| the impact of the expansion of urban vegetable farming on malaria transmission in major cities of benin. | abstract: | 2010 | 21143999 |
| insecticide resistance in the anopheles gambiae complex in benin: a nationwide survey. | benin has embraced world health organization-recommended preventive strategies to control malaria. its national malaria control programme is implementing and/or coordinating various actions and conducting evaluation trials of mosquito control strategies. mosquito control is based on the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but the efficacy of these strategies to control malaria vectors is endangered by insecticide resistance. here, we present the results of a nationwide ... | 2010 | 21155858 |
| staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae s form. | anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the west african region. resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in an. gambiae s form in the ahafo region of ghana. a laboratory population (gah) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch. | 2010 | 21156042 |
| mass drug administration of ivermectin in south-eastern senegal reduces the survivorship of wild-caught, blood fed malaria vectors. | in south-eastern senegal, malaria and onchocerciasis are co-endemic. onchocerciasis in this region has been controlled by once or twice yearly mass drug administration (mda) with ivermectin (ivm) for over fifteen years. since laboratory-raised anopheles gambiae s.s. are susceptible to ivermectin at concentrations found in human blood post-ingestion of ivm, it is plausible that a similar effect could be quantified in the field, and that ivm might have benefits as a malaria control tool. | 2010 | 21171970 |
| malaria infection and disease in an area with pyrethroid-resistant vectors in southern benin. | this study aimed to investigate baseline data on malaria before the evaluation of new vector control strategies in an area of pyrethroid-resistance of vectors. the burden of malaria was estimated in terms of infection (prevalence and parasite density) and of clinical episodes. | 2010 | 21194470 |
| optimization of breeding output for larval stage of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): prospects for the creation and maintenance of laboratory colony from wild isolates. | domesticating anopheline species from wild isolates provides an important laboratory tool but requires detailed knowledge of their natural biology and ecology, especially the natural breeding habitats of immature stages. the aim of this study was to determine the optimal values of some parameters of anopheles gambiae larval development, so as to design a standard rearing protocol of highland isolates, which would ensure: the biggest fourth instars, the highest pupae productivity, the shortest du ... | 2011 | 21208505 |
| spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele l1014s in anopheles gambiae s.s. and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in western kenya. | malaria vector control in africa depends upon effective insecticides in bed nets and indoor residual sprays. this study investigated the extent of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l., anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya where ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets has risen steadily from the late 1990s to 2010. temporal and spatial variation in the frequency of a knock down resistance (kdr) allele in a. gambiae s.s. was quantified, as was variation in ... | 2011 | 21235783 |
| susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.l. to ddt, malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin in ethiopia. | to assess the susceptibility/resistance level of anopheles gambiae s.l. to ddt, malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin in different parts of ethiopia. | 2011 | 21255205 |
| first report of the infection of insecticide-resistant malaria vector mosquitoes with an entomopathogenic fungus under field conditions. | insecticide-resistant mosquitoes are compromising the ability of current mosquito control tools to control malaria vectors. a proposed new approach for mosquito control is to use entomopathogenic fungi. these fungi have been shown to be lethal to both insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. the goal of this study was to see whether entomopathogenic fungi could be used to infect insecticide-resistant malaria vectors under field conditions, and to ... | 2011 | 21288359 |
| factors influencing differential larval habitat productivity of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a western kenyan village. | the study was undertaken to characterize factors influencing differential productivity of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in a rural village in western kenya. | 2011 | 21406738 |
| development of fungal applications on netting substrates for malaria vector control. | mosquito resistance to chemical insecticides is considered a serious threat for the sustainable use of contemporary malaria vector control methods. fungal entomopathogens show potential as alternative biological control agents against (insecticide-resistant) anophelines. this study was designed to test whether the fungus, beauveria bassiana, could be delivered to mosquitoes on netting materials that might be used in house screens, such as eave curtains. tests were conducted to determine effects ... | 2011 | 21485366 |
| the efficacy of actellic 50 ec, pirimiphos methyl, for indoor residual spraying in ahafo, ghana: area of high vector resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorines. | insecticide resistance in the main malaria vectors in africa is a major concern for malaria vector control program managers. the most common insecticides used for indoor residual spraying (irs) and treating bed nets are becoming increasingly ineffective. the quest for safer and more effective insecticides for malaria vector control is urgent. this study sought to evaluate the efficacy of actellic 50 ec (pirimiphos methyl), an organophosphate, for irs in ghana, where there is high vector resistan ... | 2011 | 21485386 |
| cotton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae population in northern benin. | abstract: | 2011 | 21489266 |
| the emergence of insecticide resistance in central mozambique and potential threat to the successful indoor residual spraying malaria control programme. | abstract: | 2011 | 21535872 |
