| trypanosomiasis in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis linnaeus, 1758). | a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) moved from a tsetse-free to a tsetse-infested area in kenya was monitored for two months following translocation. the animal acquired a trypanosoma vivax infection from natural tsetse challenge, but survived without requiring treatment with trypanocides. the infection was characterised by moderately high parasitaemia, with symptoms of anaemia, leukopaenia and thrombocytopaenia. although confirmed to be t. vivax through deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation and ... | 1992 | 1305862 |
| the cyclical transmission of a west african strain of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits by glossina morsitans. | | 1973 | 4784095 |
| susceptibility to african trypanosomiasis of n'dama and zebu cattle in an area of glossina morsitans submorsitans challenge. | the use of trypanotolerant livestock is considered to be an important strategy for the control of african animal trypanosomiasis. in order to define the extent of the differences in susceptibility and productivity, 10 zebu cows (a breed considered trypanosusceptible) and 10 n'dama cows (a breed recognised for trypanotolerance) were exposed to a natural field challenge from glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead. the animals were two-and-a-half to three years old and had not been previously exp ... | 1981 | 7340084 |
| susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis. | a comparison was made of the susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with trypanosoma vivax transmitted either by glossina morsitans centralis or by syringe inoculation. three different isolates of t vivax (two from east africa, one from west africa) were used to compare skin reactions, parasitaemia, anaemia and the development of trypanosome-specific antibodies in buffaloes, cattle and goats. african buffaloes reared in captivity in an area free from trypanosomiasis proved to ... | 1986 | 3827994 |
| apparent exhaustion of the variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle. | three groups of cattle, each group comprising six animals, were inoculated intravenously with populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax. the first group received t. vivax clone ildat 1.3 derived from an isolate from nigeria, while the other two received t. vivax stocks il 1875 or il 2133 isolated from coast province, kenya. one animal from the group that was infected with il 1875 died 8 weeks postinfection. the remaining 17 animals became aparasitemic in 8 to 12 weeks without interve ... | 1986 | 3770950 |
| polymerase chain reaction characterization of trypanosomes in glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. tachinoides collected on the game ranch of nazinga, burkina faso. | the polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize the trypanosomes infecting glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. tachinoides in the game ranch of nazinga, burkina faso, situated near an agropastoral zone. dissection of 435 tsetse flies, and pcr analysis of 166 infected flies were conducted to assess the epidemiological situation. trypanosomes of the nannomonas subgenus were the most abundant in the two tsetse species (80.4% and 73.7% of identified infections in g. m. submorsitans and g. ... | 1999 | 9924962 |
| therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle against trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis. | ten boran steers were infected with trypanosoma vivax, transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis; five steers with a t vivax clone from nigeria and five with a t vivax clone from kenya. eleven days after infection all 10 animals were treated with 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride. four steers infected with the nigerian t vivax and all five infected with the kenyan t vivax were completely cured. when different steers received a single prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride and ... | 1987 | 3685643 |
| failure of trypanosoma vivax to generate protective immunity in goats against transmission by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1987 | 3445345 |
| membrane feeding glossina morsitans centralis on livestock blood and its effect on the tsetse susceptibility to pathogenic trypanosome infections. | | 1999 | 10194757 |
| infection rates in sterile males of morsitans, palpalis and fusca groups glossina for pathogenic trypanosoma species from east and west africa. | infection rates in sterile male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g.p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis for trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense and t. brucei isolated from east and west africa, were studied. five groups of the sterile males, together with the five groups of sexually fertile males, of each of the respective species and subspecies were allowed to feed for 24 days on a boran calf or goats infected with t. vivax or t. con ... | 1988 | 2901201 |
