Publications

use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus for oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: innocuity to several non-target bait consuming species.	the pathogenicity of a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was tested in several wild animal species which could compete with the natural rabies host, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in consuming vaccine baits in europe. the following species were included in this study: wild boar (sus scrofa), eurasian badger (meles meles), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), common vole (microtus arv ...	1989	2681844
in vitro studies of interactions between frequent and unique mrnas and cytoplasmic factors from brain tissue of several species of wild timber voles of northern eurasia, clethrionomys glareolus, clethrionomys frater and clethrionomys gapperi: a new criticism to a modern molecular-genetic concept of biological evolution.	as a result of the complex comparative neurochemical study of the translation machinery functioning in the brain cells of three conventionally "phylogenetically related" species of wild timber voles (clethrionomys glareolus, clethrionomys frater and clethrionomys gapperi), it has been found that the cytoplasm of brain cells of the latter contain an oligonucleotide (oligoribonucleotide) factor(s) with mol. weight below 1.0 kd which is able completely and highly selectively to inhibit the translat ...	1989	2691420
[incidence of coxiella burnetii and rickettsiae from the rmsf group in the sub-alpine region in austria].	investigations were carried out on small mammals to determine further distribution of coxiella burnetii and rickettsia rmsf-group in the alpine and sub-alpine regions. in altitudes of 1,200-2,400 m antibodies against clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus flavicollis, sorex alpinus, sorex minutus and microtus agrestis were demonstrated. these findings emphasize that in the entire alpine and sub-alpine regions of austria the occurrence of c. burnetii and rmsf-group rickettsia is to be expected.	1989	2744470
subadult ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) on rodents in berlin, west germany.	to identify hosts that may serve as reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease in central europe, we determined whether ixodes ricinus l. feed most frequently on certain rodents and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the season of feeding activity of the tick in four sites in berlin, federal republic of germany. in addition, we correlated abundance of i. ricinus with that of particular rodent hosts. two small rodents were more abundant than any others; a mouse, apodemus flavicolli ...	1990	2332880
[nephropathia epidemica. hantavirus and acute renal insufficiency].	puumala virus belongs to the hantavirus group and as other members of the group it can cause acute renal insufficiency. other hantaviruses are responsible for korean hemorrhagic fever and other hemorrhagic fevers with renal involvement. in scandinavia, hantavirus nephropathy is better known as nephropathia epidemica. hantavirus cause asymptomatic infections in mice and rats and the virus is thought to be transmitted to man via inhalation of desicated saliva, urine or feces from infected animals. ...	1990	1967859
longitudinal study of natural foci of central european encephalitis virus in west slovakia.	a total of 2922 small terrestrial mammals of 12 species were collected in six localities of west slovakia between 1981 and 1986. when examined for the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (na) to central european encephalitis (cee) virus we found that 14.6% had antibody. nearly all (97%) of the 426 animals with antibody were clethrionomys glareolus, the most abundant species (52.6% of mammals collected, 15.1% of those with antibody). apodemus flavicollis (22.5% of mammals collected, 18.1% of th ...	1990	1983180
[virus-specific proteins and rna of the virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].	virus-specific proteins g1, g2, and n with molecular weights of 70, 55-57, and 50 kilodaltons, respectively, were detected by radioimmunodiffusion tests in vero e-6 cells infected with strains of virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) isolated in the european ussr from a patient with hfrs, a fatal human case of hfrs (the strains k-27 and p-360) and from a bank vole (strain cg-1820). the sera from human convalescents after hfrs in the european ussr and rat sera prepared with the cg ...	1990	2114054
[the isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains and the determination of the scope of immune stratification among the population and the domestic animals on the northern russian plain].	between 1986 and 1987 the authors conducted virological survey of 689 ixodes persulcatus and 420 mouse-like and insectivorous rodents at the territory of arkhangelsk province and the republic of komi. a total of 8 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus were isolated. out of them 3 strains were isolated from small mammalians (2 from clethrionomys glareolus, 1 from microtus oeconomus) at the southeastern areas of arkhangelsk province within the middle taiga subarea, 5 strains were isolated from ...	1990	2145500
breeding of captive bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) related to dynamics of source populations.	proportionately fewer female bank voles from cyclic or dense populations bred than did females from sparse or non-cyclic populations when brought into a laboratory and kept as monogamous pairs for at least 1 year. similarly, fewer litters were produced by females from cyclic or dense populations. breeding frequency and litter production did not differ in the second laboratory generation. large variance in litter numbers indicated further changes in reproduction in response to the laboratory envi ...	1990	2205723
different demography of friends and strangers: an experiment on the impact of kinship and familiarity in clethrionomys glareolus.	we examined demographic effects of familiarity and relatedness in the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus (schreber) in four 0.5-ha enclosures in central finland. in two enclosures were mature voles which had overwintered together and some of their mature off-spring (hereafter referred to as "friends"), and in the other two individuals of the same species captured from different localities near the study area ("strangers"). the experiment lasted from june to september. the populations of friends r ...	1990	28313003
bank voles as monitors of environmental contamination by heavy metals. a remote wilderness area in poland imperiled.	concentrations of heavy metals (cd, pb, cu, zn, fe) were determined in the tissues of bank voles collected in polluted forest sites in southern poland and in białowieza national park. the highest cadmium concentrations were found in livers (0.9-12.8 microg g(-1)) and kidneys (3.2-29.6 microg g(-1)), whereas the lowest were in bones (0.2-0.9 microg g(-1)). the lead concentrations found in kidneys and bones ranged from 9.5 to 40.0 microg g(-1). the ranges of zinc, iron and copper concentrations in ...	1990	15092204
avoidance of used endometrial sites by blastocysts of the bank vole, clethrionomys glareolus.	in bank voles blastocysts arising from mating immediately after parturition do not implant in used zones of the preceding pregnancy but in the regions between them. however, if mating is postponed until 12 or more days after parturition blastocysts do implant in used zones of the previous pregnancy. implantations also occur at zones used two pregnancies previously. it seems likely that the absence of implantations at recently used zones of the uterus is determined by the uterus rather than blast ...	1990	2205722