| gut content identification of larvae of the anopheles gambiae complex in western kenya using a barcoding approach. | although larvae feeding and food source are vital to the development, survival and population regulation of african malaria vectors, the prey organisms of anopheles gambiae larvae in the natural environment have not been well studied. this study used a molecular barcoding approach to investigate the natural diets of anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in western kenya. gut contents from third- and fourth-instar larvae from natural habitats were dissected and dna was extracted. the 18s ribosomal dna ge ... | 2008 | 21585828 |
| constituents of the essential oil of suregada zanzibariensis leaves are repellent to the mosquito, anopheles gambiae s.s. | in traditional african communities, repellent volatiles from certain plants generated by direct burning or by thermal expulsion have played an important role in protecting households against vectors of malaria and other diseases. previous research on volatile constituents of plants has shown that some are good sources of potent mosquito repellents. in this bioprospecting initiative, the essential oil of leaves of the tree, suregada zanzibariensis verdc. (angiospermae: euphobiaceae) was tested ag ... | 2010 | 20569134 |
| malaria prevalence pattern observed in the highland fringe of butajira, southern ethiopia: a longitudinal study from parasitological and entomological survey. | abstract: background: in ethiopia, information regarding highland malaria transmission is scarce, and no report has been presented from butajira highland so far whether the appearance of malaria in the area was due to endemicity or due to highland malaria transmission. thus this study aimed to determine the presence and magnitude of malaria transmission in butajira. methods: for parasitological survey, longitudinal study was conducted from october to december 2006. the entomological surveys were ... | 2011 | 21649923 |
| insecticidal activity of the essential oil from fruits and seeds of schinus terebinthifolia raddi against african malaria vectors. | alternative insecticides for the control of malaria and filarial vectors are of paramount need as resistance is increasing among classes of insecticides currently in use in the public health sector. in this study, mosquitocidal activity of schinus terebinthifolia essential oil against anopheles gambiae s.s., an. arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus was assessed in laboratory, semi- field and full- field conditions | 2011 | 21729280 |
| insecticide susceptibility profile of the principal malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae), in north-central nigeria. | | 2011 | 21715735 |
| predation efficiency of anopheles gambiae larvae by aquatic predators in western kenya highlands. | the current status of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and the effects of insecticides on non-target insect species have raised the need for alternative control methods for malaria vectors. predation has been suggested as one of the important regulation mechanisms for malaria vectors in long-lasting aquatic habitats, but the predation efficiency of the potential predators is largely unknown in the highlands of western kenya. in the current study, we examined the predation efficiency of five ... | 2011 | 21729269 |
| evaluating rnalater-« as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict anopheles gambiae age and species. | abstract: | 2011 | 21740582 |
| sampling of an.gambiae s.s mosquitoes using limburger cheese, heat and moisture as baits in a homemade trap. | abstract: | 2011 | 21835032 |
| [Resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to pyrethroids and DDT at Tiassal+®kro, an irrigated rice-growing village in the southern forest of Ivory Coast.] | An assessment of the sensitivity of Anopheles gambiae s.l.to three pyrethroids (alphacypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin) and DDT has been carried out with a laboratory strain (Kisumu reference sensitive strain) and a wild strain (Tiassal+®kro strain) using larvae from an irrigated rice-growing area of Tiassal+®kro, located in the southern forest of Ivory Coast. The sensitivity tests were performed according to the standard WHO cylinder tests with adult female A. gambiae s.l. aged 2 to 4 days ... | 2011 | 21818678 |
| Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 21679391 |
| Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bioefficacy of an Insect Growth Regulator (Dimilin) as a Larvicide against Mosquito and Housefly Larvae. | The inhibitory function of Dimilin (Diflubenzuron), mostly a chitin synthesis regulator, on the ecdysis of mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae s.l., Culex quinquefasciatus) and housefly was evaluated in the field and in laboratory. Three formulations of Diflubenzuron were evaluated in this study: Dimilin, Wettable powder (25%), Dimilin granules (2%), and Dimilin tablets (2%). The laboratory and field evaluation used different rates of concentrations of these formulations. Generally, at higher dosages ... | 2011 | 21941567 |
| Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. | Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa. | 2011 | 21910856 |
| Asymmetric introgression between the M and S forms of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, maintains divergence despite extensive hybridization. | The suggestion that genetic divergence can arise and/or be maintained in the face of gene flow has been contentious since first proposed. This controversy and a rarity of good examples have limited our understanding of this process. Partially reproductively isolated taxa have been highlighted as offering unique opportunities for identifying the mechanisms underlying divergence with gene flow. The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is widely regarded as consisting of two sympatric fo ... | 2011 | 22059383 |
| molecular characterization and evolution of a gene family encoding male-specific reproductive proteins in the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | during copulation, the major afro-tropical malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. transfers male accessory gland (mag) proteins to females as a solid mass (i.e. the "mating plug"). these proteins are postulated to function as important modulators of female post-mating responses. to understand the role of selective forces underlying the evolution of these proteins in the a. gambiae complex, we carried out an evolutionary analysis of gene sequence and expression divergence on a pair of paralog gene ... | 2011 | 21978124 |
| Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in a malaria endemic region of southern Tanzania. | Genetic diversity is a key factor that enables adaptation and persistence of natural populations towards environmental conditions. It is influenced by the interaction of a natural population's dynamics and the environment it inhabits. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis are the two major and widespread malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined the ecology and population dynamics of these vectors. Ecological conditions along the Kilombero valley in Tanzania ... | 2011 | 21975087 |
| Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. | The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum. | 2011 | 21929746 |
| Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Besides significantly reducing malaria vector densities, prolonged usage of bed nets has been linked to decline of Anopheles gambiae s.s. relative to Anopheles arabiensis, changes in host feeding preference of malaria vectors, and behavioural shifts to exophagy (outdoor biting) for the two important malaria vectors in Africa, An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. In southern coastal Kenya, bed net use was negligible in 1997-1998 when Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s ... | 2011 | 22165904 |
| kdr-based insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s populations in. | abstract: background: the spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on the use of insecticides. two mutations at position 1014 of the s6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a phenylalanine (l1014f) or to a serine (l1014s) confer resistance to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides in ... | 2011 | 22035176 |
| efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets in use in macha, zambia, against the local anopheles arabiensis population. | the mosquito anopheles arabiensis is the primary vector of plasmodium falciparum in macha, zambia. a major portion of zambia's current malaria control programme relies on long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticides. currently, the efficacy of these measures against an. arabiensis in macha is unknown, and previous data has shown that an. arabiensis has continued to feed on human hosts, despite high itn coverage. it is possible that this could ... | 2011 | 21880143 |
| the role of cow urine in the oviposition site preference of culicine and anopheles mosquitoes. | chemical and behavioural ecology of mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of chemical cue based vector control. to date, studies available have focused on evaluating mosquito attractants and repellents of synthetic and human origins. this study, however, was aimed at seasonal evaluation of the efficiency of cow urine in producing oviposition cues to anopheles gambiae s.l. and culex quinquefasciatus in both laboratory and field conditions. | 2011 | 21943071 |
| variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south cameroon. | determination of residual activity of insecticides is essential information for the selection of appropriate indoor spraying operation. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the residual effect of three candidate insecticide formulations on different indoor surfaces in order to guide future interventions, in the context of cameroon and other african countries. | 2011 | 22047173 |
| insecticide resistance and the future of malaria control in zambia. | in line with the global trend to improve malaria control efforts a major campaign of insecticide treated net distribution was initiated in 1999 and indoor residual spraying with ddt or pyrethroids was reintroduced in 2000 in zambia. in 2006, these efforts were strengthened by the president's malaria initiative. this manuscript reports on the monitoring and evaluation of these activities and the potential impact of emerging insecticide resistance on disease transmission. | 2011 | 21915314 |
| anopheles gambiae resistance to pyrethroid-treated nets in cotton versus rice areas in mali. | the rise and spread of anopheles gambiae s.l. (the major malaria vector sub-saharan africa) resistance to pyrethroids is of great concern owing to the predominant role of pyrethroid-treated nets in the who global strategy for malaria control. use of pyrethroids for agricultural purposes may exert a strong selection pressure, favouring the emergence of insecticide resistance. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin treated nets in settings where insecticides ... | 2011 | 22154879 |
| distribution of a knockdown resistance mutation (l1014s) in anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western and southern kenya. | in kenya, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (itns) distributed to pregnant women and children under 5 years old through various programs have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria deaths. all of the world health organization-recommended insecticides for mosquito nets are pyrethroids, and vector mosquito resistance to these insecticides is one of the major obstacles to an effective malaria control program. anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis are major malaria vectors that are ... | 2011 | 21931682 |
| Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | 2011 | 22018223 |
| repellent plants provide affordable natural screening to prevent mosquito house entry in tropical rural settings--results from a pilot efficacy study. | sustained malaria control is underway using a combination of vector control, prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases. progress is excellent, but for long-term control, low-cost, sustainable tools that supplement existing control programs are needed. conventional vector control tools such as indoor residual spraying and house screening are highly effective, but difficult to deliver in rural areas. therefore, an additional means of reducing mosquito house entry was evaluated: the screening ... | 2011 | 22022471 |
| Morphological Differentiation May Mediate Mate-Choice between Incipient Species of Anopheles gambiae s.s. | The M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s. have been considered incipient species for more than ten years, yet the mechanism underlying assortative mating of these incipient species has remained elusive. The discovery of the importance of harmonic convergence of wing beat frequency in mosquito mating and its relation to wing size have laid the foundation for exploring phenotypic divergence in wing size of wild populations of the two forms. In this study, wings from field collected mos ... | 2011 | 22132169 |
| Multimodal pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus s.s. in western Kenya. | Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus s.s. are the most important species for malaria transmission. Pyrethroid resistance of these vector mosquitoes is one of the main obstacles against effective vector control. The objective of the present study was to monitor the pyrethroid susceptibility in the 3 major malaria vectors in a highly malaria endemic area in western Kenya and to elucidate the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in these species. Gembe East and West, ... | 2011 | 21853038 |
