| impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in accra, ghana. | to investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. local transmission was implicated as anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. the predominant anopheles species was anopheles gambiae s.s.. the relative proportion of molecular forms within a subset of specimens was 86% s-form and 14% m-form. anopheles spp. and culex quinque ... | 2008 | 18680565 |
| vector species composition and malaria infectivity rates in mkuzi, muheza district, north-eastern tanzania. | entomological surveys were conducted in mkuzi village in muheza district, north-east tanzania from april to september 2003. the objectives were to determine the species composition and infectivity rates of mosquitoes in mkuzi village. mosquito collection was done using cdc light trap and pyrethrum spray catch (psc) techniques. the light trap: spray catch ratio was 2.2:1. a total of 2157 mosquitoes were collected (light trap = 1483; psc = 674). anopheles gambiae s.s. accounted for 56.7% (n = 1224 ... | 2008 | 18680965 |
| repellency property of long chain aliphatic methyl ketones against anopheles gambiae s.s. | long chain aliphatic methyl ketone series of c7-c15 were tested for repellency activity against the malaria transmitting mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. all methyl ketones produced a dose dependent (p < 0.001) repellency response with 2-tridecanone giving comparable protection efficacy to deet at 10% and 1% concentrations. aliphatic methyl ketones of c7-c10 had lower activity than those of c11-c15. however, within this range compounds with odd carbon atoms (2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone and 2-pent ... | 2008 | 18680966 |
| the spatial distribution of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in mali. | variations in the biology and ecology and the high level of genetic polymorphism of malaria vectors in africa highlight the value of mapping their spatial distribution to enhance successful implementation of integrated vector management. the objective of this study was to collate data on the relative frequencies of anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis mosquitoes in mali, to assess their association with climate and environmental covariates, and to produce maps of their spatial distribution. ... | 2007 | 18686246 |
| dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in the gambia. | malaria in the gambia is highly seasonal, with transmission occurring as anopheles gambiae s.l. populations expand during and immediately after a single annual rainy season that lasts from june to october. there has been very limited investigation of the ecology of vectors during the dry season, when numbers are very limited and distributions may be restricted. | 2008 | 18710559 |
| insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms. | sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ... | 2008 | 18724871 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| anopheles gambiae complex along the gambia river, with particular reference to the molecular forms of an. gambiae s.s. | the geographic and temporal distribution of m and s molecular forms of the major afrotropical malaria vector species anopheles gambiae s.s. at the western extreme of their range of distribution has never been investigated in detail. | 2008 | 18803885 |
| mosquito larvicidal constituents from lantana viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi (a. rich) verdc (verbenaceae). | lantana viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi is used in tanzania ethnobotanically to repel mosquitoes as well as in traditional medicine for stomach ache relief. bioassay-guided fractionation and subtraction bioassays of the dichloromethane extract of the root barks were carried out in order to identify the bioactive components for controlling anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquito larvae. | 2008 | 18807381 |
| evidence of increasing leu-phe knockdown resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae from niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation. | at the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout niger. a large number of studies in africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. the distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) leu-phe mutati ... | 2008 | 18817574 |
| a pre-intervention study of malaria vector abundance in rio muni, equatorial guinea: their role in malaria transmission and the incidence of insecticide resistance alleles. | following the success of the malaria control intervention on the island of bioko, malaria control by the use of indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llitn) was extended to rio muni, on the mainland part of equatorial guinea. this manuscript reports on the malaria vectors present and the incidence of insecticide resistant alleles prior to the onset of the programme. | 2008 | 18823554 |
| mosquito larval habitats and public health implications in abeokuta, ogun state, nigeria. | the larval habitats of mosquitoes were investigated in abeokuta, nigeria in order to determine the breeding sites of the existing mosquito fauna and its possible public health implications on the residents of the city. the habitats were sampled between august 2005 and july 2006 using plastic dippers and a pipette. the habitats were grouped as ground pools/ponds, gutters/open drains, tyres, domestic containers and treeholes/ leaf axils. ten species of mosquitoes were encountered in the five habit ... | 2008 | 18846789 |
| describing anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitats in two riceland agro-ecosystems in mwea, kenya using a negative binomial regression model with a non-homogenous mean. | this research illustrates a geostatistical approach for modeling the spatial distribution patterns of anopheles arabiensis patton (patton) aquatic habitats in two riceland environments. quickbird 0.61 m data, encompassing the visible bands and the near-infra-red (nir) band, were selected to synthesize images of an. arabiensis aquatic habitats. these bands and field sampled data were used to determine ecological parameters associated with riceland larval habitat development. sas was used to calcu ... | 2009 | 18930703 |