spatial dynamics in fluctuating vole populations.	patterns and consistency of distribution, spatial and temporal components, and the extent of spatial density-dependence were compared between semi-cyclic and cyclic populations of the vole species clethrionomys glareolus and microtus agrestis in south-central and north sweden. cyclic populations were less clumped and only c. glareolus showed a consistency in distribution between years. spatial variation contributed little to the distributions in cyclic populations while the spatial and temporal ...	1990	28312557
the effect of habitat geology on calcium intake and calcium status of wild rodents.	calcium is essential for normal physiological function, reproduction and growth in mammals but its distribution in the natural environment is heterogeneous. spatial variation in calcium soil content is especially marked in the peak district, united kingdom, where both calcium-rich limestone and calcium-poor gritstone rock types occur. wood mice apodemus sylvaticus (l) and bank voles clethrionomys glareolus (schreber 1780) from limestone areas had significantly higher calcium concentrations in st ...	1991	28312624
the ecology of territoriality in bank voles.		1991	21232488
frequency of isolation of campylobacter spp., yersinia spp. and salmonella spp. from small mammals from two sites in southern britain.	small wild mammals were trapped at two sites in the united kingdom: skomer island, dyfed and a farm in dorset. faecal samples were collected from 43 rodents of two species on skomer and tested for the presence of yersinia. samples of faeces and of material from the terminal ileum were collected from 141 animals of eight species in dorset and tested for campylobacter, yersinia and salmonella. in addition some samples of spleens from the dorset animals were tested for campylobacter. four typable i ...	1991	26927846
environmental impact of the chernobyl accident: mutagenesis in bank voles from sweden.	an investigation was carried out in sweden aimed at studying the possible genetic effects of the chernobyl fallout on wild small mammals. the bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus schreb.) were obtained from three differently contaminated areas in sweden and, for control, in an area with negligible contamination by fallout. radionuclide determinations to assess the content of 137cs and mutagenicity tests (bone marrow micronucleus test and sperm abnormality assay) were performed. the results obtain ...	1991	1671073
hosts on which nymphal ixodes ricinus most abundantly feed.	to identify hosts that may serve as european reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, we determined whether nymphal ixodes ricinus feed mainly on particular mice (apodemus flavicollis or a. agrarius), voles (clethrionomys glareolus) or on sand lizards (lacerta agilis) and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the seasonal activity of the subadult stages of the vector tick. in all sites, the mice appeared most heavily infested by larvae; at least seven parasit ...	1991	1996733
the relationship between the flaviviruses skalica and langat as revealed by monoclonal antibodies, peptide mapping and rna sequence analysis.	the flavivirus skalica was isolated from a bank vole in czechoslovakia in 1976. it can be serologically distinguished from prototype strains of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and has a decreased virulence for adult mice. we have further defined the relationship of skalica virus to other members of the tbe serocomplex (tbe european and far eastern subtypes, langat and louping ill virus) by using a panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies, peptide mapping and rna sequence analyses. by these criteria ...	1991	1847173
molecular characterization and expression of glycoprotein gene of hantavirus r22 strain isolated from rattus norvegicus in china.	a cdna containing the complete open reading frame of the m genome segment of hantavirus r22 strain isolated from rattus norvegicus in china, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and then cloned. the m segment is 3656 nucleotides in length with a predicted region of 3402 bases encoding a precursor glycoprotein of 1134 amino acids subsequently processed into viral glycoproteins 1 and 2 (g1 and g2). a strain comparison between r22 and sr11 (isolated from a rat in japan), and hantaan 76 ...	1991	1962503
[hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia: incidence of infection in human and wild animal reservoirs].	on the territory of lika and gorski kotar a group of 300 forest workers and 260 persons from the general population were screened for hantavirus antibodies (by the indirect immunofluorescence test). in the first group of examenees a mean of 1.6% were found positive, ranging from 0% (gospić) to 3.2% (ogulin). in the second groups a mean of 5.4% were positive, ranging from 4.4 to 8.9% (delnice and slunj, respectively). it is concluded that the hantavirus infection rate in our natural foci of hfrs ...	1991	1688294
host specificity of and cross-immunity between two strains of heligmosomoides polygyrus.	the infectivity of wild and laboratory strains of heligmosomoides polygyrus (nematospiroides dubius) in laboratory mice and in three species of wild british rodent was compared. wild strains, of the subspecies h. p. polygyrus, were isolated from wild caught apodemus sylvaticus. only very low-level infections of the wild strains became established in laboratory mice. similar worm burdens of the laboratory strain became established in laboratory mice and a. sylvaticus, although infections in a. sy ...	1991	1866189
[hantaan virus infection in twente].	to find out if hantavirus infection, as a cause of acute renal failure, has been overlooked in the past. to determine if hantavirus can be found in wild rodents, particularly in red bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), living in the area.	1991	1675769
nephropathia epidemica (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) in scandinavia.	nephropathia epidemica (ne) in scandinavia is a zoonosis caused by puumala virus. the main animal reservoir is the bank vole. ne predominantly affects men. its annual incidence varies in a cyclic fashion, with peaks occurring every third to fourth year. the clinical picture of ne in scandinavia is similar to that of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in other parts of the world, although ne generally has a milder course. the case-fatality rate is approximately 0.2%. the most common clinical f ...	1991	1681581
differential detachment from resting hosts of replete larval and nymphal ixodes ticks.	to determine whether replete subadult ixodes ticks detach more frequently from resting than from active hosts, diverse rodents and lizards were caged in an apparatus designed to record the ticks' sites of detachment relative to the resting site of the host. replete larval ixodes ricinus and ixodes dammini accumulated mainly beneath the resting places of the mice (apodemus agrarius and peromyscus leucopus) most frequently parasitized in nature. although nymphal i. ricinus similarly detached where ...	1991	2040945
