Publications

[hantavirus infections in belgium].	hantavirus disease is a recently recognised zoonosis. the main vectors are infected but healthy wild rodents or laboratory rats. transmission to man occurs via contact with, or inhalation of aerosolised excretions. the target organs in man are the kidney (old world) or the lung (new world), probably via a local hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. to date, more than 33 different hantaviruses have been characterised, at least 14 of them being of clinical importance. each serotype has it ...	1999	10655777
dynamics of puumala hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles (clethrinomys glareolus).	specific features of hantavirus infection in bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in the endemic area of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the foothills of the ural mountains, using long-term observations on living animals by the capture-mark-recapture (cmr) method. the results demonstrated that the infection naturally circulating in the voles is chronic (lasting for up to 15 months) and asymptomatic, with a peak of puumala virus accumulation and release from the organi ...	1999	10664394
[an epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome morbidity in the republic of bashkortostan in 1997].	the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the republic of bashkortostan, resulting in 10,057 registered cases of the disease (287 cases per 100,000 of the population), was analyzed. hfrs cases among the population were registered in 52 out of 54 regions of bashkortostan. 31% of the total number of patients were the inhabitants of rural regions (170 cases per 100,000) and 69% were urban dwellers (295 cases per 100,000), mainly in ufa (512 cases per 100,000). hfrs morbidity a ...	1999	10876849
a case-control study after a hantavirus infection outbreak in the south of belgium: who is at risk?	puumala is the most common hantavirus serotype in europe and is spread mainly by the red bank vole. between 1 july 1992 and 31 january 1994, an outbreak of puumala virus-induced nephropathia epidemica (ne) occurred in the belgian ardennes. serologically confirmed cases (n = 41) were compared with two groups of asymptomatic seronegative controls. risks identified included sighting of living rodents, exposure to rodent droppings, and trapping rodents during the 4 weeks preceding onset of symptoms. ...	1999	10825047
babesia divergens in france: descriptive and analytical epidemiology.	babesia divergens cause of bovine babesiosis transmitted by ixodes ricinus, is widely spread especially in west, central and south-west parts of france. it occurs with two annual peaks, in spring and autumn. the study was carried out during a period of two years (1991-1993) in four farms in the sarthe area, in order to know the distribution and the ecology of i. ricinus, and to show the presence of b. divergens. cattle are parasitised as early as march essentially by adult ticks, according to a ...	1999	11071546
[radiosensitivity of bank voles living in various geographical regions of the european portion of the ussr].		1999	144293
genetic variation in amount of salivary amylase in the bank vole, clethrionomys glareola.	several investigated bank vole populations are polymorphis for the number of salivary amylase loci, and individual chromosomes may carry one, two or three linked amylase structural genes. in the present study, we have used bank vole stocks homozygous for different chromosomes to investigate the relationship between amylase production and gene number. by measuring the amylase activity in parotid glands and the percentage of amylase protein in saliva, we have been able to demonstrate that the amou ...	1999	94023
molecular evolution of puumala hantavirus in fennoscandia: phylogenetic analysis of strains from two recolonization routes, karelia and denmark.	like other members of the genus hantavirus: in the family bunyaviridae:, puumala virus (puuv) is thought to be co-evolving with its natural host, the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus. to gain insight into the evolutionary history of puuv in northern europe during the last post-glacial period, we have studied wild-type puuv strains originating from areas along two postulated immigration routes of bank voles to fennoscandia. full-length sequences of the s rna segment and partial sequences (nt 216 ...	2000	11086113
nmr spectroscopy based metabonomic studies on the comparative biochemistry of the kidney and urine of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), white toothed shrew (crocidura suaveolens) and the laboratory rat.	the metabolic profiles of three wild mammals that vary in their trophic strategies, the herbivorous bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), the granivorous wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), and the insectivorous white-toothed shrew (crocidura suaveolens), were compared with that of a widely used strain of laboratory rat (sprague dawley). in conjunction with nmr spectroscopic investigations into the urine and blood plasma composition for these mammals, high resolution magic angle spinning (hrmas) 1h ...	2000	11126766
prevalence of igg antibodies response to borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in populations of wild rodents from mazury lakes district region of poland.	three rodent species: clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus flavicollis and microtus arvalis from mazury lakes district of poland were examined for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-labelled protein g assay (elga). c. glareolus had an exceptionally high prevalence of b. burgdorferi antibodies - 58%, but a. flavicollis and m. arvalis also showed significant prevalence of 16.6% and 10.5%, respectively. the elga method is highly specific with good reproducibility. nevertheless, some differen ...	2000	11153035
s-100 protein immunoreactivity in mammalian testis and epididymis.	the present study deals with immunohistochemical localization of s-100 protein in mouse, bank vole and pine vole testis and epididymis. s-100 protein immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelia of capillaries and lymphatic sinusoids of pine vole testis. a reaction to s-100 protein of the same intensity as that noted in the endothelia of testicular capillaries was found in myoid cells of pine vole and bank vole seminiferous tubules. moreover, a positive reaction to s-100 protein was observed ...	2000	11185720
genetic and morphological heterogeneity in small rodent whipworms in southwestern europe: characterization of trichuris muris and description of trichuris arvicolae n. sp. (nematoda: trichuridae).	genetic and morphological variability of whipworms trichuris roederer, 1761 (nematoda: trichuridae), parasites of small rodents in southwestern europe, was studied. isozyme patterns of natural populations of nematodes parasitizing rodent species of the muridae (apodemus sylvaticus, apodemus flavicollis, mus musculus) and arvicolidae (clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis, microtus arvalis) were analyzed at 6 putative loci. two diagnostic loci were found in t. muris from muridae and from arv ...	2000	10864238
murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection of and persistence in the central nervous system.	murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) was originally isolated from a bank vole by passage through mouse brain. given its ability to replicate in mouse brain and its subsequent reisolation from trigeminal ganglia, it was originally considered to be an alphaherpesvirus. molecular studies have now firmly established mhv-68 to be a gammaherpesvirus. other gammaherpesviruses have been suggested to cause and in some cases shown to cause neurological disease. given the isolation history of mhv-68, we hav ...	2000	11038374