| the role of unused swimming pools as a habitat for anopheles immature stages in urban malindi, kenya. | we conducted larval surveys in habitats located in urban malindi, kenya, in 2005 and 2006 with the goal of determining the productivity of unused swimming pools in relation to other habitats. of the 250 habitats sampled, 66 were unused swimming pools, 93 were wells, 60 were drainage troughs, and 31 were miscellaneous areas, such as septic tanks, swamps, concrete tanks, fish ponds, car-track depressions, and drainage ponds. anopheles gambiae s.1. was the only anophelines species found in the habi ... | 2008 | 18939703 |
| regulation of oviposition in anopheles gambiae s.s.: role of inter- and intra-specific signals. | females of anopheles gambiae giles normally oviposit in a large number of fresh, small, sunlit, and spatially spread temporary pools. such pools are associated with lower levels of predation compared to large, longer-lasting habitats. we compared oviposition levels on preferred (water collected from natural anopheline larval habitats) and non-preferred (distilled water) aqueous substrates by gravid females that contained different densities of conspecific eggs or early and late instar larvae. th ... | 2008 | 18946706 |
| mixture for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. | the spread of resistance to pyrethroids in the major afrotropical malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. necessitates the development of new strategies to control resistant mosquito populations. to test the efficacy of nets treated with repellent and insecticide against susceptible and insecticide-resistant an. gambiae mosquito populations, we impregnated mosquito bed nets with an insect repellent mixed with a low dose of organophosphorous insecticide and tested them in a rice-growing area near ... | 2008 | 18976553 |
| evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in tanzania. | evaluation of mosquito responses towards different trap-bait combinations in field trials is a time-consuming process that can be shortened by experiments in contained semi-field systems. possible use of the bg sentinel (bgs) trap to sample anopheles gambiae s.s. was evaluated. the efficiency of this trap was compared with that of the mosquito magnet-x (mm-x) trap, when baited with foot odour alone or combinations of foot odour with carbon dioxide (co2) or lemongrass as behaviour-modifying cues. | 2008 | 18980669 |
| a significant increase in kdr in anopheles gambiae is associated with an intensive vector control intervention in burundi highlands. | in burundi, the occurrence of the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation in anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was determined for six consecutive years within the framework of a vector control programme. findings were also linked with the insecticide resistance status observed with bioassay in an. gambiae s.l. and an. funestus. | 2008 | 18983277 |
| variations in entomological indices in relation to weather patterns and malaria incidence in east african highlands: implications for epidemic prevention and control. | malaria epidemics remain a significant public health issue in the east african highlands. the aim of this study was to monitor temporal variations in vector densities in relation to changes in meteorological factors and malaria incidence at four highland sites in kenya and uganda and to evaluate the implications of these relationships for epidemic prediction and control. | 2008 | 18983649 |
| mosquitoes and bednets: testing the spatial positioning of insecticide on nets and the rationale behind combination insecticide treatments. | the recent development of pyrethroid resistance of operational significance in anopheles gambiae s.l. is a major threat to the control of malaria in west africa. the so-called '2-in-1' bednet, in which the top of the net is treated with a non-pyrethroid insecticide and the sides with pyrethroid, has been proposed as a way of maintaining efficacy in the wake of such resistance. a host-seeking female anopheles mosquito must contact both the top and sides of a '2-in-1' net, however, for such nets t ... | 2008 | 19000389 |
| expression of the cytochrome p450s, cyp6p3 and cyp6m2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from southern benin and nigeria. | insecticide resistance in anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. this is particularly true in benin where pyrethroid resistance has been linked to the failure of insecticide treated bed nets. the role of mutations in the insecticide target sites in conferring resistance has been clearly established. in this study, the contribution of other potential resistance mechanisms was investigated in anopheles gambiae s.s. from a number of localities in southern ben ... | 2008 | 19014539 |
| methylparaben in anopheles gambiae s.l. sugar meals increases longevity and malaria oocyst abundance but is not a preferred diet. | the antimicrobial and antifungal chemical methylparaben (methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate) was added to the adult sucrose diet of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, and its effect on longevity was determined. in all cases, significant increases in longevity were observed when 0.2% (w/v) methylparaben was added to meals that were refreshed weekly. when fresh sugar diet was refreshed daily, no increase in longevity was observed due to methylparaben suggesting that the effect of methylparaben is t ... | 2009 | 19041323 |
| evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity. | malaria parasite infectivity to mosquitoes has been measured in a variety of ways and setting, includind direct feeds of and/or membrane feeding blood collected from randomly selected or gametocytemic volunteers. anopheles gambiae s.l is the main vector responsible of plasmodium falciparum transmission in bancoumana and represents about 90% of the laboratory findings, whereas plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale together represent only 10%. | 2008 | 19055715 |
| tropical malaria does not mean hot environments. | if global warming progresses, many consider that malaria in presently malaria-endemic areas will become more serious, with increasing development rates of the vector mosquito and malaria parasites. however, the correlation coefficients between the monthly malaria cases and the monthly mean of daily maximum temperature were negative, showing that the number of malaria cases in tropical areas of africa decreases during the season when temperature was higher than normal. moreover, an analysis of te ... | 2008 | 19058618 |