| aging partially restores the efficacy of malaria vector control in insecticide-resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.l. from burkina faso. | abstract: background: the operational impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is poorly understood. one factor which may prolong the effectiveness of these tools in the field is the increase in insecticide susceptibility with mosquito age. in this study, llins and irs were tested against young (three to five days) and old (17-19 days) pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae s.l. from burkina faso. methods: ... | 2012 | 22269002 |
| habitat discrimination by gravid anopheles gambiae sensu lato--a push-pull system. | the non-random distribution of anopheline larvae in natural habitats suggests that gravid females discriminate between habitats of different quality. whilst physical and chemical cues used by culex and aedes vector mosquitoes for selecting an oviposition site have been extensively studied, those for anopheles remain poorly explored. here the habitat selection by anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), the principal african malaria vector, was investigated when presented with a choice of two infusio ... | 2014 | 24693951 |
| accurate identification of culicidae at aquatic developmental stages by maldi-tof ms profiling. | the identification of mosquito vectors is generally based on morphological criteria, but for aquatic stages, morphological characteristics may be missing, leading to incomplete or incorrect identification. the high cost of molecular biology techniques requires the development of an alternative strategy. in the last decade, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) profiling has proved to be efficient for arthropod identification at the species le ... | 2014 | 25442218 |
| isolation and characterization of native bacillus thuringiensis strains from saudi arabia with enhanced larvicidal toxicity against the mosquito vector anopheles gambiae (s.l.). | worldwide, mosquito vectors are transmitting several etiological agents of important human diseases, including malaria, causing millions of deaths every year. in saudi arabia, as elsewhere, vector-control is based mostly on chemical insecticides which may be toxic and cause environmental deprivation. here, to support the development of bio-pesticide alternatives, a study was conducted to identify native bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates with improved toxicity against the malaria vector, anoph ... | 2016 | 27993165 |
| development of a gravid trap for collecting live malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.l. | effective malaria vector control targeting indoor host-seeking mosquitoes has resulted in fewer vectors entering houses in many areas of sub-saharan africa, with the proportion of vectors outdoors becoming more important in the transmission of this disease. this study aimed to develop a gravid trap for the outdoor collection of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. based on evaluation and modification of commercially available gravid traps. | 2013 | 23861952 |
| mosquitocidal properties of igg targeting the glutamate-gated chloride channel in three mosquito disease vectors (diptera: culicidae). | the glutamate-gated chloride channel (glucl) is a highly sensitive insecticide target of the avermectin class of insecticides. as an alternative to using chemical insecticides to kill mosquitoes, we tested the effects of purified immunoglobulin g (igg) targeting the extracellular domain of glucl from anopheles gambiae (agglucl) on the survivorship of three key mosquito disease vectors: anopheles gambiae s.s., aedes aegypti and culex tarsalis. when administered through a single blood meal, anti-a ... | 0 | 25994632 |
| using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to mark wild populations of anopheles and aedes mosquitoes in south-eastern tanzania. | marking wild mosquitoes is important for understanding their ecology, behaviours and role in disease transmission. traditional insect marking techniques include using fluorescent dyes, protein labels, radioactive labels and tags, but such techniques have various limitations; notably low marker retention and inability to mark wild mosquitoes at source. stable isotopes are gaining wide spread use for non-invasive marking of arthropods, permitting greater understanding of mosquito dispersal and res ... | 2016 | 27392083 |
| transmission indices and microfilariae prevalence in human population prior to mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole in the gomoa district of ghana. | the lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in ghana involves annual mass drug administration (mda) of ivermectin and albendazole to persons living in endemic areas. this is repeated annually for 4-6 years to span across the reproductive lifespan of adult worms. in order to stimulate participation of community members in the mda programme, this study was carried out to understand local views on transmission, management and prevention of the disease. the study also presents baseline transmissi ... | 2015 | 26503363 |
| the genetic basis of host preference and resting behavior in the major african malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | malaria transmission is dependent on the propensity of anopheles mosquitoes to bite humans (anthropophily) instead of other dead end hosts. recent increases in the usage of long lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) in africa have been associated with reductions in highly anthropophilic and endophilic vectors such as anopheles gambiae s.s., leaving species with a broader host range, such as anopheles arabiensis, as the most prominent remaining source of transmission in many settings. an. arab ... | 2016 | 27631375 |
| ecophysiology of anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the sahel. | the dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the sahel. here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. we examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and ... | 2014 | 24933461 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| an analysis of two island groups as potential sites for trials of transgenic mosquitoes for malaria control. | considerable technological advances have been made towards the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. in contrast, less progress has been made towards field evaluations of transformed mosquitoes which are critical for evaluating the success of, and hazards associated with, genetic modification. oceanic islands have been highlighted as potentially the best locations for such trials. however, population genetic studies are necessary to verify isolation. here, we used a p ... | 2013 | 23789035 |