antigenic variation of european haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus strains characterized using bank vole monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against puumala (puu) virus, the aetiological agent of nephropathia epidemica, were produced by fusing activated spleen cells from a bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) with the mouse myeloma cell line sp2/0. this novel approach, utilizing the natural vector of puu virus for hybridoma production, proved to be highly efficient, and eight stable puu virus-specific heterohybridomas were isolated and characterized. the bank vole mabs were all specific for the nucleocapsi ...	1991	1716651
[the disposition of natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in different landscape areas of tyumen province].	lungs of 3159 animals of the forest complex from 90 areas of 30 administrative districts of tyumen province were examined by enzyme immunoassays for antigen of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) during 5 years, 1985-1989. the antigen of hers virus was detected in the lungs of mammals of 8 species: clethrionomys glareolus and cl. rutilus, siberian and arctic lemmings (first findings in the world), m. oeconomus, field mouse, common and pygmy shrews. nearly all the findings refer to the s ...	1992	1359712
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in yugoslavia: epidemiologic and epizootiologic features of a nationwide outbreak in 1989.	a nationwide epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) occurred in yugoslavia in 1989. sera from 609 hospitalized patients, from all six republics (bosnia and hercegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro serbia, slovenia) and two provinces (kosovo and vojvodina), who had signs and symptoms suggestive of hfrs, and sera and lung tissues from 544 small mammals belonging to 13 species were studied for evidence of hantavirus infection. of the 226 patients with serologically confirmed hf ...	1992	1363468
bank vole monoclonal antibodies against puumala virus envelope glycoproteins: identification of epitopes involved in neutralization.	bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the two envelope glycoproteins (g 1 and g 2) of the puumala (puu) virus were generated and characterized. analyses of the mabs' antigen and epitope specificities showed non-overlapping reactivities of one anti-g 1 and two anti-g 2 mabs. a significant neutralizing activity was shown by the anti-g 1 and one of the anti-g 2 mabs, suggesting the existence of at least one neutralizing domain on each of the two glycoproteins. the ...	1992	1381914
susceptibility of some species of rodents to rickettsiae.	the present study was designed to test the susceptibility of free-living rodents, viz apodemus flavicollis, microtus arvalis, clethrionomys glareolus, mus musculus, and outbred white mice from dobrá voda farm, csfr, to coxiella burnetii, rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (rickettsia sibirica, r. conorii, r. slovaca and r. akari) and rickettsiae of typhus group (r. typhi and r. prowazekii) by various routes of administration. the highest levels of antibodies to c. burnetii were found in a. f ...	1992	1427494
[prevalence of hantavirus infection in small mammals in the south moravian region].	in 1987 to 1990 in the south moravian region 1094 lungs of small terrestrial mammals were examined for hantavirus antigen and sera of 525 rodents and 93 hares for antibodies against these viruses. in the majority the materials were not from the same individual. lungs were examined by the elisa method, antibodies were assessed by the indirect immunofluorescence reaction. an antigen resembling the western subtype (puumala) was found in 65 animals (5.9%) of two rodent species (microtus arvalis--63 ...	1992	1387051
[the reproductive potential of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus schreb) and of the tundra vole (microtus oeconomus pall.) under the conditions of the elevated radiation background of bryansk province].	the continuous irradiation (connected with the accident on the chernobyl atomic power plant) by cesium-137 of the dominant species of rodents (clethrionomys glareolus, microtus oeconomus) in the forests of bryansk province had a deteriorating effect on the state of reproductive organs and on the course of embryogenesis, stimulated the reproduction cycle but inhibited the rate of sexual maturation and increased the death-rate of young animals. these effects resulted in significant ageing of the p ...	1992	1302492
postnatal changes in subcellular distribution of copper, zinc and metallothionein in the liver of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus): a possible involvement of metallothionein and copper in cell proliferation.	1. dramatic interdependent changes in the intracellular concentrations of copper (cu), zinc (zn) and metallothionein (mt) in the liver of bank voles during the first 30 days of their life were observed. 2. the post-mitochondrial cu, zn and mt (zn-mt) abruptly decreased between 1 and 3 days following birth but the nuclear mt (cu-mt) and cu increased at the same time, suggesting that cu displaced zn already bound to mt in the cytoplasm and subsequently the complex cu-mt was translocated to the nuc ...	1992	1360385
seasonal changes in subcellular distribution of zinc, copper, cadmium and metallothionein in the liver of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus): a possible essential role of cadmium and metallothionein in the hepatic metabolism of copper.	1. an increase in total zn concentration in the liver of sexually mature bank voles in spring and summer was primarily accompanied by an increase in zn levels in the nuclear and mitochondrial-lysosomal fractions, while in immature voles in an analogous situation, zn tended to concentrate mainly in the post-mitochondrial fraction. 2. seasonal changes in cu concentration in all subcellular fractions followed closely those of total hepatic cu; however, the mitochondrial-lysosomal cu underwent the m ...	1992	1350961
the effect of variation in calcium intake on the growth of wood mice and bank voles.	calcium intake by wild rodents varies with season and habitat. this may have important ecological consequences; several studies have suggested that calcium availability may limit growth and reproduction. we studied the effect on growth of varying the calcium intake of captive wood mice apodemus sylvaticus (l.) and bank voles clethrionomys glareolus (schreber 1780). to determine whether effects observed in the laboratory could be detected in free-living animals, we also compared the body weights ...	1992	28311823
parental investment related to social systems in microtines.	laboratory offspring of wild-caught voles clethrionomys glareolus and microtus agrestis, bred for 1 year under constant conditions, were examined with regard to sex ratios and weights at weaning and at 2 months of age. c. glareolus exhibits female territoriality and m. agrestis male territoriality in summer. the adults die away in late summer-autumn. early-summer young mature in the year of birth but late-summer young do not reach maturity until the following year. c. glareolus young showed a ma ...	1992	28312884
ultrasonic vocalization and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (rodentia: arvicolidae).	infant voles thermoregulate poorly and produce ultrasonic vocalizations when cooled. vocalizing and the ability to maintain body temperature in isolated pups cold-challenged at 5 degrees c or 22 degrees c were studied in nestling clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis, and arvicola terrestris. the tendency to vocalize varied with age, since pups vocalized more in their 2nd week than in their 1st or 3rd weeks. rate of vocalizing was correlated with sound pressure level of vocalizations. their ...	1992	1487083