| oviposition responses of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) and identification of volatiles from bacteria-containing solutions. | in this study, a dual-choice oviposition bioassay was used to screen responses of gravid an. gambiae toward 17 bacterial species, previously isolated from anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) midguts or oviposition sites. the 10 isolates from oviposition sites have been identified by phylogenetic analyses of their 16s rrna genes. eight of the 10 isolates were gram-positive, out of which six belonged to the bacilli class. solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass s ... | 2008 | 19058627 |
| identification of immune-responsive genes in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus infected with the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti. | several antimicrobial/parasitic peptides are known to be upregulated in mosquitoes upon infection with parasites. the aim of this study was to identify immune-responsive genes in the vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) against the human lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae). suppression subtractive hybridization was performed using rna from filarial infected and non-infected mosquitoes to obtain differentially expresse ... | 2008 | 19120967 |
| the distribution of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from cameroon: an update. | insecticides are a key component of vector-based malaria control programmes in cameroon. as part of ongoing resistance surveillance efforts, anopheles gambiae s.l. female mosquitoes were exposed to organochlorine (ddt), a carbamate (bendiocarb), an organophosphate (malathion), and three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin) in who bioassay test kits. results indicated a higher level of resistance (reduced mortality and knockdown effect) to ddt and pyrethroids in populatio ... | 2009 | 19155034 |
| laboratory evaluation of the aqueous extract of azadirachta indica (neem) wood chippings on anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes. | azadirachta indica a. juss (the neem tree), a source of limonoid insect growth regulatory (igrs), grows well in many places in sub-saharan africa. we explored the potential of neem wood and bark chippings in malaria vector control by evaluating their aqueous extracts as a larvicide and growth disruptor of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) under laboratory conditions. immature stages of the mosquito were tested using who guidelines. fifty percent inhibition of adult emergence (ie50) of ... | 2009 | 19198524 |
| distribution of pyrethroid and ddt resistance and the l1014f kdr mutation in anopheles gambiae s.l. from burkina faso (west africa). | this study reports on the distribution of pyrethroid and ddt resistance and the l1014f knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from 21 localities in three different climatic zones of burkina faso from august to october 2006. the susceptibility of these populations was assessed by bioassay using ddt (4%), permethrin (1%) and deltamethrin (0.05%). anophelesgambiae were resistant to both permethrin and ddt in the sudanian regions but were susceptible in the central ... | 2009 | 19246066 |
| distribution of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1r) in anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from burkina faso (west africa). | to investigate through countrywide sampling at 20 localities across the three different agro-climatic zones of burkina faso, the distribution of the acetylcholinesterase insensitive mutation ace-1(r), which confers resistance to organophosphates (op) and carbamates (cm) insecticides in an. gambiae s.l. | 2009 | 19254231 |
| behavioral evidence for the existence of a region-specific oviposition cue in anopheles gambiae s.s. | understanding oviposition behavior is important to behavioral and vector ecologists because of its potential use in developing vector control strategies for insect-borne infectious diseases. our study compared the oviposition behaviors of anopheles gambiae s.s mosquitoes from two different regions of east africa, mbita point, kenya and ifakara, tanzania. the work sought behavioral evidence for the presence of an olfactory cue that modulates oviposition behavior in these different regional strain ... | 2008 | 19263852 |
| insecticide resistance and its association with target-site mutations in natural populations of anopheles gambiae from eastern uganda. | insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae threatens the success of malaria vector control programmes in sub-saharan africa. in order to manage insecticide resistance successfully, it is essential to assess continuously the target mosquito population. here, we collected baseline information on the distribution and prevalence of insecticide resistance and its association with target-site mutations in eastern uganda. anopheles gambiae s.l. adults were raised from wild-caught larvae sampled from t ... | 2009 | 19303125 |
| entomological indices of anopheles gambiae sensu lato at a rural community in south-west nigeria. | investigations were conducted to obtain key entomological indices of anopheles gambiae s.l. at igbo-ora, a rural community in south-west nigeria. | 2009 | 19326707 |
| desiccation resistance among subpopulations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from selinkenyi, mali. | certain forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. actively maintain malaria transmission in the driest areas and months of the year because of considerable drought tolerance. we monitored desiccation resistance of f1 offspring of both the m and s forms of field-collected an. gambiae s.s. our results indicate that the geographic cline in the distribution of the two forms, as observed in mali, corresponds to a physiological difference in response to arid environments. in addition, female mosquitoes survived ... | 2009 | 19351082 |
| malaria and mosquito net utilisation among schoolchildren in villages with or without healthcare facilities at different altitudes in iringa district, tanzania. | the endemicity of malaria in tanzania is heterogenous, mainly associated with physical factors such as topography, climate and socio-economic status. the contributions of these factors in many regions of tanzania have not been studied in detail. | 2008 | 19357761 |
