| the seasonal incidence of helminth parasites of cattle in the northern transvaal bushveld. | during a period of 14 months two tracer calves per month were slaughtered after one month's exposure to natural helminth infestation on a farm in the northern transvaal bushveld. total parasitic helminth burdens, which were never large, were determined in order to define their seasonal incidence. the gastro-intestinal parasites that were recovered were bunostomum phlebotomum, cooperia pectinata, cooperia punctata, haemonchus placei, oesophagostomum radiatum and trichostongylus spp. of these coop ... | 1979 | 551181 |
| the experimental transmission of parafilaria bovicola to cattle in south africa using musca species (subgenus eumusca) as intermediate hosts. | in controlled experiments in an insect-free stable, cattle became infected with parafilaria bovicola when musca lusoria, infected with the larvae of this worm, were allowed to feed on a fresh skin incision, and when infective larvae were placed on fresh skin incisions, injected subcutaneously or into the jugular vein, or instilled into the eyes. the sites of blood spots caused by ovipositing p. bovicola females and the sites of carcass lesions were seldom close to the site of infection, an indic ... | 1979 | 582329 |
| studies on parafilaria bovicola tubangui, 1934, 2. chemotherapy and pathology. | the filaricidal effects of trichlorphon, arsenic trioxide, sodium antimony biscathecol disulphonate and nitroxynil against parafilaria bovicola were the subject of this investigation. levamisole hydrochooride was retested in a separate trial to assess the time required for healing after successful treatment. a comparison of carcass lesions and the percentage of lesion area in untreated controls with those in treated animals reconfirmed the efficacy of levamisole hydrochlorice, while nitroxynil g ... | 1977 | 614522 |
| the effect of nitroxynil on parafilaria bovicola infestations in cattle. | | 1978 | 731657 |
| studies on parafilaria bovicola (tubangui 1934). 1. clinical observations and chemotherapy. | a detailed examination on a group of oxen naturally infested with parafilaria bovicola suggested a prepatent period varying from 238 to 250 days. in these animals 54% of all lesions bled only once, 22% a second time and 24% more than twice. of all active lesions 42% occurred in the shoulder region and decreased from this area both cranially and caudally. the same tendency was noticeable on carcasses after slaughter. during the observation period may 1974 to february 1975 the number of positive a ... | 1976 | 994132 |
| preliminary report on the transmission of parafilaria bovicola in south africa. | | 1975 | 1187095 |
| efficacy of ivermectin against parafilaria bovicola and lesion resolution in cattle. | thirty-two cattle were included in a study to confirm the efficacy of ivermectin administered at 200 micrograms kg-1 against parafilaria bovicola and to determine the time required for resolution of the lesions caused by the parasite. four treated and four control animals were slaughtered over 2 days starting 15, 30, 50 or 70 days after treatment. the number, distribution and surface area of carcass lesions, and the weight of tissue trimmed to render the carcasses aesthetically acceptable, were ... | 1991 | 1788933 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics against parafilariosis in cattle. | parafilariosis was first described in south africa in 1964, thereafter being discovered at numerous localities in the country. when it became obvious that parafilaria bovicola, for which no treatment was known, caused considerable economic losses, trials involving a series of compounds were conducted to identify candidate remedies. this paper describes an anthelmintic test for evaluating the efficacy of compounds for registration for field use. recovery of parafilaria worms is impractical for an ... | 1990 | 2216340 |
| seasonal abundance of muscidae (diptera) associated with cattle on a northern transvaal farm. | face flies were collected from cattle over a 14-mo period in an area where parafilaria bovicola tubangui was prevalent. three species of musca known to be vectors of p. bovicola were found. two of the species (musca lusoria wiedeman and m. xanthomelas wiedeman) were collected throughout the year, and m. nevilli kleynhans was abundant only in autumn. | 1989 | 2769718 |
| characterization and purification of parafilaria bovicola antigens by chromatofocusing to enhance specificity in serodiagnosis. | a study was conducted to determine if the purification of parafilaria bovicola antigens can increase the specificity of serodiagnosis of parafilariasis in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antigens released from adult worms of p. bovicola were separated by chromatofocusing on a polybuffer exchanger of the ph range 7.3-4.0 polypeptide analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of four major polypeptides with mws of 41, 36, 24 and 20 kda. additional ... | 1989 | 2815540 |
| preparation and evaluation of the specificity of parafilaria bovicola antigen for detection of specific antibodies by elisa. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies in bovine sera against parafilaria bovicola nematodes was developed and its sensitivity was compared with the immunodiffusion (id) method. an exoantigen of p. bovicola which was shown to contain four major polypeptides was used in these procedures. the serological reactivity of the antigen polypeptides was defined by using the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique (eitb) and whole-worm extract proteins. it ... | 1988 | 3133870 |