the effect of diet quality on gut anatomy in british voles (microtinae).	three species of british voles, the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus, the field vole microtus agrestis and the water vole arvicola terrestris were maintained on diets of seed and plant leaf material to investigate changes in gut anatomy. c. glareolus and m. agrestis showed significant changes in most regions of the gut; they developed longer and heavier tracts when on a high-fibre diet. this response may be important in enabling these animals to withstand seasonal changes in diet quality.	1993	8408846
tick-borne encephalitis virus activity in styria, austria.	from 3,404 ixodes ricinus ticks collected in 12 localities of styria, austria in 1990, 15 tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus isolates were recovered. minimal field infection rate reached 4.4 virus containing ticks out of 1,000 collected ticks. five isolates of tbe virus were obtained from target organs of apodemus flavicollis trapped in locality wagnitz. in a serosurvey based on virus neutralizing antibodies high prevalence of tbe virus was demonstrated in a. flavicollis (47.9%) and clethrionom ...	1993	8105665
igg avidity assay for estimation of the time after onset of hantavirus infection in colonized and wild bank voles.	an immunoglobulin g avidity assay was used to determine recent and past hantavirus infection in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). sera of experimentally infected bank voles were studied at different time intervals. the avidity of specific igg increased over time after infection. this experimental data were used to estimate the time after onset of hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles caught in an endemic area. the possibility to discriminate between recently infected animals ...	1993	8104397
catenotaenia henttoneni sp. n. (cestoda: catenotaeniidae), a parasite of voles clethrionomys glareolus and c. rutilus (rodentia).	a description of a new tapeworm species, catenotaenia henttoneni, parasitizing the voles clethrionomys glareolus and c. rutilus (arvicolidae) in finnish lapland, is given. we show that all catenotaenia from arvicolid rodents in europe, usually described as c. cricetorum kirschenblat, 1949, evidently represent the species c. henttoneni.	1993	8325563
cryptosporidiosis in poland: clinical, epidemiologic and parasitologic aspects.	stool samples from 692 children hospitalized with symptoms of gastroenteritis, were examined for cryptosporidium parvum. the oocysts were found in 17 (2.4%) children. there was no association with age, sex or location of household. however, relatively higher rate of oocyst exclusion was found among 2-month- to 3-year-old groups (50%) and among children from villages (43%). six children from the group of infected were additionally screened for general immunocompetence. four of these exhibited sig ...	1993	8013931
diversity of relative intensities of acetylcholinesterase staining within the laminae of the visual cortex of four mammals.	the histological staining patterns of acetylcholinesterase fibers in the visual cortex of the hamster, bank vole, yellow necked wood mouse, and rabbit are described. between the species there are variations in staining intensities of the laminae in the visual cortex. in the hamster and bank vole layers iv, v, and vi are intensely stained. the yellow necked wood mouse demonstrates little difference in staining intensity between the layers of the visual cortex. the rabbit evidences a dense precipi ...	1993	7685233
an epidemiologic study of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in bashkirtostan (russia) and sweden.	the incidence and antibody prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in bashkirtostan (european part of russia) and northern sweden was compared with the abundance of clethrionomys glareolus (bank voles) in the two areas. in bashkirtostan, 10% of the women and 15% of the men were found to be antibody positive. the corresponding figures for sweden were 8% and 16% for women and men, respectively. the annual incidence of hfrs in bashkirtostan was 50 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, w ...	1993	8100119
borrelia burgdorferi in a focus of lyme borreliosis: epizootiologic contribution of small mammals.	the contribution of woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) was compared in a focus of lyme borreliosis in switzerland during a 7 months' study. all three species of mice and one species of shrews (sorex araneus) were shown parasitized by infected ixodes ricinus immatures. about 14% of larvae and 50% of nymphs collected on small mammals were infected with b. burgdorferi. spirochetes were isolated from blood of 3 woodmice ...	1993	8325567
seasonal variation in the capacity of the bank vole to infect larval ticks (acari: ixodidae) with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.	seasonal variation in the capacity of bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus (schreber), to infect larval ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner was examined from may through october 1991 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. although larval infestations of bank voles were greatest in june and july, nearly 70% of all larval ticks infected with spirochetes by bank voles at this site became infected during august and september. ...	1993	8360909
susceptibility of human cells to puumala virus infection.	nephropathia epidemica involves several organs including kidney, lung, liver and brain. to investigate the susceptibility of putative target cells to the agent responsible, puumala virus, we screened established human cell lines of lung (wi-38, a-427, ccd-11lu), kidney (a-704), liver (hep g2), pharynx (detroit 562), submaxillary gland (a-253) and neural (sk-n-mc, sh-sy5y) origin as well as primary human kidney glomerular cells, endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages. propag ...	1993	8445370
anti-idiotypic antibodies against puumala virus glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies inhibit virus infection in cell cultures.	rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) were generated against three bank vole and one human monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for the two envelope glycoproteins of puumala virus (g1 and g2). the anti-ids were purified by sequential immunoaffinity chromatography. each anti-id inhibited the antigen binding of its respective mab in a competitive elisa. this inhibition, and the absence of cross-reactivity among the anti-ids for heterologous mabs, showed that they all were specific for unique d ...	1993	8379850
hormonal and photoperiod-induced changes in testicular interleukin-1-like factor in bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus.	testicular interleukin-1-like factor (til-1) is a cytokine secreted presumably by sertoli cells in several mammalian species. the function of this cytokine is unknown: til-1 may control meiosis, act as a mitogen for spermatogonia or have both of these functions. the present investigation was conducted to assess til-1 activity and its hormonal control in a seasonally breeding photoperiodic mammal during testicular maturation and photoperiod-induced regression. testicular maturation in long photop ...	1993	8501717
maintenance by hares of european borrelia burgdorferi in ecosystems without rodents.	during may-october 1991 shrews (sorex spp.), small rodents (apodemus spp., clethrionomys glareolus [schreber]), and hares (lepus spp.) were sampled near stockholm, sweden. nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) derived from blood-engorged larvae collected from these mammals were investigated by phase-contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using the monoclonal antibody h6831 directed against the ospb protein of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. three rodent s ...	1993	8433337