puumala (puu) hantavirus strain differences and insertion positions in the hepatitis b virus core antigen influence b-cell immunogenicity and protective potential of core-derived particles.	hepatitis b virus (hbv) core-derived chimeric particles carrying a puumala (puu) hantavirus (strain vranica/hällnäs) nucleocapsid (n) protein sequence (aa 1-45), alternatively inserted at three distinct positions (n-, c-terminus, or the internal region), and mosaic particles consisting of hbv core as well as core/puu (vranica/hällnäs) n (aa 1-45) readthrough protein were generated. chimeric particles carrying the insert at the n-terminus or the internal region of core induced some protective imm ...	2000	11040127
[outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with kidney syndrome in egor'ev district of moscow region].	epizootological, serological, and molecular virological analysis of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the egoryevsk district of moscow region (september 1995-january 1996) has been carried out. hantavirus (puumala) antigen and virus-specific antibodies were isolated from bank voles captured in the endemic focus. anti-puumala antibodies were detected in the sera of all hfrs patients and in 2% healthy residents of the endemic focus. analysis of nucleotide sequence (rna ...	2000	10971964
a longitudinal study of an endemic disease in its wildlife reservoir: cowpox and wild rodents.	cowpox is an orthopoxvirus infection endemic in european wild rodents, but with a wide host range including human beings. in this longitudinal study we examined cowpox in two wild rodent species, bank voles clethrionomys glareolus and wood mice apodemus sylvaticus, to investigate the dynamics of a virus in its wild reservoir host. trapping was carried out at 4-weekly intervals over 3 years and each animal caught was uniquely identified, blood sampled and tested for antibodies to cowpox. antibody ...	2000	10982080
the occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum and c. muris in wild rodents and insectivores in spain.	five rodent and two insectivore species were investigated for cryptosporidium at seven sites in north-eastern spain. of the 442 animals studied, 82 apodemus sylvaticus, 1 a. flavicollis, 5 mus spretus, 1 rattus rattus, 8 clethrionomys glareolus and 13 crocidura russula were infected with only c. parvum. eleven a. sylvaticus and 2 c. glareolus were infected with only c. muris and 16 a. sylvaticus, 1 m. spretus and 2 c. glareolus showed mixed infections. both cryptosporidial species were found in ...	2000	10996736
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.	louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...	2000	11016435
[ecological and epizootic characteristics of various zonal types of natural reservoirs of alveococcosis in the omsk region].	natural foci of alveococcis of various zonal types were found in the omsk region. the final pathogen hosts are red (aspen and birch forests, northern and southern forest-steppe, steppe) and corsac (southern forest-steppe and steppe) foxes and, perhaps, wolves (southern taiga). there are intermediate hosts, that are small mammals of 10 species, among which clethrionomys voles (northern redbacked, large-toothed redbacked, and bank voles in the southern taiga; northern redbacked voles in the aspen ...	2000	11210415
[mutagenesis in muridae from regions with increased radiation level].	genetic monitoring of wild populations of mouse-like rodents has been carried out since 1992 in areas with the increased radioactivity in the south of the bryansk region. the radioactive background ranged from 0.20 to 2.20 mkgy/h. over 400 rodents of different species have been examined. bank vole constituted more than a half of the examined animals. the genetic effect of radiation was estimated by the frequency of micronuclei in normochromatic erythrocytes of peripheral blood and by the frequen ...	2000	11252236
disease patterns in field and bank vole populations during a cyclic decline in central finland.	declining field vole (microtus agrestis) and bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) populations were sampled (117 field voles and 34 bank voles) in south-central finland during the winter of 1988-89. the last surviving field voles were caught in april and bank voles in february. a subsample (16) of the april field voles were taken live to the laboratory for immunosuppression. the histopathology of the main internal organs and the presence of aerobic bacteria and certain parasites were studied. in t ...	2000	10670697
pcr detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in western switzerland.	the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae was demonstrated by pcr in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in switzerland in two areas of endemicity for bovine ehrlichiosis. six ticks (three females and three nymphs) (1.4%) of 417 i. ricinus ticks collected by flagging vegetation contained ehrlichial dna. a total of 201 small mammals from five species, wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), earth vole (pitymys subterraneus), bank vole (clethrionomys gla ...	2000	10698987
serologic evidence of puumala virus infection in wild moose in northern sweden.	puumala (puu) virus is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, the scandinavian form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the infection is acquired by airborne transmission of puu virus from its rodent reservoir, the bank vole. besides serologic data indicating that the virus may spread also to heterologous rodents, there is little information on the susceptibility of wild living animals to puu virus. we studied the occurrence of antibodies to puu virus in serum samples from 427 wild ...	2000	10761733
spatial and temporal dynamics of puumala hantavirus infection in red bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) populations in belgium.	dynamics of hantavirus infection and population densities in rodents were investigated from 1996 to 1999 in southern belgium. evidence of puumala infection was restricted to clethrionomys glareolus. although the serotype was not determined, antibodies against hantavirus were also found in eight apodemus sylvaticus. in fall 1996, the seroprevalence in c. glareolus was high (20.1%, 37 of 184) and the infection was widely distributed in the area studied whereas a focal occurrence of positive rodent ...	2000	10773322
arsenic contamination in wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) on abandoned mine sites in southwest britain.	arsenic can be highly toxic to mammals but there is relatively little information on its transfer to and uptake by free-living small mammals. the aim of this study was to determine whether intake and accumulation of arsenic by wild rodents living in arsenic-contaminated habitats reflected environmental levels of contamination and varied between species, sexes and age classes. arsenic concentrations were measured in soil, litter, wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) and bank voles (clethrionomys glare ...	2000	15092868