| ecological and genetic relationships of the forest-m form among chromosomal and molecular forms of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. | anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, one of the principal vectors of malaria, has been divided into two subspecific groups, known as the m and s molecular forms. recent studies suggest that the m form found in cameroon is genetically distinct from the m form found in mali and elsewhere in west africa, suggesting further subdivision within that form. | 2009 | 19383163 |
| house design modifications reduce indoor resting malaria vector densities in rice irrigation scheme area in western kenya. | simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method of reducing indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decreasing malaria transmission. public health scientists have shown the potential for house design to protect people against malaria, yet this type of intervention remains virtually ignored. a randomized-controlled study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the effects of this method of vector control on the density of indoor r ... | 2009 | 19454025 |
| larvicidal and igr activity of extract of tanzanian plants against malaria vector mosquitoes. | this paper reports the larvicidal activity of seventeen tanzanian plant species against the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s. giles larvae. some of the plants are used traditionally as sources of insecticidal materials. | 2009 | 19502695 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles gambiae s.l. from malaria surveillance sites in the gambia. | vector control is an effective way of reducing malaria transmission. the main vector control methods include the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying (irs). both interventions rely on the continuing susceptibility of anopheles to a limited number of insecticides. however, insecticide resistance, in particular pyrethroid-ddt cross-resistance, is a challenge facing malaria vector control in africa because pyrethroids represent the only class of insecticides approved for ... | 2009 | 19656399 |
| comparative evaluation of the ifakara tent trap-b, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. the most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (hlc). however, the hlc technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limi ... | 2009 | 19674477 |
| non-destructive determination of age and species of anopheles gambiae s.l. using near-infrared spectroscopy. | determining malaria vector species and age is crucial to measure malaria risk. although different in ecology and susceptibility to control, the african malaria vectors anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis are morphologically similar and can be differentiated only by molecular techniques. furthermore, few reliable methods exist to estimate the age of these vectors, which is a key predictor of malaria transmission intensity. we evaluated the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) t ... | 2009 | 19815877 |
| entomological assessment of the potential for malaria transmission in kibera slum of nairobi, kenya. | malaria in urban and highland areas is emerging as a significant public health threat in kenya which has seen a dramatic increase in malaria transmission in low risk highland areas. the objectives of the study were to find and incriminate potential vectors of malaria in kibera, nairobi. | 2009 | 19959853 |
| beyond nature and nurture: phenotypic plasticity in blood-feeding behavior of anopheles gambiae s.s. when humans are not readily accessible. | to test for the effects of host accessibility on blood-feeding behavior, we assessed degrees of anthropophily of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae at two stages of the behavioral sequence of host foraging, in a rice growing area near bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso, where humans are not readily accessible because of years of generalized use of (mostly non-impregnated) bed nets. first, patterns of host selection were assessed by the identification of the blood meal origin of indoor-resting samp ... | 2009 | 19996432 |
| pathogenicity of the fungus, aspergillus clavatus, isolated from the locust, oedaleus senegalensis, against larvae of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus. | the use of insect pathogenic fungi is a promising alternative to chemical control against mosquitoes. among the hyphomycetes isolated from insects for mosquito control, the genus aspergillus remains the least studied. in september 2005, four fungi were isolated from the senegalese locust, oedaleus senegalensis kraus (orthoptera: acrididae), collected in dakar, senegal. one of these fungi, identified as aspergillus clavatus, desmazières (eurotiales: trichocomaceae) was highly pathogenic against l ... | 2009 | 20050773 |
| climate change and altitudinal structuring of malaria vectors in south-western cameroon: their relation to malaria transmission. | an entomological survey was conducted in cameroon between october 2004 and september 2005, in nine localities targeted for malaria vector control based on adult productivity and variability. mosquitoes were collected by human-landing catches (hlcs) and pyrethrum spray catches. a total of 12 500 anophelines were collected and dissected: anopheles gambiae s.l. (56.86%), an. funestus s.l. (32.57%), an. hancocki (9.38%), and an. nili (1.18%). applying pcr revealed that specimens of the an. funestus ... | 2010 | 20346477 |
| environmental factors associated with the distribution of anopheles gambiae s.s in ghana; an important vector of lymphatic filariasis and malaria. | anopheles gambiae s.s mosquitoes are important vectors of lymphatic filariasis (lf) and malaria in ghana. to better understand their ecological aspects and influence on disease transmission, we examined the spatial distribution of the an. gambiae (m and s) molecular forms and associated environmental factors, and determined their relationship with disease prevalence. published and current data available on the an. gambiae species in ghana were collected in a database for analysis, and the study ... | 2010 | 20360950 |
| biological cost of tolerance to heavy metals in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the global rate of heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in various habitats. anopheles malaria vector species (diptera: culicidae) appear to tolerate many aquatic habitats with metal pollutants, despite their normal proclivity for 'clean' water (i.e. low levels of organic matter). investigations were conducted to establish whether there are biological costs for tolerance to heavy metals in anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and to assess the potential impact of heavy metal pollution on ... | 2010 | 20374478 |