the prevalence of small terrestrial mammals infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospirae in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany.	in the district of grafenau/freyung (bavaria, germany), 266 specimens of small terrestrial mammals of 8 species were captured using live traps. from these mammals, apodemus flavicollis (42.1%) and clethrionomys glareolus (39.5%) were prevalent. all animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and agglutinating antibodies to leptospirae. seropositivity against tbe virus was 14.0% and against leptospirae 7.9%, respectively. seropositivity to leptospirae ap ...	1993	8298661
reverted virulence of attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus mutant is not accompanied with the changes in deduced viral envelope protein amino acid sequence.	serial passages of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus strain 4387 isolated from the liver and lungs of the bank vole through the salivary glands of ixodes ricinus ticks led to a reduction of its virulence for laboratory mice infected via peripheral route. when attenuated mutants were passaged through mouse brains, virulent phenotypes have appeared in the 3rd mouse passage. after 5 consecutive passages the virus was more pathogenic for mice after peripheral inoculation than the parental 4387 str ...	1994	7817894
prevalence of cryptosporidium sp. in peak density microtus agrestis, microtus oeconomus and clethrionomys glareolus populations.	the prevalence of cryptosporidia was determined in high density populations of microtus agrestis, microtus oeconomus, and clethrionomys glareolus in finland. one of 131 m. agrestis and one of 41 c. glareolus each were found to be infected with cryptosporidium sp.; none were found in 43 microtus oeconomus. these apparently healthy voles had neither signs of clinical disease nor histopathological changes in intestines.	1994	8151812
borrelia burgdorferi in rodents (apodemus flavicollis and a. sylvaticus): duration and enhancement of infectivity for ixodes ricinus ticks.	ixodes ricinus is an important vector of borrelia burgdorferi in europe, and small rodents (apodemus flavicollis, a. sylvaticus and clethrionomys glareolus) are important sources for infecting ticks. in this study, we examined their reservoir role by studying the duration of their infectivity for ticks. a. flavicollis and a. sylvaticus mice captured in nature were exposed to uninfected i. ricinus larvae at different times after their capture: 10 days, and 2, 7, 11, 14 and 40 months. ticks were e ...	1994	7957795
density-dependent acquired resistance to ticks in natural hosts, independent of concurrent infection with babesia microti.	the question of whether the known immunosuppressive effects of babesia microti may disrupt the development of acquired resistance to its tick vector, ixodes trianguliceps, in natural rodent hosts (clethrionomys glareolus), and thus enhance the disease transmission potential, is addressed experimentally. the results show for the first time that natural hosts can acquire resistance to ticks; that this acquired resistance is manifested chiefly by a strongly density-dependent reduction in the percen ...	1994	8008455
differential immune responses to borrelia burgdorferi in european wild rodent species influence spirochete transmission to ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae).	immune responses to borrelia burgdorferi and their influence on spirochete transmission to ixodes ricinus were analyzed in the natural european reservoir hosts; i.e., the mouse species apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse) and apodemus sylvaticus (wood mouse) and the vole species clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole), and, in addition, in the laboratory mouse strain nmri. naive and preimmunized rodents were infected either by artificially infected i. ricinus larvae or by intradermal injection ...	1994	7960113
grahamella in small woodland mammals in the u.k.: isolation, prevalence and host specificity.	bacteria isolated from the blood of small woodland mammals were identified as members of the genus grahamella. the prevalence of grahamella infection among the 37 small mammals examined, detected by cultivation of blood samples, was 62%. this figure is somewhat higher than previous reports. further characterization of the isolates, based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 16s rrna gene, serological reactivity and dna hybridization studies, revealed three distinct grahamella species. one of th ...	1994	7944677
transmission of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from mammal reservoirs to the primary vector of lyme borreliosis, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), in sweden.	factors regulating prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in ixodes ricinus (l.) were examined during 1991-1992 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. nine species of small and medium-sized mammals (sorex araneus l., s. minutus l., neomys fodiens pennant, clethrionomys glareolus [schreber], microtus agrestis [l.], apodemus sylvaticus [l.], a. flavicollis [melchior], lepus europaeus pallas, l. timidus l.) were found to infect feeding tic ...	1994	7815401
sequences of wild puumala virus genes show a correlation of genetic variation with geographic origin of the strains.	an experimental scheme was developed for direct sequence analysis of puumala virus-containing specimens from wild rodents (clethrionomys glareolus). total rna isolated from rodent lung tissues was reverse-transcribed in the presence of a universal 11 nucleotide primer complementary to all three viral rna segments followed by amplification in a pcr with gene-specific primers. a full-length pcr product of approximately 1800 bp from the s segment encoding the viral nucleoprotein and a product of ap ...	1994	8113763
[nephropathia epidemica. hantavirus nephritis--a differential diagnosis in acute abdomen].	nephropathia epidemica (ne) is an infectious disease caused by hantavirus of the bunyavirus family and carried by little rodents, in denmark presumably by the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). the disease usually presents with self-limiting renal failure, thrombocytopenia, fever, lower back and/or abdominal pain. as such it might be confused with for example acute abdomen as shown by the two cases given. final diagnosis is based upon demonstrating antibody formation against hantavirus.	1994	7810017
change in phenotype of tick-borne encephalitis virus following passage in ixodes ricinus ticks and associated amino acid substitution in the envelope protein.	serial passage of an uncloned tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain 4387 isolated from the liver and lungs of a bank vole) in ixodes ricinus ticks, was accompanied by gradual reduction in virulence of the virus, as indicated by transmission of virus by infected ticks feeding on laboratory mice. after the 7th serial passage in ticks (strain 4387/7), 95% of mice survived the bite of infected ticks. the surviving infected mice showed either no or only low viraemia although virus could be isolated f ...	1994	8191785
scaning electron microscopy of capillaria muris sylvatici from clethrionomys glareolus with reference to the zoonotic species.	species of the genus capillaria are numerous. many of them are parasites of different species of vertebrates, including man, causing various pathological manifestations. the taxonomy of the capillariids is a complicated one. in the present study, light and scanning electron microscopes were used to illustrate and clarify the taxonomic features of capillaria muris sylvatici. this capillus or hair nematode was recovered from the vole clethrionomys glareolus. the results were discussed with referen ...	1994	7844433