does risk of predation by mammalian predators affect the spacing behaviour of rodents? two large-scale experiments.	predator-prey interactions between small mammals and their avian and mammalian predators have attracted much attention. however, large-scale field experiments examining small-mammal antipredatory responses under the risk of predation by mammals are rare. as recently pointed out, the scale of experiments may cause misleading results in studies of decision-making under predation risk. we studied the effect of small mustelid predators on the spacing behaviour of the gray-tailed vole (microtus canic ...	2000	28308340
hippocampal mossy fibers and swimming navigation learning in two vole species occupying different habitats.	we showed previously for mice that size differences of the infrapyramidal hippocampal mossy fiber projection (iip-mf) correlate with spatial learning abilities. in order to clarify the role of the iip-mf in a natural environment, we studied the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), adapted to a wide range of different habitats, and the root vole (microtus oeconomus), living in homogenous grassland habitats with small home ranges. morphometry on timm-stained horizontal brain sections of six c. gla ...	2000	10706213
dietary cadmium induces histopathological changes despite a sufficient metallothionein level in the liver and kidneys of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus).	the objective of this study was to correlate hepatic and renal cadmium (cd) accumulation, cd-binding capacity of metallothionein (mt) and lipid peroxidation with the tissue injury in the male bank voles raised under short (8 h light/16 h dark) and long (16 h light/8 h dark) photoperiods that affect differently cd accumulation and mt induction in these rodents. the animals were exposed to dietary cd (0, 40 and 80 microg/g) for 6 weeks. the accumulation of cd in the liver and kidneys appeared to b ...	2000	11048661
dietary cadmium decreases lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidneys of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus).	the effect of elevated levels of dietary cadmium on lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidneys of a small rodent, the bank vole, was determined in the present study. males and females, aged 1 month, were given diets containing 0.40 and 80 mg cd per kg; liver and kidneys were removed for tba-rs as well as iron, copper, zinc, cadmium and metallothionein analyses at the end of 6 weeks. dietary cd significantly decreased the tba-rs level in the liver and kidneys of both sexes; however, this effect ...	2000	10941716
the initial pathogenesis of cadmium induced renal toxicity.	the novel application of magic angle spinning 1h nmr spectroscopy, coupled with pattern recognition techniques, has identified biochemical changes in lipid and glutamate metabolism that precede classical nephrotoxicity. these changes occurred in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) after chronic dosing, at a low level of exposure and at a renal cd(2+) concentration (8.4 microgram/g dry wt) that was nearly two orders of magnitude below the who critical organ concentration (200 microg/g wet wt) ...	2000	10922487
reproduction and population density affect humoral immunity in bank voles under field experimental conditions.	density dependence is a common feature in the dynamics of animal populations. availability of food resources critical to immunity is likely to be one of the mechanisms mediating the effect of population density on individual fitness. the ability to mount an immune response to an antigen is also affected by levels of immunosuppressive hormones associated with reproduction or mediating the response to ecological and social stress. we assessed variation in condition and intensity of humoral immune ...	2000	28308773
the heavy metal content of the teeth of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) as an exposure marker of environmental pollution in poland.	this investigation is based on the premise that heavy metals are sequestered by the mineral phase of teeth, hydroxyapatite, during their formation. once formed these tissues are not subject to significant turnover and it is suggested, therefore, that they provide a permanent and cumulative record of heavy metal exposure during the development of the teeth. the teeth of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to monitor the animals' ex ...	2000	15092823
development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and their laboratory-bred offspring. is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?	the development of stereotypies and polydipsia was studied in wild caught bank voles (p: n=92) and their laboratory-bred offspring (f1: n=248). all animals were kept isolated in barren cages in the laboratory. in the p generation, no individuals developed stereotypies, but 22% developed polydipsia (>21 ml/day water intake against normally 10 ml/day). polydipsia was more frequent among males (34%) than females (13%). in f1, 30% developed locomotor stereotypies alone, 21% showed polydipsia alone, ...	2000	10844158
indication of a genetic basis of stereotypies in laboratory-bred bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).	the development of stereotypies was studied in two successive laboratory-bred generations of bank voles representing f1 (n=248) and f2 (n=270) of an originally wild caught stock. it was shown that the propensity to develop stereotypies under barren housing conditions strongly relates to the same propensity of the parents. stereotypies were approximately seven times more frequent in the offspring of stereotyping parents than in the offspring of permanent non-stereotypers. this held true even when ...	2000	10844157
correlation between nadph-diaphorase and inos in bank vole leydig cells in vitro and in testicular sections with the use of histochemistry and immunocytochemistry.	histochemistry for nadph-diaphorase detects an enzymatic activity associated with nitric oxide synthase while immunohistochemistry detects the nitric oxide synthase molecule. nadph-diaphorase and inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in leydig cells in vitro and in testis sections of the bank vole were demonstrated histochemically and immunocytochemically. histochemical studies revealed localization of nadph-diaphorase reaction product in the cytoplasm of cultured leydig cells as well as in ...	2000	10833671
localization of cytochrome p450 aromatase and estrogen receptors alpha and beta in testicular cells--an immunohistochemical study of the bank vole.	age- and light-dark cycle-induced changes in immunoexpression of aromatase and estrogen receptors alpha and beta were studied in testes of a seasonally breeding rodent, the bank vole. seasonal breeding can be mimicked by exposure to different light cycle regimes. in testes of animals that were exposed to long light cycles of 18 h light and 6 h darkness aromatase was in leydig cells and seminiferous tubules, mainly in spermatocytes, whereas in animals exposed to short light cycles (6 h light and ...	2000	10824610
immunolocalization and activity of aromatase in the bank vole testes.	a direct approach to identify the cellular source of p450 aromatase in the bank vole testes (seasonally breeding rodents) is the use of immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody that recognizes this enzyme. to confirm the presence of functional aromatase, its activity was measured in microsomal preparations of whole testes and of seminiferous tubules by means of biochemical assay with tritiated androstenedione. the assay was validated using increasing concentrations of both microsomal prepar ...	2001	11766765