| using nylon strips to dispense mosquito attractants for sampling the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | synthetic versions of human derived kairomones can be used as baits when trapping host seeking mosquitoes. the effectiveness of these lures depends not only on their attractiveness to the mosquitoes but also on the medium from which they are dispensed. we report on the development and evaluation of nylon strips as a method of dispensing odorants attractive to the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s. (giles). when a synthetic blend of attractants was dispensed using this method, significantly m ... | 2010 | 20380310 |
| interspecies predation between anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus larvae. | interaction of aquatic stages of coexisting mosquito species may have significant influence on resulting adult mosquito populations. we used two coexisting species, anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus to investigate whether third instars of one species consumed first instars of the other. first instars of one species were readily consumed by a third instar of the other species irrespective food quantity. dna of cx. quinquefasciatus was detected in the eight an. gambiae s.s. third i ... | 2010 | 20380312 |
| bionomics of anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics along an altitudinal transect in western cameroon. | highland areas of africa are mostly malaria hypoendemic, due to climate which is not appropriate for anophelines development and their reproductive fitness. in view of designing a malaria control strategy in western cameroon highlands, baseline data on anopheline species bionomics were collected. | 2010 | 20482824 |
| the effect of oral anthelmintics on the survivorship and re-feeding frequency of anthropophilic mosquito disease vectors. | in the tropics, there is substantial temporal and spatial overlap of diseases propagated by anthropophilic mosquito vectors (such as malaria and dengue) and human helminth diseases (such as onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis) that are treated though mass drug administrations (mda). this overlap will result in mosquito vectors imbibing significant quantities of these drugs when they blood feed on humans. since many anthelmintic drugs have broad anti-invertebrate effects, the possibility of c ... | 2010 | 20540931 |
| distribution of ace-1r and resistance to carbamates and organophosphates in anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from côte d'ivoire. | the spread of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. is a critical issue for malaria vector control based on the use of insecticide-treated nets. carbamates and organophosphates insecticides are regarded as alternatives or supplements to pyrethroids used in nets treatment. it is, therefore, essential to investigate on the susceptibility of pyrethroid resistant populations of an. gambiae s.s. to these alternative products. | 2010 | 20553593 |
| field efficacy of a new mosaic long-lasting mosquito net (permanet 3.0) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: a multi centre study in western and central africa. | due to the spread of pyrethroid-resistance in malaria vectors in africa, new strategies and tools are urgently needed to better control malaria transmission. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of a new mosaic long-lasting insecticidal net (llin), i.e. permanet 3.0, against wild pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae s.l. in west and central africa. | 2010 | 20423479 |
| field evaluation of the bio-efficacy of three pyrethroid based coils against wild populations of anthropophilic mosquitoes in northern tanzania. | this study aims to assess the feeding inhibition and repellency effect of three brands of mosquito coils in experimental huts (east african design). evaluated products were all pyrethroid-based mosquito coils-kiboko(r), total(r) and risasi(r). mosfly (0.1% d-allethrin) was a positive control. indoor resting behavior, feeding inhibition and induced exophily were measured as responses of burnt coil smoke in huts. | 2010 | 20606965 |
| effects of seasonality and irrigation on malaria transmission in two villages in côte d'ivoire. | the seasonality of malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in central côte d'ivoire: one usually with irrigated rice farming (zatta) and one without (tiémélékro). adult mosquitoes were collected, from february 2002 to august 2005, inside and outside sentinel houses. in tiémélékro, the biting rate of anopheles gambiae s.s. showed a significant difference between the dry and rainy season only in 2003 (p<0.001). the corresponding rates for an. funestus s.s. showed significant seasonal ... | 2010 | 20406578 |
| spatio-temporal patterns in kdr frequency in permethrin and ddt resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. from uganda. | the planned upscaling of vector control strategies requires insight into the epidemiological consequences of vector resistance. therefore, the pyrethroid and ddt resistance status of anopheles gambiae s.l. was assessed in uganda from 2004 to 2006, and spatial and seasonal variations in knockdown resistance (kdr) frequencies were analyzed in terms of epidemiological significance. anopheles gambiae s.l. was ddt and pyrethroid resistant in central and eastern uganda. the l1014s kdr allele frequenci ... | 2010 | 20348500 |
| screening mosquito house entry points as a potential method for integrated control of endophagic filariasis, arbovirus and malaria vectors. | partial mosquito-proofing of houses with screens and ceilings has the potential to reduce indoor densities of malaria mosquitoes. we wish to measure whether it will also reduce indoor densities of vectors of neglected tropical diseases. | 2010 | 20689815 |
| effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. | natural populations of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. are exposed to large seasonal and daily fluctuations in relative humidity and temperature, which makes coping with drought a crucial aspect of their ecology. | 2010 | 20691104 |
| diversity in anopheline larval habitats and adult composition during the dry and wet seasons in ouagadougou (burkina faso). | several cases of malaria are frequently recorded during the dry period in ouagadougou town (burkina faso). this has led to the design of a series of studies focusing on both parasitological and entomological investigations intended to provide relevant health data on the risk of local malaria transmission according to the way of urbanisation. | 2010 | 20298619 |