| natural and acquired resistance to trypanosoma vivax in cattle. | zebu x european (z x e) crossbred cattle suffered a more severe course of disease than boran cattle when infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans. all z x e animals in this study required berenil treatment while all borans self-cured the infection without treatment. the more severe disease in z x e animals was characterized by longer periods of patent infection and fever, more severe anaemia and greater likelihood of haemorrhage. cattle previously infected and cured with be ... | 1989 | 2619393 |
| trypanosoma vivax: disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle. | five crossbred cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans developed capillary haemorrhages at the onset of parasitaemia, followed by the presence of occult blood in faecal samples and eventually melena. two animals required treatment to survive, on days 13 and 38 respectively. the other three animals cleared their parasitaemias without treatment. packed cell volume (pcv) levels decreased in all animals to levels ranging from 7.5 to 17%. relapse in a treated animal init ... | 1989 | 2619392 |
| differences in sensitivity of kenyan trypanosoma vivax populations to the prophylactic and therapeutic actions of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle. | isometamidium chloride was administered as a single prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 body weight to each of 10 boran (bos indicus) steers. at monthly intervals following drug administration, groups of five cattle each were challenged with one of two different trypanosoma vivax populations transmitted by infected glossina morsitans centralis; one with a stock (il 2982) from galana, kenya and the other with a stock (il 2986) from likoni, kenya. prophylaxis was afforded for less than one month agai ... | 1991 | 2038768 |
| the effect of isometamidium chloride on insect forms of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant stocks of trypanosoma vivax: studies in vitro and in tsetse flies. | isometamidium chloride-resistant and -sensitive trypanosoma vivax insect forms were continuously propagated in vitro without feeder-layer cells in a semi-defined liquid medium at 27 degrees c. the effect of isometamidium chloride (samorin) on t. vivax was assessed by monitoring the viability of epimastigotes and the production of metacyclic forms. populations of insect forms of t. vivax stock il 1392 and clone il 3185 showed reduced growth and died after 10 days when cultivated in the presence o ... | 1991 | 1994365 |
| the decline of a glossina morsitans submorsitans belt in the egbe area of the derived savanna zone, kwara state, nigeria. | in the the early 1970s the egbe area of nigeria was known to be one of high trypanosomiasis risk, with four glossina species g. morsitans submorsitans newstead, g.longipalpis wiedemann, g.palpalis palpalis robineau-desvoidy and g.tachinoides westwood present. grazing by fulani pastoralists used to be short-term and only in the dry season. in recent years these pastoralists have grazed their cattle in the area throughout the year and this has prompted a reappraisal of the tsetse situation. tsetse ... | 1991 | 1768900 |
| long term variations in trypanosome infection rates in highly infected tsetse flies on a cattle route in south-western nigeria. | one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven male and 1988 female glossina morsitans submorsitans were dissected at ogbomosho, on a trade cattle route in south-western nigeria, from june 1970 to august 1973. of male flies, 1307 (65-45%) were infected by trypanosoma vivax trypanosomes, 66 (3-31%) by the subgenus nannomonas (congolense group) and three (0.15%) by the subgenus trypanozoon (brucei group). of flies, 1236 (62-17%) had t. vivax infections, 80 (4-02%) had infections of the subgenus nanno ... | 1977 | 849015 |
| on the interpretation of age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of tsetse flies. | epidemiological models are used to analyse 8 published data sets reporting age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. a model assuming a fixed maturation period and a rate of infection which is independent of fly age is adequate for trypanosoma vivax-type infections, explaining 98% of observed variance in prevalence by site and age, allowing that the rate of infection may be site dependent. this model is not adequate for t. congolense-type infections ... | 1998 | 9509024 |
| the effect of experimental infection of boran cattle in early and mid-pregnancy with trypanosoma vivax. | six susceptible galana and five trypanotolerant orma boran (bos indicus) cattle were infected experimentally with trypanosoma vivax ketri 2501 by cyclical transmission using glossina morsitans during early and mid-pregnancy. four pregnant animals, two of each boran type were used as controls and remained uninfected throughout the study period. three out of the six infected susceptible galana borans aborted, whilst one had a stillborn calf. none of the trypanotolerant orma boran cattle aborted an ... | 1996 | 8791852 |