| ecology of urban malaria vectors in niamey, republic of niger. | urbanization in african cities has major impact on malaria risk. niamey, the capital of the republic of niger, is situated in the west african sahel zone. the short rainy season and human activities linked with the niger river influence mosquito abundance. this study aimed at deciphering the factors of distribution of urban malaria vectors in niamey. | 2016 | 27277707 |
| circumsporozoite protein rates, blood-feeding pattern and frequency of knockdown resistance mutations in anopheles spp. in two ecological zones of mauritania. | mosquitoes belonging to anopheles gambiae species complex are the main malaria vector in mauritania but data on their vector capacities, feeding habits and insecticide susceptibility are still scanty. the objectives of this study were to fill this gap. | 2016 | 27151152 |
| reemergence of anopheles funestus as a vector of plasmodium falciparum in western kenya after long-term implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets. | historically, the malaria vectors in western kenya have been anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae s.s., and anopheles arabiensis. of these species, an. funestus populations declined the most after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) in the 1990s in asembo, and collections of an. funestus in the region remained low until at least 2008. contrary to findings during the early years of itn use in asembo, the majority of the anopheles collected here in 2010 and 2011 were an. funes ... | 2014 | 24470562 |
| intra-instar larval cannibalism in anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | cannibalism has been observed in a wide range of animal taxa and its importance in persistence and stability of populations has been documented. in anopheline malaria vectors the inter-instar cannibalism between fourth- and first-instar larvae (l4-l1) has been shown in several species, while intra-instar cannibalism remains poorly investigated. in this study we tested the occurrence of intra-instar cannibalism within larvae of second-, third- and fourth-instar (l2, l3 and l4) of anopheles gambia ... | 2016 | 27806728 |
| exploring the potential of using cattle for malaria vector surveillance and control: a pilot study in western kenya. | malaria vector mosquitoes with exophilic and zoophilic tendencies, or with a high acceptance of alternative blood meal sources when preferred human blood-hosts are unavailable, may help maintain low but constant malaria transmission in areas where indoor vector control has been scaled up. this residual transmission might be addressed by targeting vectors outside the house. here we investigated the potential of insecticide-treated cattle, as routinely used for control of tsetse and ticks in east ... | 2017 | 28069065 |
| evaluation of a topical formulation of eprinomectin against anopheles arabiensis when administered to zebu cattle (bos indicus) under field conditions. | although vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) have been effective in kenya the transmission of malaria continues to afflict western kenya. this residual transmission is driven in part by anopheles arabiensis, known for its opportunistic blood feeding behaviour and propensity to feed outdoors. the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the drug eprinomectin at reducing malaria vector density when applied to c ... | 2016 | 27317557 |
| monitoring changes in malaria epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions in ethiopia and uganda: beyond garki project baseline survey. | scale-up of malaria interventions seems to have contributed to a decline in the disease but other factors may also have had some role. understanding changes in transmission and determinant factors will help to adapt control strategies accordingly. | 2015 | 26337671 |
| evaluation of a protocol for remote identification of mosquito vector species reveals bg-sentinel trap as an efficient tool for anopheles gambiae outdoor collection in burkina faso. | feasibility and costs of monitoring efforts aimed to monitor mosquito species are strictly dependent on the presence of skilled entomologists directly in the field. however, in several contexts this is not possible or easy to organize, thus limiting the possibility to obtain crucial information on presence/abundance of potential disease vectors and of new invasive species. digital imaging approaches could be extremely useful in the frame of medical entomology to overcome this limit. this work de ... | 2015 | 25888896 |
| discovery of an oviposition attractant for gravid malaria vectors of the anopheles gambiae species complex. | new strategies are needed to manage malaria vector populations that resist insecticides and bite outdoors. this study describes a breakthrough in developing 'attract and kill' strategies targeting gravid females by identifying and evaluating an oviposition attractant for anopheles gambiae s.l. | 2015 | 25885703 |
| malaria incidence and assessment of entomological indices among resettled communities in ethiopia: a longitudinal study. | population resettlement has been considered among factors that may increase risk of malaria transmission. this study reports, the impact of resettlement on malaria incidence and entomological indices among communities resettled in suburbs of jimma town, southwestern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25626598 |
| transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin. | to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ... | 2014 | 25412948 |
| evidence for perennial malaria in rural and urban areas under the sudanian climate of kandi, northeastern benin. | in arid settings, droughts usually lead to periods of very low or no malaria transmission. however, in rural kandi (sonsoro) in northeastern benin, several malaria cases are often diagnosed during dry seasons. the underlying factors accounting for this phenomenon remain unknown. | 2014 | 24564957 |
| design and testing of a novel, protective human-baited tent trap for the collection of anthropophilic disease vectors. | currently, there exists a deficit of safe, active trapping methods for the collection of host-seeking anopheles and other disease-causing arthropod vectors. the gold-standard approach for mosquito collection is that of human landing catch (hlc), in which an individual exposes bare skin to possibly infected vectors. here, we present the development of a new method for mosquito collection, the infoscitex tent, which uses modern tent materials coupled with a novel trap design. this provides an effi ... | 0 | 24605476 |