| the control of parafilaria bovicola transmission in south africa. | ivermectin treatment of all cattle on a badly infected farm failed to interrupt the transmission of p. bovicola, even though ovipositional blood spots were drastically reduced in numbers for an entire summer season following treatment. regular weekly to fortnightly dipping of all cattle in 50 ppm deltamethrin immediately reduced vector fly numbers to less than 1 fly per cow face. sustained dipping for 9 months effectively reduced p. bovicola transmission from approximately 50% to less than 2%. h ... | 1987 | 3444608 |
| the colonization and life-cycles of musca lusoria, musca xanthomelas and musca nevilli, vectors of parafilaria bovicola in south africa. | thriving, permanent colonies of musca xanthomelas and later of musca nevilli were successfully established. however, because of the low reproduction potential of musca lusoria a small colony only was kept for a limited period until life-cycle studies were completed. larvae were reared on fresh dung from cattle fed lucerne, while in general adults were fed 0.3% citrated ox-blood, whole milk powder, sugar crystals, fresh dung and water. m. nevilli could be colonized only when ox-liver was substitu ... | 1987 | 3444617 |
| treatment with ivermectin of cattle naturally infested with parafilaria bovicola in burundi. | | 1985 | 3838834 |
| the effect of arsenical dips on parafilaria bovicola in artificially infected cattle in south africa. | the possible adverse effect of arsenical tick control dips on parafilaria bovicola infections was investigated in 48 artificially infected cattle. a treatment group of 24 cattle was dipped in a plunge dip containing 1600 ppm arsenic trioxide. a control group of the same size was dipped in an organophosphate dip containing a mixture of chlorfenvinphos and dioxathion. regular weekly to 3-weekly dipping had no effect initially on the prevalence of ovipositional blood spots of p. bovicola in either ... | 1985 | 4088635 |
| the epidemiology of parafilaria bovicola in the transvaal bushveld of south africa. | a total of 20 375 flies collected off cattle on 12 farms over 36 months were identified and examined for 3rd stage p. bovicola. the 3 vector species accounted for 64.1% of the flies collected and were the only fly species found to be infected. musca lusoria was clearly the dominant vector fly, although large numbers of musca sp. a appeared regularly between february and april each year. this phenomenon, coupled with high numbers of m. lusoria throughout most of the year, led to an increase in th ... | 1985 | 4088639 |
| the recovery of parafilaria bovicola tubangui, 1934 from an imported charolais bull. | | 1970 | 5462085 |
| manifestations of bovine parafilariasis. | three bovine carcases displaying inter- and intramuscular, intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic lesions attributable to parafilaria bovicola infestations were selected for further inspection at cato ridge abattoir. the distribution of these lesions in the carcase is described. the condition was confirmed by the presence of eosinophils in scrapings and histological sections of the lesions and by the recovery of the parasite. | 1984 | 6492067 |
| seasonal abundance and distribution of parafilaria bovicola ovipositional blood spots on cattle in south africa. | more than 23 000 cattle of both sexes and different ages were examined for blood spots caused by egg-laying females of p. bovicola. although these studies extended over four years and involved 5 farms in different parts of the transvaal bushveld, the overall results were the same. ovipositional bleeding was strongly seasonal with blood spots first appearing in winter (june), reaching a peak in spring (september-november) and thereafter declining rapidly as summer progressed. in a single year at ... | 1984 | 6493724 |
| the longevity of adult parafilaria bovicola and the persistence of their associated carcass lesions in cattle in south africa. | the slaughter of naturally-infected heifers and oxen at regular intervals after the first p. bovicola ovipositional blood spots appeared revealed that no female worms with embryonated eggs could be found after 259 days, no live worms after 372 days, and no carcass lesions after 519 days. in one bull, however, blood spots and carcass lesions persisted throughout 2 seasons. with the possible exception of bulls, therefore, annual reinfection of cattle appears to be necessary for the continuation of ... | 1984 | 6493725 |
| bovine parafilariasis at the cato ridge abattoir: sex prevalence and districts of origin. | records indicate that parafilaria bovicola-infested cattle slaughtered at the cato ridge abattoir originate from certain areas not previously recorded. furthermore, moderate to severe infestations are diagnosed significantly more frequently in the entire male bovine than in female animals or oxen (castrated males). the data under review cover the period march 1981-august 1982, a period of 18 months. | 1983 | 6668575 |
| efficacy of ivermectin against parafilaria bovicola. | | 1983 | 6688899 |
| parafilaria bovicola (tubangui 1934) established in swedish cattle. | parafilaria bovicola was recorded in swedish cattle for the first time in 1978. the parasite causes carcass lesions with a maximum incidence from february to july but already in the previous november the carcass lesions appear regularly in the form of yellow oedema. in february and onward the oedema may be extensive with a greenish-yellow colour. the lesions are most prominent in bulls and more or less negligible in cows. however, the cows are considered to be important reservoirs for the parasi ... | 1983 | 6878026 |