[ecological aspects of infection of bank vole clethrionomys glareolus (schreber, 1780) with trypanosoma (herpetosoma) evotomys hadwen, 1912].	the studies were carried out in kosewo górne in the mazurian district (north-east region of poland), in september 1995, september 1996 and between may 1997 and june 1998 each month. the animals were trapped in live traps, and after study they were marked and released. the infection of trypanosomes was detected using microhaematocrit centrifugation technique and in blood smears. the intensity of infection had the range from 50 to 150 000 individuals in 1 ml of blood. the maximal prevalence of inf ...	2001	16886428
experimental exposure of naive bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) to the chornobyl, ukraine, environment: a test of radioresistance.	previous studies have demonstrated no difference in micronucleus (mn) frequencies between wild rodents chronically exposed to the environmental radiation contamination of the chornobyl (ukraine) exclusion zone and those inhabiting reference populations. the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a population of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) has developed radioresistance as a result of 14 years of chronic, low-dose radiation exposure. naive voles were placed in environmen ...	2001	11521819
consequences of polluted environments on population structure: the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) at chornobyl.	the accident at the chornobyl nuclear power plant in april 1986, released 100-200 million curies of radioactive material into the surrounding environment. to investigate the possible genetic and population effects resulting from chronic exposure to this environmental radiation, we have examined mitochondrial dna (control region) sequences from bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus, inhabiting contaminated sites. our analysis indicates genetic diversity is elevated in the contaminated sites when co ...	2001	11501430
photoperiod-dependent capability of androgen aromatization and the role of estrogens in the bank vole testis visualized by means of immunohistochemistry.	detection of steroid hormone receptors within a target tissue is important for an understanding of their crucial role in regulating of steroids' action. in the light of recent knowledge on the role of estrogens in male gonads the efforts were undertaken to clarify and discuss a role of androgen receptors, aromatase and estrogen receptors (er) in mediating testosterone and/or estradiol action in testicular cells of bank voles that were kept under short or long light cycles. immunohistochemistry w ...	2001	11403909
optimal allocation of reproductive effort: manipulation of offspring number and size in the bank vole.	the number of offspring attaining reproductive age is an important measure of an individual's fitness. however, reproductive success is generally constrained by a trade-off between offspring number and quality. we conducted a factorial experiment in order to study the effects of an artificial enlargement of offspring number and size on the reproductive success of female bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). we also studied the effects of the manipulations on growth, survival and reproductive suc ...	2001	11297185
serological evidence that mus musculus is the natural host of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.	theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) infection is maintained in mouse colonies by fecal-oral spread (with no apparent role for persistent central nervous system infection) from an acutely infected animal to another. therefore, serological methods offer the principal way to assess infection in mice and related rodent populations. infection of mouse colonies with tmev appears to be worldwide, yet no systematic serologic studies have been reported. in this study, enzyme-linked immunoassa ...	2001	11376848
germ cells: a new source of estrogens in the male gonad.	the cytochrome p450 aromatase (p450arom) is a key enzyme responsible for the formation of estrogens from androgens and is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of various tissues. p450arom has been immunolocalized in leydig cells of numerous species as well as in germ cells of mouse, bank vole and brown bear. aromatase activity has been measured in vitro in immature and mature rat leydig cells and sertoli cells, whereas in pig, ram and humans the enzyme activity is only present in leydig cells. i ...	2001	11403896
[viral infectious and chromosome aberrations in bank vole from natural and laboratory populations].	the frequency of chromosome damage was studied in the carriers of virus of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (puumala virus) and in noninfected animals from two laboratory colonies and two natural populations of bank vole. in the laboratory colony, where puumala virus persisted for three years, multiaberrant ("rogue") cells were found in the bone marrow; the mean frequencies of both structural and numeral chromosome abnormalities were significantly enhanced. in the other laboratory colon ...	2001	11421123
modifying the cellular transport of dna-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein.	puumala virus is a member of the hantavirus genus (family bunyaviridae) and is one of the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in europe. a genetic vaccination approach was conducted to investigate if the immune response could be modulated using different cellular secretion and/or localisation signals, and the immune responses were analysed in balb/c mice and in a bank vole infectious model. rodents vaccinated with dna constructs encoding the antigen fused to an amino ...	2001	11427253
the involvement of dopamine (da) and serotonin (5-ht) in stress-induced stereotypies in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).	in order to clarify the dependency of stress-induced stereotypies on dopamine (da) and serotonin (5-ht) functioning, undisturbed and acutely stressed stereotyping bank voles were treated during 3 weeks with the commonly used human atypical neurolepticum clozapine and the ssri antidepressant citalopram. clozapine blocks da receptors (d sub (4)) and acts as a partial 5-ht antagonist (5-ht sub (2) receptors), while citalopram increases 5-ht transmitter activity. levels of stereotypies were quantifi ...	2001	11434965
importance of surveillance of tularemia natural foci in the known endemic area of central europe, 1991-1997.	marked activation of natural foci of tularemia in the known endemic area of central europe, comprising the borderland of slovakia, austria and the czech republic, led to an epidemic outbreak in western slovakia and an increase in the number of human tularemia cases in the adjoining regions of northeastern austria and southern moravia from 1995 to 1997. the aim of this paper was to present the results of a longitudinal study on the prevalence of infection with francisella tularensis in small mamm ...	2001	11467089
high-resolution magic angle spinning 1h-nmr spectroscopy studies on the renal biochemistry in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and the effects of arsenic (as3+) toxicity.	1. high-resolution magic angle spinning (mas) 1h-nmr spectroscopy was used to study renal metabolism and the toxicity of as3+, a common environmental contaminant, in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), a wild species of rodent. 2. following a 14-day exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of as2o3 (28 mg kg(-1) feed), voles displayed tissue damage at autopsy. mas 1h spectra indicated abnormal lipid profiles in these samples. 3. tissue necrosis was also evident from measurements of the ...	2001	11513249