isolation of a puumala-like virus from mus musculus captured in yugoslavia and its association with severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.	an outbreak of severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) occurred in 1988 in pozarevac, serbia, yugoslavia. the disease was diagnosed in 4 children and 1 adult, and 1 of the children died. rodents were captured from the same area and virus isolation attempted. a hantavirus, poz-m1, was isolated from lung tissues of hantavirus antigen-positive mus musculus. serology and restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction-amplified segments from this virus showed that it was a stra ...	1994	7506281
behaviour of cyclic bank voles under risk of mustelid predation: do females avoid copulations?	mustelid odours have been shown to suppress breeding in captive bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from cyclic populations (ylönen 1989; ylönen and ronkainen 1994). the mechanism behind the suppression is unknown. based on a series of behavioural trials and breeding experiments with pairs of bank voles in breeding condition, we suggest that the primary cause for breeding suppression is a change in female mating behaviour. experimental female-male pairs (n=34) exposed to mustelid odour decrease ...	1994	28313633
densities of microtime rodents along a pollution gradient from a copper-nickel smelter.	population densities of microtine rodents were studied along an air pollution gradient in the kola peninsula, russia, by long-term and short-term trapping. the study area is affected by high sulphur dioxide and heavy metal emissions from the severonikel copper-nickel smelter in monchegorsk. the density of clethrionomys rufocanus, the most abundant vole species in the area, was lowest close to the smelter and increased with distance up to the farthest, less polluted trapping sites. clethrionomys ...	1994	28313738
fluoride accumulation and toxicity in wild small mammals.	populations of two species of small mammal, the field vole (microtus agrestis l.) and the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus l.), inhabiting grasslands contaminated by industrial sources of fluoride were examined for fluoride concentrations in skeletal tissue and for morphological changes in the teeth. concentrations of fluoride in teeth and bones were higher for c. glareolus than for m. agrestis at the chemical works and smelter sites. severe dental lesions were recorded on the incisor and mola ...	1994	15091672
the curious normality of the synaptic association between the sex chromosomes of two arvicoline rodents: microtus oeconomus and clethrionomys glareolus.	in all eight species of arvicoline (microtine) rodents previously described, the x and y chromosomes have remained asynaptic throughout pachynema. since synapsis is presumed to be a prerequisite for crossing over, it has been concluded that the sex chromosomes in these species are also achiasmatic, but the mechanism(s) of their disjunction remains an enigma. their asynaptic, achiasmatic condition has been attributed to loss of the pseudoautosomal region (borodin et al. 1991; carnero et al. 1991; ...	1994	8083057
influence of herbivory on caesium turnover in a forest ecosystem.	the effect of herbivory by bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and moose (alces alces) in relation to litterfall in a boreal forest is analysed. the main purpose is to estimate the relative importance of these processes for the transfer of caesium-137 to soil. biomasses of litterfall and food consumption were selected from different forest biotopes. the analysis of the input and output of caesium-137 in the vole and moose populations is based on mass balance calculations for caesium-137 in stead ...	1994	7839117
[radioresistance of a population of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) in radioactive pollution conditions].		1994	7951016
chemical signals involved in spacing behavior of breeding female bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus schreber 1780, microtidae, rodentia).	in order to study the mechanism involved in the seasonal territoriality of breeding bank voles, the social behavior and scent marking of paired females were observed throughout a reproductive cycle. initially unfamiliar females were kept in large laboratory pens provided with individual burrows. after a brief period of hostility, females behaved in a friendly manner towards each other, sharing the same nest even in the presence of a male and until the middle of pregnancy. they scarcely marked wi ...	1994	24242128
reproductive costs and litter size in the bank vole.	the potential reproductive costs for free-ranging bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) offspring and mothers were assessed by manipulating litter size and by determining the effects of nursing varied numbers of offspring. litter enlargement did not increase the number of weanlings per mother. the mass of juveniles was significantly lower in the enlarged litters and higher in the reduced litters, compared to the control group. however, the survival of juveniles from weaning aged three months did n ...	1995	7644546
home bedding modifies ultrasonic vocalization of infant bank voles.	bank vole,clethrionomys glareolus, pups, similar to many other infant rodents, emit ultrasonic vocalizations when they are removed from the nest and cooled. infants exposed to bedding from their home cage produced fewer and shorter calls than infants tested without bedding. sound frequencies were significantly higher in infants exposed to home bedding than in other experimental groups. these results provide evidence that infant bank voles are able to identify the presence of home bedding, probab ...	1995	24234251
[dynamics of sizes of daily home ranges of female bank voles during the breeding period].		1995	8640119
[character of reproductive losses in bank vole populations living in a habitat polluted with toxic substances].		1995	8580861
impact of an environmentally-realistic intake of cadmium on calcium, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism in bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus.	oral intake of cadmium can disrupt calcium metabolism in laboratory rodents. if this occurs in free-living wild rodents, reproductive potential, growth, and survival could be adversely affected. this study investigated whether an environmentally-realistic intake of cadmium (1.5-1.7 mg/kg bw/24h) by bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus, affected uptake and assimilation of calcium and also that of magnesium and phosphorus, two elements metabolized in close association with calcium. mineral metaboli ...	1995	7661627
effects of predator removal on vertebrate prey populations: birds of prey and small mammals.	we studied the effects of removal of breeding nomadic avian predators (the kestrel, falco tinnunculus and tengmalm's owl, aegolius funereus) on small mammals (voles of the genera microtus and clethrionomys and the common shrew, sorex araneus) during 1989-1992 in western finland to find out if these predators have a regulating or limiting impact on their prey populations. we removed potential breeding sites of raptors from five manipulation areas (c. 3 km(2) each), whereas control areas had nest- ...	1995	28306779