| a comparison of glossina morsitans centralis originating from tanzania and zambia, with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility. | two laboratory strains of glossina morsitans centralis originating from different fly-belts (one from singida, in tanzania, and the other from mumbwa, in zambia) were compared with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility. the vectorial competence of g.m.centralis of tanzanian origin for trypanosma vivax and t. congolense is similar to, whereas for t.brucei brucei it is lower than the colony of zambian origin. nevertheless, ... | 1995 | 8541585 |
| a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma vivax for different glossina species. | teneral glossina morsitans centralis were fed on the flanks of african buffalo, n'dama or boran cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax il 2337. the infected tsetse were maintained on goats and on day 25 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean mature infection rates (% +/- s.e.) in the tsetse fed on buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle were 34.3 +/- 9.9, 33.7 +/- 13.4 and 58.9 +/- 7.1, respectively. logistic regression analysis indicated ... | 1993 | 8098147 |
| hydrogen peroxide destaining: a new method for removing non-specific stains in nitrocellulose membrane-based dot-elisa for the detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina spp.). | gut samples prepared from laboratory-reared tsetse flies and applied in dots onto nitrocellulose (nc) membrane were found to stain the membrane with differing coloration and intensity. the stains were, predominantly, either reddish to brown or blackish-brown to black and occasionally greenish to almost colourless, depending on the stage of digestion of the bloodmeal in the fly. nc membrane strips applied with tsetse gut samples from t. brucei infected and uninfected control flies were tested wit ... | 1995 | 7490455 |
| studies on the transmission of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1981 | 7275475 |
| studies on the infection rates of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1982 | 7125759 |
| feeding behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei. | the feeding behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei was studied and compared with that of uninfected control tsetse. the following parameters were measured. (1) mean number of feeds taken in 20 consecutive days; (2) mean rate of blood meal intake in microgram/sec of the total days fed; (3) mean weight of blood meal intake/day of the total days fed; (4) mean total blood meal engorgement in 20 days; (5) mean number of probes/day of the ... | 1983 | 6835699 |
| failure of trypanosomal membrane antigens to induce protection against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma vivax or t. brucei in goats and rabbits. | a purified protein, relative molecular weight 83 kilodalton (kd), and plasma membranes from trypanosoma brucei were tested as potential vaccines against tsetse-transmitted t. vivax and t. brucei in goats and rabbits. the 83 kd protein was found in lysates of all clones of t. brucei examined, as well as in lysates of t. vivax, t. congolense and t. rhodesiense. rabbits and goats were immunized with various amounts of antigen in freund's complete adjuvant and boosted twice with antigen in freund's ... | 1984 | 6150617 |
| trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei infection rates in glossina morsitans when maintained in vitro on the blood of goat or calf. | tenerals of glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis were infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei by feeding mainly on infected goats and then maintained either in vivo on uninfected calves, goats or rabbits, or fed in vitro upon heparinised or defibrinated blood of goats or calves for 21 days for t. vivax and t. congolense and 30 days for t. brucei and then dissected. the observed differences in the infection rates for all three trypanosome species maintained on diff ... | 1984 | 6143482 |
| in vitro cultivation of animal-infective forms of a west african trypanosoma vivax stock. | animal-infective forms of a west african trypanosoma vivax stock were grown in culture for three months using minimum essential medium (mem) with earle's salts, supplemented with 20% inactivated goat serum over fibroblast-like cell lines isolated from the embryo of microtus montanus or of an east african galla crossbred goat at 36.5 degrees c and in 4% co2 - 96% air. the bloodstream trypanosomes used to initiate the culture had been isolated from an infected goat. the cultured organisms grown in ... | 1982 | 6126095 |