accumulation of 137cesium and 90strontium from abiotic and biotic sources in rodents at chornobyl, ukraine.	bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and laboratory strains of house mice (mus musculus balb and c57bl) were relocated into enclosures in a highly contaminated area of the red forest near the chornobyl (ukraine) reactor 4 to evaluate the uptake rates of 137cs and 90sr from abiotic sources. mice were provided with uncontaminated food supplies, ensuring that uptake of radionuclides was through soil ingestion, inhalation, or water. mice were sampled before introduction and were reanalyzed every 10 ...	2001	11521818
[species specificity of karyotype instability under conditions of radionuclide contamination (the chernobyl nuclear power plant) in the voles, micrototus oeconomus, micrototus arvalis, and clethrionomys glareolus].	the comparative analysis of frequencies of different type cytogenetic anomalies in voles microtus oeconomus, microtus arvalis, clethrionomys glareolus trapped in territories with different levels of radionuclide contamination inside the 30-km zone of estrangement around the chernobyl npp was carried out. animals with constitutive chromosome abnormalities were not revealed. the frequency of lympocytes with micronuclei was the most universal and sensitive character to chronic low-dose radiation in ...	2001	11589050
variation in the helminth community structure in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from three comparable localities in the mazury lake district region of poland.	we tested the null hypothesis that populations of hosts trapped in isolated neighbouring locations showing comparable habitat quality, should support similar helminth parasite communities. the study was undertaken in a 2-week period in late summer in ne poland in a single year, thereby eliminating seasonal and between-year variation in parasite burdens. a total of 139 clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) were sampled from 3 forest sites of similar habitat quality. total species richness was 11 (6 ...	2001	11676372
[hantavirus infection in bank voles in the natural reservoir. part 1. characteristics of an infection process in bank voles].	the specific features of hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), the principal host of hantavirus of the serotype puumala, were studied during long-term observation of individually marked animals in the active focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the south of udmurtia. the infection time in the bank voles was defined by paired serum seroconversion tests. in the natural focus, hantavirus was shown to cause asymptomatic persistent infect ...	2001	11680366
antigenic profile of ixodes ricinus: effect of developmental stage, feeding time and the response of different host species.	antigens recognized by host species in response to ectoparasite infestation have been widely reported. although differences in the immune responses of different host species have been described, only a very few of these studies compare the range of antigens recognized by different host species in response to infestation. we used western blot analysis to investigate antigenic responses of different host species that were repeatedly infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. antigenic profiles of larval ...	2001	11696166
[hantavirus infection epidemiology in belgium].	in europe, puumala (puu) is a hantavirus responsible for a human disease called nephropathia epidemica and its natural reservoir is the red bank vole, (clethrionomys glareolus). although the population densities and the prevalence rates of infection were high in red bank voles in southern belgium during the 1996 and 1999 epidemic years, the percentages of infected rodents were low in 1997 and 1998, when only a few positive sites were found. antibodies against puu virus were mainly detected in th ...	2001	11697188
[hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].	puumala hantavirus is the most common hantavirus infection in western europe. the causative agent, puumala virus, is a member of the hantavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family. the natural hosts of hantaviruses are chronically, but asymptomatic infected rodents, which transmit the virus to human in their excretions. puumala virus is carried by the bank vole, clethrionomys glareolus. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) caused by puumala virus in france or belgium is very similar to the ...	2001	11715607
first molecular evidence for puumala hantavirus in slovakia.	we report on the first puumala hantavirus nucleotide sequence (strain opina-916) amplified from a bank vole trapped in slovakia, central europe. phylogenetic analysis of the s-segment sequence grouped the virus within the western/central european sublineage of puumala virus. in the neighborhood of the rodent trapping site two cases of human infection by the puumala virus were verified.	2001	11724269
immunolocalization of pthrp in the submandibular glands of three rodent species.	the present study deals with immunohistochemical localization of pthrp in bank vole, pine vole and white mouse submandibular glands. pthrp immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial cells of all ductal segments (intercalated, striated, interlobular and main excretory ducts) of the salivary glands in all the three animal species tested. we also found pthrp expression in myoepithelial cells surrounding the mucous alveoli of submandibular glands in those animals. the reaction was less intense than ...	2001	11766767
haemogregarines of the genus hepatozoon (apicomplexa: adeleina) in rodents from northern europe.	we studied the prevalence and distribution of hepatozoon infections in small rodents from finland and other areas in northern europe. hepatozoon infections were more common in voles (arvicolinae) than mice (murinae) and more prevalent in voles of the genus clethrionomys than in voles of the genus microtus. transmission electron microscopical examination of hepatozoon erhardovae krampitz, 1964 from bank voles clethrionomys glareolus (schreber) showed that intracellular lung meronts were located i ...	2001	11817449
aromatase expression in male germ cells.	the cytochrome p450 aromatase (p450arom) is the terminal enzyme responsible for the formation of estrogens from androgens. according to the age, aromatase activity has been measured in immature and mature rat leydig cells, as well as in sertoli cells whereas in pig, ram and human the aromatase is mainly present in leydig cells. in the rat testis, we have immunolocalised the p450arom not only in leydig cells but also in germ cells and especially in elongated spermatids. related to the stage of ge ...	2001	11850226
genetic characterization of puumala hantavirus strains from belgium: evidence for a distinct phylogenetic lineage.	puumala hantavirus (puuv) sequences were recovered from red bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) trapped between 1996 and 1998 in four localities of southern belgium: thuin, montbliart, momignies and couvin. in addition, three puuv isolates originating from bank voles trapped in the 1980s in southern (montbliart) and northern (turnhout) belgium were genetically characterized. analysis of the complete s and partial m segment sequences showed that the belgian puuv strains constitute a genetic line ...	2001	11226569