| parafilaria bovicola (tubangui 1934) in cattle: epizootiology-disease occurrence. | parafilaria bovicola, a filariid nematode affecting cattle, was first identified in sweden in 1978. the parasite (female, 5 to 6 cm long, 500 micrometer wide; male, half that size) is associated with lesions caused when the worm is moving subcutaneously and im, giving rise to condemnation losses of approximately 6 kg of meat in an affected animal at slaughter. several hypotheses were tested in a questionnaire survey among cattle owners in he enzootic area of the disease, attempting to investigat ... | 1982 | 7103185 |
| parafilaria bovicola (tubangui 1934) in cattle: epizootiology-vector studies and experimental transmission of parafilaria bovicola to cattle. | parafilaria bovicola (tubangui 1934), a filarial nematode, causes cutaneous bleedings of live cattle and bruise-like lesions in the subcutaneous and im surfaces of affected carcasses. to determine the vector(s) of this nematode under swedish conditions, a field survey was conducted during the pasture season, may-september 1980. a total of 9,931 insects were collected from cattle and subsequently examined for infective 3rd stage parafilaria larvae. from the fly species collected. musca autumnalis ... | 1982 | 7103186 |
| the effect of a single injection of nitroxynil at 20 mg/kg live mass in the treatment of parafilaria bovicola infestations in cattle. | the efficacy of nitroxynil administered once by subcutaneous injection at a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg live mass was evaluated against natural infestations of parafilaria bovicola in cattle. trial animals were slaughtered 14 weeks after treatment. treatment reduced the number of bleeding points by 97,8%, eosinophil-positive carcass lesions by 85,7% and eosinophil-positive lesion area by 92,8%, compared with controls. | 1982 | 7120274 |
| studies on parafilaria bovicola tubangui, 1934 iii. pathological changes in infested calves. | more lesions were found in the carcass of an animal that has been naturally infested with parafilaria bovicola than in one artificially infested with a single subcutaneous injection of infective larvae of this species. this may be because natural infestations are either more frequent or more successful. similarities in the distribution of lesions in naturally and experimentally infested animals suggest that certain predilection sites may be used by the intermediate fly hosts. subcutaneous areas ... | 1982 | 7122062 |
| the seasonal incidence of helminth parasites of cattle in the eastern transvaal lowveld. | two helminth-free tracer calves were exposed to natural helminth infestation of a farm in the eastern transvaal lowveld for one month. on a nearby farm calves grazed with the herd for at least 3 months before slaughter so that the cumulative worm burden could be determined. the gastro-intestinal parasites increased markedly after rain. the major species and order or prevalence were: cooperia pectinata, cooperia punctata, haemonchus placei and oesophagostomum radiatum; minor species were bunostom ... | 1982 | 7175905 |
| [redescription of the infective stage of the filaria parafilaria bovicola : close relationships between this genus and the thelazia (author's transl)]. | complementary morphologic data on the infective larva of parafilaria bovicola are given. third stage larvae pertaining to the genera parafilaria (filariidae-filariinae) and thelazia (thelaziidae-thelaziinae) show such a great number of common characters that close phylogenetic relationships between both groups can be assumed. | 1981 | 7199269 |
| parafilaria bovicola in cattle and its control. | the areas of infestation, life cycle, lesions, methods of diagnosis and the control of parafilaria bovicola in cattle in south africa are discussed. | 1980 | 7241495 |
| the development of parafilaria bovicola in musca xanthomelas and musca lusoria. | artificially infected adult flies were used in this study. in both musca species, p. bovicola developed in the fat-body cells, mainly of the abdomen. escape from the midgut and penetration of the fat-body cell was possibly achieved by use of the cephalic hook of the microfilaria. at 27 degrees c, development to the 3rd larval stage took 9 days, but maximum length was only reached after 11 days. sharp increases in larval length took place on days 6-7 and on day 9. these sudden increase possibly i ... | 1981 | 7345387 |
| a comparison of sampling methods with respect to cattle-visiting muscidae and their nematode infections. | cattle-visiting muscidae were sampled with a handnet from a blood-smeared masonite panel as well as grazing heifers and dairy cows in south-central sweden. all flies were examined in search of nematodes. only musca autumnalis was infected with nematodes (parafilaria bovicola, thelazia spp. and heterotylenchus autumnalis). the only mixed infections found involved p. bovicola and thelazia spp. most m. autumnalis infected with p. bovicola and thelazia spp. were found during the two first months of ... | 1994 | 7949311 |