| impact of land-use on malaria transmission in the plateau region, southeastern benin. | the goal of the study is to investigate if local agricultural practices have an impact on malaria transmission in four villages located in the same geographical area within a radius of 15 kilometers. among the villages, one (itassoumba) is characterized by the presence of a large market garden and fishpond basins, the three others (itakpako, djohounkollé and ko-koumolou) are characterized by traditional food-producing agriculture. | 2013 | 24330734 |
| impact of operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) on malaria transmission in pyrethroid-resistant areas. | a dynamic study on the transmission of malaria was conducted in two areas (r⁺ area: low resistance area; r⁺⁺⁺ area: high resistance area) in the department of plateau in south eastern benin, where the population is protected by long lasting insecticidal nets (llins). the aim of this study was to determine if the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides has an impact on their behavior and on the effectiveness of llins in the reduction of malaria transmission. | 2013 | 24499508 |
| monitoring malaria vector control interventions: effectiveness of five different adult mosquito sampling methods. | long-term success of ongoing malaria control efforts based on mosquito bed nets (long-lasting insecticidal net) and indoor residual spraying is dependent on continuous monitoring of mosquito vectors, and thus on effective mosquito sampling tools. the objective of our study was to identify the most efficient mosquito sampling tool(s) for routine vector surveillance for malaria and lymphatic filariasis transmission in coastal kenya. we evaluated relative efficacy of five collection methods--light ... | 0 | 24180120 |
| standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western kenya. | operational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. human landing catch (hlc) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. this study assessed mosquito catch rates of cdc light trap (cdc-lt), ifakara tent trap (itt), window exit trap (wet), pot resting trap (prt), and box resting trap (brt) relative to hlc in western keny ... | 2013 | 23631641 |
| new insights into the population structure of anopheles gambiae s.s. in the gulf of guinea islands revealed by herves transposable elements. | transposable elements (tes) are mobile portions of dna that are able to replicate and spread in the genome of many organisms. tes can be used as a means to insert transgenes in insects, being stably inherited throughout generations. anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. given the extraordinary burden this disease imposes, the mosquito became a choice target for genetic control approaches with the purpose of reducing malaria transmission. in this study, we i ... | 2013 | 23638171 |
| response of anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) to larval habitat age in western kenya highlands. | larval control is of paramount importance in the reduction of vector populations. previous observations have suggested that, larvae of anopheles gambiae s.l occur more often in small temporary habitats while other studies showed that long-lasting stable habitats are more productive than unstable habitats. in addition, the physical and biological conditions and stability of larval habitats can change rapidly in natural conditions. therefore, we examined the effect of larval habitat age on product ... | 2013 | 23324330 |
| variation in malaria transmission dynamics in three different sites in western kenya. | the main objective was to investigate malaria transmission dynamics in three different sites, two highland villages (fort ternan and lunyerere) and a lowland peri-urban area (nyalenda) of kisumu city. adult mosquitoes were collected using psc and cdc light trap while malaria parasite incidence data was collected from a cohort of children on monthly basis. rainfall, humidity and temperature data were collected by automated weather stations. negative binomial and poisson generalized additive model ... | 2012 | 22988466 |
| assessment of the effect of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in three rural kebeles of adami tulu district, south central ethiopia. | in the adami tulu district, indoor residual spraying (irs) and insecticide-treated nets (itns) has been the main tool used to control malaria. the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of irs and itns control strategies in aneno shisho kebele (lowest administrative unit of ethiopia) compared with kamo gerbi (supplied itn only) and jela aluto (no irs and itns), with regards to the prevalence of malaria and mosquito density. | 2012 | 22533789 |
| malaria vectors in lake victoria and adjacent habitats in western kenya. | the prevalence of malaria among the residents of the lake victoria basin remains high. the environment associated with the lake may maintain a high number of malaria vectors. lake habitats including water hyacinths have been suspected to be the source of vectors. this study investigated whether malaria vectors breed in the lake habitats and adjacent backwater pools. anopheline larvae were collected within the littoral zone of the lake and adjacent pools located along approximately 24.3 km of the ... | 2012 | 22412913 |
| dose-response tests and semi-field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxyfen granules (sumilarv®0.5g) for the control of the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae sensu lato. | recently research has shown that larviciding can be an effective tool for integrated malaria vector control. nevertheless, the uptake of this intervention has been hampered by the need to re-apply larvicides frequently. there is a need to explore persistent, environmentally friendly larvicides for malaria vector control to reduce intervention efforts and costs by reducing the frequency of application. in this study, the efficacy of a 0.5% pyriproxyfen granule (surmilarv®0.5g, sumitomo chemicals) ... | 2013 | 23497149 |
| molecular evolution and population genetics of a gram-negative binding protein gene in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae (sensu lato). | clarifying the role of the innate immune system of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae is a potential way to block the development of the plasmodium parasites. pathogen recognition is the first step of innate immune response, where pattern recognition proteins like gnbps play a central role. | 2016 | 27658383 |