| variations in species composition and infection rates in anopheles gambiae s.l. across eco-vegetational zones in nigeria and cameroon. | | 2010 | 20231774 |
| entomological survey and report of a knockdown resistance mutation in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae from the republic of guinea. | the purpose of our entomological survey was to estimate mosquito biodiversity, infectivity rates and insecticide resistance levels in anopheles species in four study sites in a mining area with high malaria transmission in southeastern guinea. anopheles gambiae s.l. (77%) was the most common anopheles collected followed by an. funestus (20%). the specimens of the an. gambiae complex were predominantly an. gambiae s form (97.6%) with 1.4% of an. gambiae m form found in kérouané only, and 1% of an ... | 2010 | 20227096 |
| the demographic histories of the m and s molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | anopheles gambiae is a primary vector of plasmodium falciparum, a human malaria parasite that causes over a million deaths each year in sub-saharan africa. population genetic tests have been employed to detect natural selection at suspected a. gambiae antimalaria genes, but these tests have generally been compromised by the lack of demographically correct null models. here, we used a coalescent simulation approach within a maximum likelihood framework to fit population growth, bottleneck, and mi ... | 2010 | 20223855 |
| hydric stress-dependent effects of plasmodium falciparum infection on the survival of wild-caught anopheles gambiae female mosquitoes. | whether plasmodium falciparum, the agent of human malaria responsible for over a million deaths per year, causes fitness costs in its mosquito vectors is a burning question that has not yet been adequately resolved. understanding the evolutionary forces responsible for the maintenance of susceptibility and refractory alleles in natural mosquito populations is critical for understanding malaria transmission dynamics. | 2010 | 20796288 |
| anopheline and culicine mosquitoes are not repelled by surfaces treated with the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana. | abstract: | 2010 | 20799937 |
| anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western nyanza province, kenya. | high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets in asembo and low coverage in seme, two adjacent communities in western nyanza province, kenya; followed by expanded coverage of bed nets in seme, as the kenya national malaria programme rolled out; provided a natural experiment for quantification of changes in relative abundance of two primary malaria vectors in this holoendemic region. both belong to the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex, namely a. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and ... | 2010 | 20187956 |
| population structure of anopheles gambiae along the kenyan coast. | in the tropics, anopheles mosquito abundance is greatest during the wet season and decline significantly during the dry season as larval habitats shrink. population size fluctuations between wet and dry seasons may lead to variation in distribution of specific alleles within natural anopheles populations, and a possible effect on the population genetic structure. we used 11 microsatellite markers to examine the effect of seasonality on population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae s.s. at tw ... | 2010 | 20122886 |
| differential behavioral responses of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) modulate mortality caused by pyrethroid-treated bednets. | direct observations of individual anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) females fleetingly but repeatedly alighting on pyrethroid-treated fabric of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) fitted over a human hand proved that onset of behavioral effects modulated mortality. for olyset net, containing 1,000 mg of permethrin per m2, mosquitoes reduced landing attempts and elevated frequency of flight within 3 min. this kinetic disengagement resulted in little mortality. in contrast, mos ... | 2009 | 20069832 |
| field, genetic, and modeling approaches show strong positive selection acting upon an insecticide resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae s.s. | alleles subject to strong, recent positive selection will be swept toward fixation together with contiguous sections of the genome. whether the genomic signatures of such selection will be readily detectable in outbred wild populations is unclear. in this study, we employ haplotype diversity analysis to examine evidence for selective sweeps around knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations associated with resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and pyrethroid insecticides in the mosquito anophel ... | 2010 | 20056691 |
| infection of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with entomopathogenic fungi: effect of host age and blood-feeding status. | physiological characteristics of insects can influence their susceptibility to fungal infection of which age and nutritional status are among the most important. an understanding of host-pathogen interaction with respect to these physiological characteristics of the host is essential if we are to develop fungal formulations capable of reducing malaria transmission under field conditions. here, two independent bioassays were conducted to study the effect of age and blood-feeding status on fungal ... | 2010 | 20872014 |
| oviposition deterrence induced by ocimum kilimandscharicum and ocimum suave extracts to gravid anopheles gambiae s.s (diptera: culicidae) in laboratory. | in most of the past decades, mosquito control has been done by the use of indoor residual spray and insecticides-treated bed nets. the control of mosquitoes by targeting the breeding sites (larval habitat) has not been given priority. disrupting the oviposition sensory detection of mosquitoes by introducing deterrents of plant origin, which are cheap resources, might be add value to integrated vector control. such knowledge is required in order to successfully manipulate the behavior of mosquito ... | 2010 | 20927285 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. | insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries which requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control. the current extent and distribution of this resistance in many parts of the continent is unknown and yet such information is essential for the planning of effective malaria control interventions. | 2009 | 20015411 |