| prehibernating musca autumnalis (diptera: muscidae)--an overwintering host for parasitic nematodes. | diapausing face flies, musca autumnalis (de geer), are characterized by the presence of hypertrophied fat bodies (hfb) and arrested ovarian development. a total of 1752 face flies were caught around cattle in south-central sweden during the last 5 weeks of the grazing season, in august-september. females in this material (1139) were examined in search of hfb and to determine their reproductive status. it was assumed a priori that gonoactive flies would not undergo diapause. flies were also disse ... | 1994 | 8073611 |
| redescription of parafilaria bovicola tubangui, 1934 (nematoda: filarioidea) from swedish cattle. | parafilaria bovicola was introduced into sweden and identified for the first time in swedish cattle in 1978. since then the parasite has become well established and has been responsible for substantial economic losses in swedish beef production. although studies have been undertaken on serodiagnosis, life cycle, vector and geographical distribution within sweden this is the first full description of p. bovicola from swedish cattle and the first study to use scanning electron microscopy. p. bulga ... | 2000 | 10920479 |
| [filariases of cattle in ruanda-urundi. iii. parasitological study. a. note on parafilaria bovicola tubangui, and description of two new filariae]. | | 1955 | 13302956 |
| [parafilaria bovicola tubangui 1934 in ruanda-urundi: description of the male]. | | 1950 | 15419541 |
| parafilaria bovicola tubangui 1934 from a human eye in thailand. | a 72 year old thai male; a resident of kapoe district, ranong province, southern thailand presented with conjunctivitis of the left eye. a filariid nematode was recovered from under the medial side of ocular conjunctiva of the left eye. the filariid nematode was identified as a young adult female parafilaria bovicola, based on the following characteristics: no alteration of the transverse striations on the anterior end of the body, the terminal anus and the vulva opening is just posterior to the ... | 2004 | 15916074 |
| [parafilariasis: a new parasitic disease of cattle in the netherlands]. | in march 2007, cutaneous nodules were observed on the neck, shoulder and back of a breeding bull imported from france in november 2006. the nodules opened spontaneously and produced a haemorrhagic exudate. the cause was parafilaria bovicola, a filariid nematode not endemic to the netherlands. the worm can cause substantial economic loss because of the need to trim carcasses and because of the diminished value of hides. the infection is spread by the fly musca autumnalis, which is common in the n ... | 2007 | 18030902 |
| import of parafilaria bovicola in the netherlands. | in march 2007 cutaneous nodules were observed in the neck-, shoulder- and back-region of a breeding bull, imported from france in november 2006. the nodules opened spontaneously and produced a haemorrhagic exudate. after suspicion of parafilariosis, the bull was treated with moxidectin, but without effect. treatment with ivermectin stopped the bleedings. to prevent spread of this imported infection, the bull was euthanised and necropsied. worms were found in the subcutis which could be identifie ... | 2009 | 19135801 |
| first isolation of parafilaria bovicola from clinically affected cattle in belgium. | the observation of the first two outbreaks of bovine parafilariosis in belgium led to a preliminary epidemiological investigation conducted through a telephone survey among veterinarians in a limited area around the outbreaks. typical clinical signs consisting of bleeding spots and areas of oedema were recorded, and the aetiology was confirmed through the observation of typical embryonated eggs of parafilaria bovicola in the exudate. the localisation of the lesions on the withers, neck, back and ... | 2009 | 19448255 |
| first report on parafilaria bovicola (nematoda: filaroidea) in germany. | from september 2008 to april 2009 several cases of spontaneous bleeding and nodules from the back and withers area of cattle otherwise considered as healthy have been reported from several farms in south-western and southern germany. successive investigation of these cases gave strong evidence of parafilaria (p.) bovicola infections due to their seasonal occurrence and specific pathological lesions. there was no history of animal import from endemic countries for the affected cattle herds. in on ... | 2010 | 20304451 |
| Evidence for bovine parafilariosis in Italy: First isolation of Parafilaria bovicola (Tubangui, 1934) from autochthonous cattle. | In May and July 2010 and in March 2011, the presence of multiple bleeding nodules at the level of the neck, shoulders, withers, back and rump in five cattle from three herds in north-central Italy were observed. A diagnosis of parafilariosis was made. Fragments of adult females of Parafilaria bovicola could be identified from the derma of three to five bioptic extirpates. Larvated eggs and free larvae were observed in serohemorrhagic exudates. This paper is the first report of the occurrence of ... | 2011 | 21871737 |
| three cases of parafilaria bovicola infection in belgium, and a few recent epidemiological observations on this emergent disease. | parafilariosis is a vectorborne parasitic disease caused by the development of the nematode parafilaria bovicola in the subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues of cattle. on february 28, 2012, the so-called bleeding spots were observed in two heifers and one bull in a cattle herd close to namur (belgium). the animals had been treated in december with an injectable ivermectin/closantel solution (closamectin pour-on, norbrook lab) at the recommended dosage. samples of serohaemorrhagic ex ... | 2013 | 23264113 |