| species composition and insecticide resistance status of anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (culicidae) in kome, southern chad and the implications for malaria control. | the development and spread of insecticide resistance among malaria vectors, is a threat to the continued effectiveness of interventions to control and eliminate the disease. the status of insecticide resistance among malaria vector populations at two sites in kome, southern chad, was evaluated to inform decisions on vector control. | 2016 | 27553245 |
| decline in frequency of the 2la chromosomal inversion in anopheles gambiae (s.s.) in western kenya: correlation with increase in ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets. | the 2la chromosomal inversion, a genetic polymorphism in an. gambiae (sensu stricto) (s.s.), is associated with adaptation to microclimatic differences in humidity and desiccation resistance and mosquito behaviors. ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) for malaria control has increased markedly in western kenya in the last 20 years. an increase in the frequency of itns indoors could select against house entering or indoor resting of anopheles mosquitoes. thus, the frequency of the 2la ... | 2016 | 27286834 |
| does extreme asymmetric dominance promote hybridization between anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae s.s. in seasonal malaria mosquito communities of west africa? | anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. coluzzii are two of the most important malaria vector species in sub-saharan africa. these recently-diverged sibling species do not exhibit intrinsic post-zygotic barriers to reproduction and are thought to be separated by strong assortative mating combined with selection against hybrids. at present, little is known about the ecological conditions that determine hybridization and introgression between these cryptic taxa. | 2015 | 26559354 |
| six years of experience in entomological surveillance of indoor residual spraying against malaria transmission in benin: lessons learned, challenges and outlooks. | from 2008 to 2013, a prevention intervention against malaria based on indoor residual spraying (irs) was implemented in benin. from 2008 to 2012, ficam m(®), a bendiocarb-containing product was used for house spraying, in association with pirimiphos methyl ec (actellic ec) in 2013. this operation aimed to strengthen the effectiveness of treated nets so as to expedite the achievement of millennium development goals (mdgs): the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 75 % from 2000 ... | 2015 | 26063497 |
| experimental swap of anopheles gambiae's assortative mating preferences demonstrates key role of x-chromosome divergence island in incipient sympatric speciation. | although many theoretical models of sympatric speciation propose that genes responsible for assortative mating amongst incipient species should be associated with genomic regions protected from recombination, there are few data to support this theory. the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, is known for its sympatric cryptic species maintained by pre-mating reproductive isolation and its putative genomic islands of speciation, and is therefore an ideal model system for studying the genomic sign ... | 2015 | 25880677 |
| rapid evolution of pyrethroid resistance prevalence in anopheles gambiae populations from the cities of douala and yaoundé (cameroon). | the adaptation of malaria vectors to urban areas is becoming a serious challenge for malaria control. the study presents the evolution of pyrethroid resistance in mosquito populations from the cities of douala and yaoundé between 2010 and 2013. | 2015 | 25879950 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection rates for some anopheles spp. from guinea-bissau, west africa. | presence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in a sample of anopheles gambiae s.s., a. melas and a. pharoensis collected in guinea-bissau during october and november 2009. the percentage of p. falciparum infected samples (10.2% overall; confidence interval (ci): 7.45-13.6%) was comparable to earlier studies from other sites in guinea-bissau (9.6-12.4%). the majority of the specimens collected were identified as a. gamb ... | 2014 | 25383188 |
| effects of the kdr resistance mutation on the susceptibility of wild anopheles gambiae populations to plasmodium falciparum: a hindrance for vector control. | in the context of generalization of insecticide resistance, the hypothesis that insecticide resistance has a positive impact on the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria constitutes a hindrance for malaria elimination. the aim of this study was to investigated populations of anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae s molecular form to assess whether different genotypes at the kdr locus are responsible for different susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum infection. | 2014 | 25176292 |
| exposure to disinfectants (soap or hydrogen peroxide) increases tolerance to permethrin in anopheles gambiae populations from the city of yaoundé, cameroon. | the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance is limiting the efficiency of malaria vector control interventions. however, current knowledge of factors inducing pyrethroid resistance remains incomplete. in the present study, the role of selection at the larval stage by disinfectants, such as soap and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), on adult mosquito resistance to permethrin was investigated. | 2014 | 25086741 |
| distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1 g119s mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso (west africa). | an entomological survey was carried out at 15 sites dispersed throughout the three eco-climatic regions of burkina faso (west africa) in order to assess the current distribution and frequency of mutations that confer resistance to insecticides in an. gambiae s.l. populations in the country. both knockdown (kdr) resistance mutation variants (l1014f and l1014s), that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, were identified concomitant with the ace-1 g119s mutation confirming the presence of m ... | 2014 | 25077792 |
| acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) target site mutation 119s is strongly diagnostic of carbamate and organophosphate resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles coluzzii across southern ghana. | with high ddt resistance present throughout much of west africa, carbamates and organophosphates are increasingly important alternatives to pyrethroids for indoor residual spraying (irs). though less widespread, resistance to both of these alternative insecticide classes has also been documented within the anopheles gambiae species pair (formerly the m and s molecular forms) in west africa. to manage insecticide efficacy, it is important to predict how and where resistance is likely to occur and ... | 2013 | 24206629 |