testosterone depresses innate and acquired resistance to ticks in natural rodent hosts: a force for aggregated distributions of parasites.	the effects of testosterone on acquired resistance to ticks, ixodes ricinus, in their natural rodent hosts (voles, clethrionomys glareolus, and wood-mice, apodemus sylvaticus) were investigated by manipulating testosterone levels and exposing the hosts to repeated tick infestations. testosterone reduced both innate and acquired resistance to tick feeding. during primary infestations, attachment rates were higher on rodents with high testosterone levels than on oil-implanted controls. successive ...	2001	11227902
dna vaccination of mice with a plasmid encoding puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein mimics the b-cell response induced by virus infection.	inoculation of naked dna has been applied for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against different viral infections. to study the humoral immune response induced by dna vaccination we cloned the entire nucleocapsid protein-encoding sequence of the puumala hantavirus strain vranica/hällnäs into the cmv promoter-driven expression unit of the plasmid pcdna3, generating pcdna3-vr1. a single dose injection of 50 microg of plasmid dna into each m. tibialis anterior of balb/c mice ...	2001	11035190
factors affecting the component community structure of haemoparasites in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from the mazury lake district region of poland.	the prevalence and abundance of infections with haemoparasites were studied over a 3 year period in clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole, n = 420) sampled from forests in the ne of poland. total species richness was 5 (prevalence = haemobartonella sp. 63.1%, bartonella grahamii 27.4%, hepatozoon erhardovae 31.4%, trypanosoma evotomys 15% and babesia microti 1.0%) with 81.9% of the voles carrying at least 1 species and a mean infracommunity species richness of 1.4. variation in species richness was ...	2001	11197763
[co-infection of borrelia garinii and b. afzelii in a population of wild rodents from woodland].	the maintenance of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the environment is dependent on the zoonotic cycle involving tick vectors and certain reservoir hosts. it is well known, that the same species of wild rodents, as well as the vector ixodes ricinus, are often co-infected with at least two genomospecies of b. burgdorferi s.l.: b. afzelii and b. garinii. the ticks collected from two rodent species: clethrionomys glareolus and apodemus flavicollis were examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l., ...	2001	16886420
[the ecology of cryptosporidium parvum infection in small rodent populations].	the prevalence and abundance of cryptosporidium parvum were studied over a three year period (1997-1999) in three species of rodents sampled from forest and abandoned fields in the mazury lake district, poland. the overall prevalence was consistently higher in voles compared with apodemus flavicollis (70.6% in clethrionomys glareolus, 73.0% in microtus arvalis and 27.8% in a. flavicollis). the prevalence and abundance of infection also varied across the 3 years of the study with 1998 being the y ...	2001	16886421
tick-host-borrelia population interactions: long-term records in eastern europe.	during 10 spring and summer seasons (1992-2001), the dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci were studied in taiga forests of the pre-ural region, russia. in these foci, borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus circulate transmitted by their main vector tick, ixodes persulcatus. main parameters of the epizootic process were calculated for each season. in three seasons (1993, 1996, and 1999) all parameters characterizing the abundance of unfed nymphs an ...	2002	14570135
puumala hantavirus infection in humans and in the reservoir host, ardennes region, france.	we compared the occurrence of nephropathia epidemica cases, over a multi-annual population cycle, in northeastern france with the hantavirus serology for bank voles captured in the same area. we discuss hypotheses to explain the pattern of infection in both humans and rodents and their synchrony.	2002	12498675
[detection of natural foci of babesiosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in russia].	the use of microscopy, infection of golden hamsters and the polymerase chain reaction made it possible to find out that about 30% of common red-backed voles (clethrionomys glareolus), inhabiting the taiga forests of the southern part of the western urals (the chusovskoi district of the perm region), were infected with babesia microti and simultaneously (a third of them) with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. the sequencing of 18s rdna of str ...	2002	12506622
[genetic efficacy of low doses of ionizing radiation in chronically-irradiated small mammals].	earlier we have established the genetic effects of low dose chronic irradiation in bank vole (somatic and germ cells, embryos), in pond carp (fertilized eggs, embryos, fry) and in laboratory mice (somatic and germ cells) in the range of doses from near-background to 10 cgy. these low dose effects observed in mammals and fish are not expected from extrapolation of high dose experiments. for understanding reasons this discrepancy the comparative analysis of genetic efficiency of low dose chronic i ...	2002	12530144
[structure and seasonal dynamics of the biotic community ectoparasites of the bank vole in the il'men'-volkhov lowland].	a biodiversity, seasonal dynamics and parasite load of a single individual and local population of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in coniferous and mixed forests of the ilmen-volkhov lowland (neighborhood of oskuy village, chudovo region, novgorod province) in the period from june 1999 till may 2002. the gero's traps were used for collecting the host. lines of traps stood in each place during 3-5 days and were checked twice a day. trapping of micromammalian hosts and collec ...	2002	12624960
distribution of puumala hantavirus in denmark: analysis of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from fyn and jutland.	the majority of hantaviral infections in denmark since 1957 have occurred on the island of fyn. we have recently shown the presence of puumala hantavirus (puuv) in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) on fyn. to learn more about the distribution and prevalence of puuv in denmark, 310 small mammals, belonging to six rodent and two insectivore species, were trapped in four localities on fyn and three localities on the jutland peninsula (mainland denmark), where only a few cases of nephropathia epi ...	2002	12656129
host specificity of trypanosoma (herpetosoma) species: evidence that bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) carry only one t. (h.) evotomys 18s rrna genotype but wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) carry at least two polyphyletic parasites.	the strongest evidence for host specificity of mammalian trypanosomes comes from parasites of the subgenus trypanosoma (herpetosoma). laboratory studies have shown that t. (herpetosoma) species will not infect an alternative host. however, this has not been demonstrated in wild populations. we screened 560 bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and 148 wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) for trypanosomes by pcr amplification of the 18s rrna gene. in total, 109 (19%) bank voles and 12 (8%) wood mice we ...	2002	11860034
phylogenetic analysis of ljungan virus and a-2 plaque virus, new members of the picornaviridae.	in addition to the viruses belonging to the nine proposed genera of the picornaviridae, enterovirus, rhinovirus, cardiovirus, aphtovirus, hepatovirus, parechovirus, kobuvirus, erbovirus and teschovirus, two new members of this family have recently been discovered. three strains of ljungan virus (lv) were isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and a-2 plaque virus (a-2) was isolated from human sera. to study the genetic relationship between these recently discovered viruses and the me ...	2002	11955639