| studies on transmission of two east african stocks of trypanosoma vivax to cattle, goats, rabbits, rats and mice. | transmission studies were conducted using two trypanosoma vivax stocks isolated from bovines in uganda. parasitaemia was low and transient in rabbits and rats; it persisted for relatively longer in nmri mice. the parasitaemia developed to a peak in a few a/j and balb/c mice; in nmri, c57b and c3h/he it was low and fleeting. lethally irradiated a/j, c57b and c3h/he mice with caesium 137 at 900 gy showed a high peak of parasitaemia; nmri and balb/c mice succumbed very rapidly to a similar radiatio ... | 1982 | 6122363 |
| effects of maintaining glossina morsitans morsitans on different hosts upon the vector's subsequent infection rates with pathogenic trypanosomes. | the percentage infection rates of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans maintained after the infected meal on a cow, goats, rabbit, rats or mice were 88.0, 86.7, 94.8, 76.4 and 6.1, respectively. there were not significant differences between the males and females in this respect. the mortality rates of the tsetse maintained on mice or sheep were relatively high; the infection rate of the few survivors (5%) maintained on the latter host was 44.4%. the rates of t. congolense infection ... | 1981 | 6115552 |
| selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans centralis for trypanosoma congolense infection and their susceptibility to different pathogenic trypanosoma species. | in a single generation of selection, two lines of glossina morsitans centralis were established that differed significantly in susceptibility to trypanosoma congolense clone il 1180. reciprocal crosses demonstrated that susceptibility was a maternally inherited trait. differences between the lines, to all phases of the trypanosome infection, were maintained for eight generations, whereas differences in susceptibility to midgut infections were maintained for twenty-eight generations. thereafter, ... | 1998 | 9824823 |
| study on the sequential tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax infections to african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle. | susceptibility of african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle to sequential glossina morsitans centralis-transmitted infections of trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax was compared, and their possible role as reservoirs of these parasites for g. moristans centralis, g. pallidipes, g. austeni, g. brevipalpis and g. longipennis determined. the buffalo, eland, waterbuck and n'dama controlled t. congolense parasitaemias and were able to prevent anaemia. by contrast, o ... | 1999 | 9950344 |
| comparative study on the infection rates of different glossina species for east and west african trypanosoma vivax stocks. | teneral male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis were fed on the flanks of boran calves infected with trypanosoma vivax stock ilrad 2241 isolated from a cow in likoni, kenya; stock ilrad 2337 isolated from a cow in galana, kenya; stock ilrad 1392 isolated from a cow in nigeria; or, stock eatro 1721 isolated from g. m. submorsitans in nigeria. the tsetse were fed on the infected hosts for 24 days ... | 1987 | 3696778 |
| tsetse challenge, trypanosome and helminth infection in relation to productivity of village ndama cattle in senegal. | data on tsetse fly, and on village ndama cattle collected over a 4-year period in southern senegal, were analysed. a total of 431 ndama cattle in four herds of three villages in the upper casamance area of southern senegal were monitored monthly. glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis are present in the study area. mean tsetse apparent density was 5.4 flies/trap/day. trypanosome (trypanosoma congonlense and trypanosoma vivax) infection rate in flies was 2.4 (s.e. 0.37)% ... | 1999 | 10190867 |
| study on the mechanical transmission by tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis of trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei brucei to goats. | | 2000 | 10643915 |
| the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi. | a survey to update the distribution and clarify the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi was conducted between 1995-97. use was made of parasitological and serological (anti-trypanosomal antibody-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) diagnostic methods. trypanosomal infections were detected in cattle sampled adjacent to known tsetse foci. the distribution of cattle with anti-trypanosomal antibodies indicated that the distribution of bovine trypanosomosis was more widespr ... | 2000 | 10714455 |
| estimation of trypanosomal status by the buffy coat technique and an antibody elisa for assessment of the impact of trypanosomosis on health and productivity of n'dama cattle in the gambia. | the buffy coat/dark ground phase contrast technique (bct) and an indirect antibody enzyme immunoassay (elisa) were employed to assess the trypanosomal status of 32 n'dama cattle, aged 19-28 months, exposed to natural challenge of glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. palpalis gambiensis. prior to the start of the investigation animals experienced 9-16 months of tsetse challenge in the study area. blood and corresponding serum samples were examined monthly for a period of 8 months for patent par ... | 2001 | 11163695 |