| differences in timing of mating swarms in sympatric populations of anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae s.s. (formerly an. gambiae m and s molecular forms) in burkina faso, west africa. | the m and s molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. giles appear to have speciated in west africa and the m form is now formally named an. coluzzii coetzee & wilkerson sp.n. and the s form retains the nominotypical name (abbreviated here to an. gambiae). reproductive isolation is thought to be the main barrier to hybridisation; even though both species are found in the same mating swarms, hybrid fertilisations in copulae have not been found in the study area. the aim of the study, therefore, w ... | 2013 | 24330578 |
| filling the gap 115 years after ronald ross: the distribution of the anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae s.s from freetown and monrovia, west africa. | it was in freetown, sierra leone, that the malaria mosquito anopheles coastalis, now known as anopheles gambiae, was first discovered as the vector of malaria, in 1899. that discovery led to a pioneering vector research in sierra leone and neighbouring liberia, where mosquito species were extensively characterized. unfortunately, the decade long civil conflicts of the 1990s, in both countries, resulted in a stagnation of the once vibrant research on disease vectors. this paper attempts to fill i ... | 2013 | 23741429 |
| underestimation of foraging behaviour by standard field methods in malaria vector mosquitoes in southern africa. | defining the anopheline mosquito vectors and their foraging behaviour in malaria endemic areas is crucial for disease control and surveillance. the standard protocol for molecular identification of host blood meals in mosquitoes is to morphologically identify fed mosquitoes and then perform polymerase chain reaction (pcr), precipitin tests, or elisa assays. the purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the feeding rate and human blood indices (hbis) of malaria vectors were under ... | 2015 | 25927429 |
| increasing role of anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the kilombero valley, tanzania. | in order to sustain the gains achieved by current malaria control strategies, robust surveillance systems that monitor dynamics of vectors and their roles in malaria transmission over time are essential. this longitudinal study demonstrates the trends in malaria vector dynamics and their relative contribution to malaria transmission in hyperendemic transmission settings in tanzania. | 2014 | 25150840 |
| change in composition of the anopheles gambiae complex and its possible implications for the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in north-eastern tanzania. | a dramatic decline in the incidence of malaria due to plasmodium falciparum infection in coastal east africa has recently been reported to be paralleled (or even preceded) by an equally dramatic decline in malaria vector density, despite absence of organized vector control. as part of investigations into possible causes for the change in vector population density, the present study analysed the anopheles gambiae s.l. sibling species composition in north-eastern tanzania. | 2012 | 22681999 |
| impact of permanet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae in south-western nigeria. | permanet® 3.0 is an insecticide synergist-combination long-lasting insecticidal net designed to have increased efficacy against malaria vectors with metabolic resistance, even when combined with kdr. the current study reports on the impact of this improved tool on entomological indices in an area with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in nigeria. | 2014 | 24886399 |
| population dynamics of anopheles gambiae s.l. in bobo-dioulasso city: bionomics, infection rate and susceptibility to insecticides. | historical studies have indicated that an. gambiae s.s. is the predominant malaria vector species in bobo-dioulasso the second biggest city of burkina faso (west africa). however, over the last decade, an. arabiensis appears to be replacing an. gambiae s.s. as the most prevalent malaria vector in this urban setting. to investigate this species transition in more detail the present study aims to provide an update on the malaria vector composition in bobo-dioulasso, and also the plasmodium infecti ... | 2012 | 22721002 |
| incorporating the effects of humidity in a mechanistic model of anopheles gambiae mosquito population dynamics in the sahel region of africa. | low levels of relative humidity are known to decrease the lifespan of mosquitoes. however, most current models of malaria transmission do not account for the effects of relative humidity on mosquito survival. in the sahel, where relative humidity drops to levels <20% for several months of the year, we expect relative humidity to play a significant role in shaping the seasonal profile of mosquito populations. here, we present a new formulation for anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquito surv ... | 2013 | 23938022 |
| assessment of anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites. | malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. in sub-saharan africa, most malaria transmission is due to anopheles funestus s.s and to anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis). several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. the aim of this study was to as ... | 2012 | 23276246 |
| risk mapping of anopheles gambiae s.l. densities using remotely-sensed environmental and meteorological data in an urban area: dakar, senegal. | high malaria transmission heterogeneity in an urban environment is basically due to the complex distribution of anopheles larval habitats, sources of vectors. understanding 1) the meteorological and ecological factors associated with differential larvae spatio-temporal distribution and 2) the vectors dynamic, both may lead to improving malaria control measures with remote sensing and high resolution data as key components. in this study a robust operational methodology for entomological malaria ... | 2012 | 23226351 |
| low prevalence of plasmodium and absence of malaria transmission in conakry, guinea: prospects for elimination. | over the past 15 years, mortality and morbidity due to malaria have been reduced substantially in sub-saharan africa and local elimination has been achieved in some settings. this study addresses the bio-ecology of larval and adult stages of malaria vectors, plasmodium infection in anopheles gambiae s.l. in the city of conakry, guinea, and discusses the prospect for malaria elimination. | 2016 | 26987480 |