tula hantavirus in belgium.	european common voles (microtus arvalis), captured in belgium in 1999, were proven by molecular as well as by serological techniques to be infected with tula hantavirus (tulv). this is the first evidence for the presence of tulv in this country. no indication of spill-over infections of puumala virus, known to be highly endemic among bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) within the same geographical regions as the trapped tulv-infected common voles, was observed. together with previous reports on ...	2002	12002543
excretion of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by wild mammals.	a survey of fecal samples found enterococcal excretion in 82% of 388 bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), 92% of 131 woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), and 75% of 165 badgers (meles meles). vancomycin-resistant enterococci, all enterococcus faecium of vana genotype, were excreted by 4.6% of the woodmice and 1.2% of the badgers, but by none of the bank voles.	2002	12023924
cross-protection against challenge with puumala virus after immunization with nucleocapsid proteins from different hantaviruses.	hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. the nucleocapsid protein (n) is relatively conserved among hantaviruses and highly immunogenic in both laboratory animals and humans, and it has been shown to induce efficient protective immunity in animal models. to investigate the ability of recombinant n (rn) from different hantaviruses to elicit cross-protection, we immunized bank voles with rn from puumala (puuv) ...	2002	12050380
spatial and temporal aspects of urban transmission of echinococcus multilocularis.	high prevalences of echinococcus multilocularis have been reported from foxes of the city of zurich, switzerland. in order to characterize transmission in urban areas, a coproantigen elisa was evaluated for diagnosing the infection in fox faecal samples collected in the environment. in addition, trapped rodents were investigated for the presence of metacestodes. faecal samples could reliably be classified as being of fox origin by assessing physical properties as shown by the different parasite ...	2002	12118719
reproductive system: aromatase and estrogens.	the cytochrome p450 aromatase (p450arom) is the terminal enzyme responsible for the formation of estrogens from androgens. in the rat testis we have immunolocalized the p450arom not only in leydig cells but also in germ cells and especially in elongated spermatids. related to the stage of germ cell maturation, we have shown that the level of p450arom transcripts decreases, it is much more abundant in pachytene spermatocytes (ps) than in mature germ cells whereas the aromatase activity is two- to ...	2002	12161013
molecular analysis of three ljungan virus isolates reveals a new, close-to-root lineage of the picornaviridae with a cluster of two unrelated 2a proteins.	ljungan virus (lv) is a suspected human pathogen recently isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). in the present study, it is revealed through comparative sequence analysis that three newly determined swedish lv genomes are closely related and possess a deviant picornavirus-like organization: 5' untranslated region-vp0-vp3-vp1-2a1-2a2-2b-2c-3a-3b-3c-3d-3' untranslated region. the lv genomes and the polyproteins encoded by them exhibit several exceptional features, such as the absence ...	2002	12163611
prevalence and abundance of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia spp. in wild rural rodents from the mazury lake district region of poland.	prevalence and abundance of cryptosporodium parvum and giardia spp. were studied in 3 species of rodents from forests and abandoned agricultural fields in n.e. poland (clethrionomys glareolus n = 459; microtus arvalis n = 274; apodemus flavicollis n = 209). overall prevalence was consistently higher in the voles compared with a. flavicollis (70.6, 73.0 and 27.8% respectively for c. parvum and 93.9, 96.3 and 48.3% respectively for giardia spp.). prevalence and abundance of infection also varied m ...	2002	12166517
[epidemic nephropathy. an important differential diagnosis of acute renal failure in reutlingen, an endemic area].	hantavirus ("epidemic") nephropathy (hn), or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (who nomenclature), is an infection caused by strains (e.g. puumala) of hantavirus, which is often accompanied by acute renal failure. although its typical symptomatology has been fully reported, it is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of renal nephropathy. this study investigated whether, in the presence of typical symptoms, specific search for a certain constellation of laboratory values in associati ...	2002	12183800
demographic factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).	the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) is the natural reservoir of puumala virus (puuv), a species in the genus hantavirus. puuv is the etiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. factors that influence hantavirus transmission within host populations are not well understood. we evaluated a number of factors influencing on the association of increased puuv infection in bank voles captured in a region in northern sweden endemic for the virus. l ...	2002	12194768
behavioral, physiologic, and habitat influences on the dynamics of puumala virus infection in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).	populations of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) were monitored during a 4-year study in southern belgium to assess the influence of agonistic behavior, reproductive status, mobility, and distribution of the rodents on the dynamics of puumala virus (abbreviation: puuv; genus: hantavirus) infection. concordance was high between data from serologic testing and results of viral rna detection. wounds resulting from biting or scratching were observed mainly in adult rodents. hantavirus infection i ...	2002	12194769
mycobacterium microti infection (vole tuberculosis) in wild rodent populations.	mycobacterium microti (vole tuberculosis) infections in small wild mammals were first described more than 60 years ago in several populations in great britain. few studies of vole tuberculosis have been undertaken since then, and little is known about the relationship between m. microti isolates originating from different populations or at different times or of the prevalence of this infection in wild rodent populations, despite human cases of m. microti infections being increasingly reported. i ...	2002	12202566
characterisation of dna probes for the analysis of metallothionein gene expression in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus).	dna probes have been developed for subsequent use in monitoring the exposure of animals to heavy metal pollution in terrestrial environments using metallothionein (mt) gene expression in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). three different bank vole sequences were characterised corresponding to the cdna and the genomic dna for mt-i and the genomic dna for mt-ii. nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that the coding sequences of the bank vole mt-i and mt-ii genes exhibit a very high degree o ...	2002	12222609