blood supply to the abdominal and pelvic regions in the mediterranean pine vole, microtus duodecimcostatus (rodentia, arvicolidae).	the abdominal and pelvic blood supply of the mediterranean pine vole (microtus duodecimcostatus) is described. a total of 13 individuals (seven males, six females) captured in the field (sanaüja, spain) were analysed by injection of coloured latex solution and subsequent dissection. the arrangements observed in all specimens show some common traits in relation to the patterns established in other arvicolidae studied (arvicola terrestris, clethrionomys glareolus, microtus h agrestis). these share ...	1995	8588705
prevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in danish rodents.	six rodent species from six danish localities were examined for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by immunofluorescence assay (ifa). a total of 1097 specimens were tested using a serum titre of 1:8. the wild mice apodemus sylvaticus and a. flavicollis had high prevalences of b. burgdorferi antibodies of 42.1% and 27.9% respectively, but the vole microtus agrestis also showed an exceptionally high prevalence of 32.7%. clethrionomys glareolus had a low average prevalence of 17.4%. the lowest and ...	1995	7612254
mixed natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in west slovakia.	total of 923 small mammals of 7 species were collected in locality záhorská ves, west slovakia, in 1990-1992. among examined small mammal species it was clethrionomys glareolus (48.7% of total, 17.5% positive for tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus antibodies), apodemus flavicollis (29.7% of total, 17.5% positive), a. sylvaticus (11.3% of total, 16.3% positive), and microtus arvalis (6.2% of total, 10.5% positive). the most abundant tick species (larval and nymphal stages) on small mammals was i ...	1995	7676942
mapping of b-cell determinants in the nucleocapsid protein of puumala virus: definition of epitopes specific for acute immunoglobulin g recognition in humans.	the complete amino acid sequence of the puumala (puu) virus nucleocapsid protein (n), deduced from the genome of the prototype strain sotkamo, was synthesized as decapeptides with 5-amino-acid overlaps. by use of the pepscan method, 86 peptides were examined for reactivity with sera from serologically confirmed nephropathia epidemica (ne) patients and 11 puu virus n-specific bank vole monoclonal antibodies. the human sera showed reactivity with several different regions, while only one of the mo ...	1995	7536616
temporal dynamics of puumala virus antibody prevalence in voles and of nephropathia epidemica incidence in humans.	puumala (puu) virus is the etiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica (ne) in humans. this disease is highly endemic in vasterbotten county, sweden, with an annual incidence of 19.2 (range 3.7-37.4) per 100,000 inhabitants. voles are considered to be both the main reservoir and the vector of puu virus. a total of 3,591 rodents (mainly clethrionomys glareolus, c. rufocanus, and microtus agrestis) trapped in vasterbotten between 1979 and 1987 were tested for the presence of puu virus antibodies by ...	1995	7677213
detection and subsequent sequencing of puumala virus from human specimens by pcr.	a sensitive method based on pcr was developed for the detection of puumala virus (puu) in human samples. the assay was found to be specific for puu-like strains and distinguished between these and hantaviruses of other serotypes. the detection limit was found to be 10(-5) focus-forming units. clinical samples were collected from patients with nephropathia epidemica in sweden and western russia. five whole blood samples collected from patients in russia with the acute phase of disease were found ...	1995	7714178
mortality factors in a cyclic vole population.	the causes of cyclic fluctuations in microtine rodent populations are still a bone of contention. in particular, the actual causes of mortality in the different phases of the 3-4-year vole are an enigma. we present results from studies of radio-collared voles (microtus agrestis, m. rossiaemeridionalis and clethrionomys glareolus), which show that small mustelid predation was the major mortality factor of voles in the decline phase, but had less importance in the increase phase of the 3-year popu ...	1995	7644548
[occurrence of coxiella burnetti antibodies in cattle, sheep and small terrestrial mammals in the western region of bohemia].	the prevalence of antibodies to c. burnetii was studied in the karlovy vary district (the czech republic) between 1987 and 1989. sera of cows, sheep and heart eluates of small ground mammals were tested using the complement fixation test with c. burnetii antigen in phase ii (bodibion, mevak nitra, slovakia). titers greater or equal to 8 or 10 were considered as positive. cows from two large-scale farms were tested four times (the average number of every sampling was 339 cows). their seroprevalen ...	1995	7762122
quantifying parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst voles (clethrionomys glareolus).	the estimation of two parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst small mammals, (1) the duration of infectivity in natural hosts and (2) the probability of transmission from an infected to a susceptible vole, is described. when b. microti was maintained by direct tick transmission, the probability of a complete cycle of transmission via the larval-nymphal and nymphal-adult transstadial routes was 1.0 and 0.71 respectively, but only if the larvae or ...	1995	7724236
clethrionomys glareolus, but not apodemus flavicollis, acquires resistance to ixodes ricinus l., the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi.	the european rodents clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) and apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked-mouse) are important hosts of the tick species ixodes ricinus, the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi. we have addressed the question whether or not these tick hosts develop resistance to i. ricinus larvae. c. glareolus and a. flavicollis were exposed to 40 i. ricinus larvae for five consecutive times at two week intervals. resistance was tested by the following parameters: percentage of ti ...	1995	7624158
serological evidence for the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in british wildlife.	the reservoir host of cowpox virus in western europe is not known, but epidemiological evidence from human and feline infections indicates that the virus is probably endemic in small wild rodents. therefore, serum and tissue samples were collected from a variety of wild british mammals and some birds, and tested for evidence of orthopoxvirus infection. antibody reacting with cowpox virus was detected in 9/44 (20%) bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), 8/24 (33%) field voles (microtus agrestis), ...	1995	7641833
coding strategy of the s and m genomic segments of a hantavirus representing a new subtype of the puumala serotype.	the hantavirus strain vranica was previously reported to have been isolated from a bank vole in bosnia-hercegovina and associated with the occurrence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hrfs) in humans. the complete cdna nucleotide sequences of the small (s) and medium (m) genomic rna segments of this virus were determined. major open reading frames were found in the s and m segment between nucleotide positions 43 and 1341 coding for a polypeptide of 433 amino acid residues and between nuc ...	1995	7503698