| optimizing odor-baited trap methods for collecting mosquitoes during the malaria season in the gambia. | baited traps are potential tools for removal or surveillance of disease vectors. to optimize the use of counter-flow traps baited with human odor (nylon socks that had been worn for a single day) to capture wild mosquitoes in the gambia, investigations were conducted at a field experimental site. | 2009 | 19997640 |
| first report of metarhizium anisopliae ip 46 pathogenicity in adult anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis (diptera; culicidae). | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae isolate ip 46, originating from a soil sample collected in 2001 in the cerrado of central brazil, was tested for its ability to reduce the survival of adult male and female anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis mosquitoes. a 6-h exposure to the fungus coated on test paper at a concentration of 3.3 x 106 conidia cm-2 reduced the daily survival of both mosquito species (hr = 3.14, p < 0.001), with higher risk of dying in an. gambiae s.s relati ... | 2009 | 19951426 |
| malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of anopheles gambiae in libreville and port-gentil, gabon. | urban malaria is a major health priority for civilian and militaries populations. a preliminary entomologic study has been conducted in 2006-2007, in the french military camps of the two mains towns of gabon: libreville and port-gentil. the aim was to assess the malaria transmission risk for troops. | 2010 | 21070655 |
| the impact of the expansion of urban vegetable farming on malaria transmission in major cities of benin. | abstract: | 2010 | 21143999 |
| trends in ddt and pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern cameroon. | pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in cameroon. in certain insect species, particularly the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of insecticides is a source of great concern and needs to be monitored in order to sustain the efficacy of vector control operations in the fields. this study highlights trends in ddt and pyrethroid resistance in wild an. gambiae populations from south cameroon. | 2009 | 19793389 |
| staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae s form. | anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the west african region. resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in an. gambiae s form in the ahafo region of ghana. a laboratory population (gah) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch. | 2010 | 21156042 |
| seasonal changes of infectivity rates of bancroftian filariasis vectors in coast province, kenya. | bancroftian filariasis in kenya is endemic in coastal districts with an estimated number of 2.5 million people at risk of infection. the main mosquito genera involved in transmission of wuchereria bancrofti in these areas are anopheles, culex and mansonia. the study was envisaged to compare the infectivity rates of bancroftian filariasis vectors between the high transmission (wet) and the low transmission (dry) seasons. | 2009 | 19724086 |
| malaria infection and disease in an area with pyrethroid-resistant vectors in southern benin. | this study aimed to investigate baseline data on malaria before the evaluation of new vector control strategies in an area of pyrethroid-resistance of vectors. the burden of malaria was estimated in terms of infection (prevalence and parasite density) and of clinical episodes. | 2010 | 21194470 |
| toxicity of bloodmeals from ivermectin-treated cattle to anopheles gambiae s.l. | two anthelmintic drugs used as cattle dewormers, ivermectin and moxidectin, were tested for their lethal and sublethal effects on the malarial vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis. in the laboratory, direct addition of ivermectin to bovine blood reduced the survivorship and fecundity of mosquitoes fed on the blood. the median lethal concentration (lc(50)) of ivermectin in the bloodmeal, for the laboratory populations of an. gambiae s.l., was 19.8 ppb. in the field, commercially avai ... | 2009 | 19695159 |
| spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele l1014s in anopheles gambiae s.s. and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in western kenya. | malaria vector control in africa depends upon effective insecticides in bed nets and indoor residual sprays. this study investigated the extent of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l., anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya where ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets has risen steadily from the late 1990s to 2010. temporal and spatial variation in the frequency of a knock down resistance (kdr) allele in a. gambiae s.s. was quantified, as was variation in ... | 2011 | 21235783 |
| susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.l. to ddt, malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin in ethiopia. | to assess the susceptibility/resistance level of anopheles gambiae s.l. to ddt, malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin in different parts of ethiopia. | 2011 | 21255205 |
| polymorphism of intron-1 in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from cameroon with emphasis on insecticide knockdown resistance mutations. | sequence variation at the intron-1 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in anopheles gambiae m- and s-forms from cameroon was assessed to explore the number of mutational events originating knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles. mosquitoes were sampled between december 2005 and june 2006 from three geographical areas: (i) magba in the western region; (ii) loum, tiko, douala, kribi, and campo along the atlantic coast; and (iii) bertoua, in the eastern continental plateau. both 1014s and 1014f kd ... | 2009 | 19538340 |
| why are anopheline mosquitoes not present in the seychelles? | species of anopheline mosquitoes are largely distributed over emerged lands around the world and, within the tropics, few areas are without these insects, which are vectors of malaria parasites. among the exceptions is the seychelles archipelago in the western indian ocean. however, in the aldabra island group, located in the extreme western portion of the archipelago, anopheles gambiae s.l. was introduced, leading to massive proliferation and then elimination, with the most recent autochthonous ... | 2011 | 21303530 |