| development of an adaptive tsetse population management scheme for the luke community, ethiopia. | since 1996, tsetse (glossina spp.) control operations, using odor-baited traps, have been carried out in the luke area of gurage zone, southwestern ethiopia. glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead was identified as the dominant species in the area, but the presence of glossina fuscipes newstead and glossina pallidipes austen also was recorded. here, we refer to the combined number of these three species and report the work undertaken from october 2002 to october 2004 to render the control syst ... | 2005 | 16465742 |
| age prevalence of trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) on the plateau area of eastern zambia. | trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans were investigated in an area in the eastern province of zambia between 1992 and 1994. a total of 4416 flies were captured, aged using the ovarian ageing method and screened for trypanosomal infections in both the mouthparts, salivary glands and the midgut. congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8% of the flies. vivax-type and immature infections were identified in 1.8% and 6.8% of the flies, respectively. the prevalence of c ... | 2007 | 17933364 |
| a cross-sectional study of trypanosomosis and its vectors in donkeys and mules in northwest ethiopia. | a preliminary study was conducted in january 2009 in four peasant associations (pas) selected from two districts in benishangul gumuz regional state, northwest ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and species of trypanosomes infecting donkeys and mules and identify the fly vectors playing a role in the transmission of trypanosomosis. blood samples were collected from a total of 334 donkeys and 52 mules and examined by dark ground/phase contrast buffy coat technique and giemsa-stained blood sme ... | 2010 | 20143093 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and its fly vectors in three selected settlement areas of hawa-gelan district, western ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the species diversity of fly vectors and estimating the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out from october 2009 to may 2010 in selected settlement areas of the hawa-gelan district in the western wollega zone of ethiopia. standard methods of sampling and identification were employed for both entomological and parasitological examination. three species of the genus glossina (glossina pallidipes, glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossi ... | 2014 | 25686018 |
| molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ... | 2016 | 27216812 |
| the cyclical development of trypanosoma vivax in the tsetse fly involves an asymmetric division. | trypanosoma vivax is the most prevalent trypanosome species in african cattle. it is thought to be transmitted by tsetse flies after cyclical development restricted to the vector mouthparts. here, we investigated the kinetics of t. vivax development in glossina morsitans morsitans by serial dissections over 1 week to reveal differentiation and proliferation stages. after 3 days, stable numbers of attached epimastigotes were seen proliferating by symmetric division in the cibarium and proboscis, ... | 2016 | 27734008 |
| an atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan. | after a long period of neglect, initiatives are being implemented in sudan to control tsetse and trypanosomosis. their planning, execution and monitoring require reliable information on the geographic distribution of the disease and its vectors. however, geo-referenced and harmonized data at the national level are lacking, despite the fact that a number of epidemiological studies were conducted over the years. the atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan tries to fill this gap. | 2016 | 27056678 |
| polymerase chain reaction identification of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in wild tsetse flies from nkhotakota wildlife reserve, malawi. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human african trypanosomiasis. identification of t. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. for the first time in malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in ... | 2017 | 28567189 |
| phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of mursi cattle breed in the bodi and mursi districts of south omo zone, southwest ethiopia. | the study was conducted to characterize the morphological features of mursi cattle breed and to identify the species of trypanosome infecting the cattle and its prevalence in these traditionally managed cattle in the bodi and mursi pastoral communities. cattle body description and measurements were made on 201 matured animals. blood samples were collected from 409 animals into heparin-treated capillary tubes and were centrifuged to 12,000 rpm for 5 min to identify trypanosome species from the we ... | 2015 | 25510298 |