a heterogeneous distribution of emmonsia parva var. crescens in an agro-ecosystem.	the lung tissue of 1143 rodents of five species, caught at a number of sites and habitats in an agro-ecosystem (southern moravia, czech republic) in 1988-1993, was examined for the presence of adiaspores of emmonsia parva var. crescens (emmons et jellison) van oorschot. the overall prevalence of adiasporomycosis was 16.6%, but its distribution varied significantly according to rodent species (clethrionomys glareolus 37.6%, apodemus flavicollis 33.3%, a. sylvaticus 21.1%, a microps 9.2%, microtus ...	1995	7666301
strain variation of lyme disease spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents collected in two endemic areas in switzerland.	the relationship among lyme borreliosis, borrelia genospecies, rodent reservoirs, and ixodes ricinus l. ticks was studied in two endemic areas in switzerland. ear punch biopsies and sampling of internal organs were used to isolate borrelia burgdorferi (johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt and brenner) from small mammals, apodemus sylvaticus l., a. flavicollis melchoir, clethrionomys glareolus schreber. spirochetes were isolated from ear tissue and spleen of the rodents. isolates were homogeneous a ...	1995	7650703
oral transmission of trypanosomes of the subgenus herpetosoma from small mammals.	the rodents microtus agrestis, clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus sylvaticus and white bk rats were given either a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, an intragastric (i.g.) inoculation or an oral (p.o.) inoculation of the culture forms, including metacyclic trypomastigotes, of trypanosoma microti, t. evotomys, t. grosi and t. lewisi, respectively. similar levels of parasitaemia were produced by each of the three routes of infection, although the prepatent period was 3-5 days shorter in the ...	1995	8570586
infestation of rodents with larval ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) is an important factor in the transmission cycle of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in german woodlands.	the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. s.l. was investigated from 1987 to 1993 in a preserved woodland in western germany near bonn. in selected biotopes, host-seeking ixodes ricinus l. were regularly collected by blanket dragging in 1987, 1988, and 1989 and screened for infection with b. burgdorferi. rodents were trapped monthly between april and october in 1988, 1990, 1991, and in the winter of 1992-1993, examined for antibodies to b. burgdorferi s.l., and inspected for feeding tic ...	1995	8551503
nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the m and s genome segments of a swedish puumala virus isolate.	the swedish puumala (puu) virus strain vindeln 83-l20, isolated from a bank vole trapped in 1983 near vindeln, västerbotten county, sweden, was characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis. the coding region of the m segment was determined by pcr followed by direct sequencing and the entire s segment was characterized by cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis. the genomic organization was found to be very similar to that of other puu virus strains regarding open reading frames, polypeptide si ...	1995	8837894
hantavirus infections in the netherlands: epidemiology and disease.	a serological survey for the prevalence of hantavirus infections in the netherlands was carried out on > 10,000 sera, from selected human populations, and different feral and domestic animal species. hantavirus-specific antibodies were found in about 1% of patients suspected of acute leptospirosis, 10% of patients with acute nephropathia, and in less than 0.1% haemodialysis and renal transplant patients. among individuals with a suspected occupational risk, 6% of animal trappers, 4% of forestry ...	1995	7705497
sensitive detection of hantaviruses by biotin-streptavidin enhanced immunoassays based on bank vole monoclonal antibodies.	antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on detection of the viral nucleocapsid protein (n) were designed for rapid diagnosis of hantavirus infections. several combinations of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) monoclonal antibodies with various n-epitope specificities were used for the development of two double-antibody sandwich forms of elisa; puu virus ag-elisa for an exclusive detection of puumala-related viruses, and hantavirus ag-elisa for a more extensive detecti ...	1995	7769041
fluoride accumulation and toxicity in laboratory populations of wild small mammals and white mice.	a laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the toxicological response and metabolism of inorganic fluoride by three species of wild mammals and laboratory white mice (mus musculus l.). the experimental populations of the wild species--the short-tailed field vole (microtus agrestis l.), the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus l.) and the the wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus l.)--were laboratory reared from wild stock, and all test animals were exposed to 0, 40 or 80 microgram f per ml in thei ...	1995	8603928
is the small mammal (clethrionomys glareolus) or the tick vector (ixodes ricinus) the primary overwintering reservoir for the lyme borreliosis spirochete in sweden?	we determined the capacity of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) to infect feeding ixodes ricinus ticks with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (infectivity), during june to october 1991 and june to september 1992 in south-central sweden. in both years, the infectivity of older voles to ticks was higher in august to september (48% to 59%) than in june to july (20% to 32%). we propose that the infectivity of bank vole populations in sweden decreases during winter and spring due to death of highly ...	1995	8592387
[leptospira infected rat population as probable cause of a fatal case of weil's disease].	in the summer of 1992 a patient died of a leptospiral infection which he probably had contracted while he was swimming in an artificial lake in the region of tübingen/reutlingen. regarding the epidemiological role of leptospirosis the rodent population was investigated, because rats and mice were often seen in the surrounding area. 11 rats and 20 mice could be trapped. from their urine or kidneys two leptospiral serovars were isolated: serovar copenhageni from rattus norvegicus and serovar saxko ...	1995	8593131
a comparison of phase contrast microscopy and an immunofluorescence test for the detection of giardia spp. in faecal specimens from cattle and wild rodents.	as part of a study on the presence of giardia cysts in water, a commercial direct immunofluorescence (dif) test for the cysts was evaluated and compared to phase contrast microscopy. forty faecal samples were collected from cattle; 31 contained giardia. all 31 samples were positive by dif whereas only 17 were detected by microscopy. the detected giardia cysts were identified as belonging to the g. duodenalis group. 216 faecal samples were collected from wild rodents (apodemus flavicollis, a. syl ...	1996	8758066
characterization of puumala virus nucleocapsid protein: identification of b-cell epitopes and domains involved in protective immunity.	b-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein (n) of puumala (puu) virus were investigated by use of truncated recombinant proteins and overlapping peptides. six of seven epitopes, recognized by bank vole monoclonal antibodies, were localized within the amino-terminal region of the protein (aa 1-79). polyclonal antibodies from wild-trapped or experimentally infected bank voles identified epitopes located over the entire protein. antibody end-point titers to different n fragments indicated that the ...	1996	8607269