus are currently considered leading candidate vaccine antigens. the objective of the present study is to predict and confirm major combined b and t cell epitopes of leptospiral outer membrane proteins ompl1 and lipl41, as well as to evaluat ... | 2011 | 21269437 |
| adenosine deaminase activity in serum, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of rats infected with leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. | leptospirosis is a systemic disease of humans and domestic animals, mainly dogs, cattle and swine. the course of human leptospirosis varies from mild to severe fatal forms and the most severe form of human leptospirosis is principally caused by leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (l. icterohaemorrhagiae). the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ada) plays an important role in the production and differentiation of blood cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of ada in se ... | 2011 | 21320715 |
| survival of a pathogenic leptospira serovar in response to combined in vitro ph and temperature stresses. | leptospira interrogans is a zoonotic pathogen hosted commensally by many mammalian species. on the western pacific island of american samoa a seroprevalence survey conducted in 2004 indicated that 17% of subjects tested had been exposed to several leptospira serovars, including l. interogans icterohaemorrhagiae. resource management agencies promoted improved animal waste management practices, including composting, to reduce the risk of water contamination and human exposure from small pig husban ... | 2011 | 21592682 |
| human leptospirosis cases and the prevalence of rats harbouring leptospira interrogans in urban areas of tokyo, japan. | thirteen patients with leptospirosis were identified, as confirmed by laboratory analysis during the last 5 years in our laboratory, who came from urban areas of tokyo, japan. all of the patients came into contact with rats before the onset of illness. seventeen per cent of norway rats captured in the inner cities of tokyo carried leptospires in their kidneys. most of these rat isolates were leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni/icterohaemorrhagiae. antibodies against these serovars and the ... | 2009 | 19528143 |
| the distribution in the human body of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae. | | 1917 | 19868152 |
| etiology of yellow fever : iii. symptomatology and pathological findings in animals experimentally infected. | studies are reported on the type of disease induced in guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys by inoculating them (1) with the blood or organ emulsions of guinea pigs or other susceptible animals experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides, and (2) with a pure culture of the organism. particular attention has been given in these experiments to the clinical features of the experimental infection in the various animals and to the pathological changes resulting from the infection. the symptoms and p ... | 1919 | 19868338 |
| etiology of yellow fever : ix. mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever. | the foregoing experiments show that symptoms and lesions closely resembling those of yellow fever in man may be induced in guinea pigs by the bite of female stegomyias that have previously sucked the blood of a yellow fever patient or of an animal experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides. with mosquitoes infected directly from a yellow fever patient the infectivity seems to become manifest after a longer period of incubation than with those infected with the animal blood. in the former ... | 1919 | 19868367 |