yeast-expressed puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induces protection in a bank vole model.	hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause severe human diseases. the coding sequences for the authentic and a his-tagged puumala hantavirus (puuv) nucleocapsid (n) protein were expressed in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae). n-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated native antigenicity of the two proteins. all bank voles vaccinated with the his-tagged n protein in freund's adjuvant (n=12) were defined as completely protected against subsequent virus challenge, based on the absence of vi ...	2002	12297397
rodent host specificity of european hantaviruses: evidence of puumala virus interspecific spillover.	in order to investigate rodent host specificity of european hantaviruses, experimental infection of colonized and wild-trapped rodents was performed. in addition to the natural rodent reservoir, clethrionomys glareolus, puumala hantavirus (puuv) could infect colonized microtus agrestis and lemmus sibiricus, but not syrian hamsters or balb/c mice. neither c. glareolus, nor m. agrestis, could be readily infected by tula hantavirus (tulv). wild-trapped apodemus flavicollis and a. agrarius, the natu ...	2002	12376967
hantaviruses in estonia.	human serum samples collected from healthy individuals in 14 counties were screened by elisa in order to investigate the presence of hantavirus infections in estonia. out of 1,234 serum samples, 124 were found positive for hantavirus-specific igg and were subsequently serotyped by a focus reduction neutralization test. a total of 112 samples neutralized at least one of the examined hantaviruses-puumala (puuv), saaremaa (saav), dobrava (dobv), hantaan, and seoul viruses-and thereby, the focus red ...	2002	12376968
evidence for a relationship between cage stereotypies and behavioural disinhibition in laboratory rodents.	cage stereotypies-abnormal, repetitive, unvarying and apparently functionless behaviours-are common in many captive animals, sometimes resulting in self-injury or decreased reproductive success. however, a general mechanistic or neurophysiological understanding of cage stereotypies has proved elusive. in contrast, stereotypies in human mental disorder, or those induced by drugs or brain lesions, are well understood, and are thought to result from the disinhibition of behavioural selection by the ...	2002	12385793
dinara - new natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia.	to investigate the characteristics and determine risk factors for hantanvirus infection in natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) on the dinara mountain, where outbreak of disease emerged among croatian soldiers in 1995, and to describe the features of hfrs acquired on the dinara mountain and determine the scale of the largest hfrs epidemic so far in croatia.	2002	12402400
epidemiologic characteristics and military implications of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia.	to analyze epidemiologic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia, including military implications of the disease and measures for its prevention.	2002	12402401
prevalence of coinfection with francisella tularensis in reservoir animals of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	studies on lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne zoonoses in the austrian and slovakian borderland, a region endemic for tularemia, revealed a relatively high prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and francisella tularensis in small terrestrial mammals, as well as in the ticks, during a one-year survey. the occurrence of coinfection with the agents of lyme borreliosis and tularemia was assessed in different species of rodents.	2002	12422587
distribution of hantavirus foci in belgium.	during 1999 and 2000, we performed rodent captures on 15 sites all over belgium to evaluate the presence of hantaviruses in local rodent populations. viral antibody and rna detection was performed by elisa/focus reduction neutralisation test and rt-pcr, respectively. we found hantavirus-positive rodents on 13 out of 15 trapping sites and 3 rodent species were found positive for hantavirus infection. apart from puumala virus that was carried by clethrionomys glareolus, 2 additional rodent species ...	2002	12443796
cadmium accumulation in fetus and placenta of bank voles ( clethrionomys glareolus, schreber 1780).		2002	12428159
hormonal manipulation of offspring number: maternal effort and reproductive costs.	we used exogenous gonadotropin hormones to physiologically enlarge litter size in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). this method allowed the study design to include possible production costs of reproduction and a trade-off between offspring number and body size at birth. furthermore, progeny rearing and survival and postpartum survival of the females took place in outdoor enclosures to capture salient naturalistic effects that might be present during the fall and early winter. the aim of t ...	2002	12206251
lack of a distinct gradient in biomarker responses in small mammals collected at different distances from a highway.	this study describes biomarker effects in small mammals exposed to traffic emissions. animals were collected at 10-50 m (site 1), 150-200 m (site 2), and 5 km (site 3) from a very busy highway (a2). to distinguish between routes of exposure, strictly carnivorous common shrews ( sorex araneus) and predominantly herbivorous bank voles ( clethrionomys glareolus) were collected. as a measure of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), aromatic dna adduct levels were determined by (32)p-p ...	2002	12202932
frequency distributions of 137cs in fish and mammal populations.	we collected fish and mammals in several radioactively contaminated locations in the chornobyl exclusion zone and analyzed them for 137cs content. frequency distributions were built for populations of channel catfish, yellow-necked mice and bank voles. we combined our data with similar data from several other studies to demonstrate the relationship between the standard deviations and means of 137cs of fish and mammal populations. the frequency distributions of 137cs in populations of fish and ma ...	2002	12113506
assessing the genotoxicity of chronic environmental irradiation by using mitochondrial dna heteroplasmy in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) at chornobyl, ukraine.	this study was designed to investigate whether or not chronic exposure to chornobyl radiation poses a molecular genetic risk to mammals by examining a relatively rapidly evolving genetic system, mitochondrial dna (mtdna). more mtdna mutations (approximately 19%) and an increase in mtdna heteroplasmy (approximately 5%) occurred in the cytochrome b gene of an exposed mother-embryo set when compared to a relatively unexposed mother-embryo set. however, this increase was not statistically significan ...	2002	12069310
local variation in endoparasite intensities of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from ecologically similar sites: morphometric and endocrine correlates.	much interest has centred recently on the role of adaptive trade-offs between the immune system and other components of life history in determining resistance and parasite intensities among hosts. steroid hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and sex steroids, provide a plausible mechanism for mediating such trade-offs. a basic assumption behind the hypothesis, however, is that steroid activity will generally correlate with reduced resistance and thus greater parasite intensities. here, we pres ...	2002	12015821