| mosquito salivary gland protein preservation in the field for immunological and biochemical analysis. | mosquito salivary proteins are involved in several biological processes that facilitate their blood feeding and have also been reported to elicit an igg response in vertebrates. a growing number of studies have focused on this immunological response for its potential use as a biological marker of exposure to arthropod bites. as mosquito saliva collection is extremely laborious and inefficient, most research groups prefer to work on mosquito salivary glands (sgs). thus, sg protein integrity is a ... | 2011 | 21385450 |
| pyrethrum: a mixture of natural pyrethrins has potential for malaria vector control. | pyrethrum is a natural mixture of six insecticidal esters, recognized for low mammalian toxicity and limited persistence in the environment. in this study, world health organization standard bioassays were used to evaluate the performance of pyrethrum against both susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. the results showed that the intrinsic activity of pyrethrum was similar to that of permethrin but lower than that of deltamethrin against susceptible mosquitoes. however, pyre ... | 2009 | 19496422 |
| a supervised land cover classification of a western kenya lowland endemic for human malaria: associations of land cover with larval anopheles habitats. | a supervised land cover classification was developed from very high resolution ikonos satellite data and extensive ground truth sampling of a ca. 10 sq km malaria-endemic lowland in western kenya. the classification was then applied to an investigation of distribution of larval anopheles habitats. the hypothesis was that the distribution and abundance of aquatic habitats of larvae of various species of mosquitoes in the genus anopheles is associated with identifiable landscape features. | 2009 | 19371425 |
| ace-1 duplication in anopheles gambiae: a challenge for malaria control. | insecticide resistance is a rapid and recent evolutionary phenomenon with serious economic and public health implications. in the mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s., main vector of malaria, resistance to organophosphates and carbamates is mainly due to a single amino-acid substitution in acetylcholinesterase 1 (ache1). this mutation entails a large fitness cost. however, a resistant duplicated allele of the gene encoding ache1 (ace-1), potentially associated to a lower fitness cost, recently appear ... | 2009 | 19374767 |
| insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the kassena-nankana district of ghana. | malaria is a major public health problem in ghana. the current strategy of the national malaria control programme is based on effective case management and the use of insecticide treated bed nets among vulnerable groups such as children under-five years of age and pregnant women. resistance to pyrethroids by anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus has been reported in several african countries including neighbouring burkina faso. | 2009 | 19389257 |
| mosquito larval productivity in rice-fields infested with azolla in mvomero district, tanzania. | azolla (salviniales: azollaceae) is known to reduce oviposition and adult emergence of a number of mosquito species. several species of azolla are reportedly indigenous to tanzania. however, the potential of azolla as a biocontrol agent against malaria mosquitoes has not been evaluated in the country. this cross-sectional study was carried out to assess mosquito larval productivity in irrigated rice-fields infested with azolla in mvomero district, tanzania. a systematic larval sampling covering ... | 2009 | 19445100 |
| importance of eaves to house entry by anopheline, but not culicine, mosquitoes. | screening homes is an effective way of reducing house entry by mosquitoes. here, we assess how important blocking the eaves is for reducing house entry by anopheline and culicine mosquitoes for houses that have screened doors and no windows. twelve houses, with two screened doors and no windows, in which a single adult male slept, were included in a simple crossover design. in the first period, six houses were randomly selected and had the eaves blocked using a mixture of rubble and mortar; the ... | 2009 | 19496420 |
| constituents of the essential oil of suregada zanzibariensis leaves are repellent to the mosquito, anopheles gambiae s.s. | in traditional african communities, repellent volatiles from certain plants generated by direct burning or by thermal expulsion have played an important role in protecting households against vectors of malaria and other diseases. previous research on volatile constituents of plants has shown that some are good sources of potent mosquito repellents. in this bioprospecting initiative, the essential oil of leaves of the tree, suregada zanzibariensis verdc. (angiospermae: euphobiaceae) was tested ag ... | 2010 | 20569134 |
| [specific diversity and culicidian nuisance in the villages of n'gatty and allaba in laguna area of ivory coast]. | entomological surveys were undertaken between june and december 2006 in n'gatty and allaba. these villages are located in southern ivory coast in a laguna area in dabou department. in these villages, there are large swampy areas, which have caused the multiplication of anthropophilic culicidae. mosquitoes have been collected at preimaginal stage at the time of the larval prospecting and at adult stage through human landing catch. larval collections have been made using the classic method of "dip ... | 2010 | 20632142 |
| field efficacy of pyrethroid treated plastic sheeting (durable lining) in combination with long lasting insecticidal nets against malaria vectors. | abstract: | 2010 | 20682050 |
| temporal dynamics of malaria transmission in two rural areas of burkina faso with two ecological differences. | to determine the relationship between malaria transmission intensity, clinical malaria, immune response, plasmodic index, and to furthermore characterize a malaria vaccine trial site for potential malaria vaccines candidate testing, a study was conducted in tensobtenga and balonguen, two villages in burkina faso characterized by different malaria transmission levels. the study villages are located in a sudan savanna area. malaria transmission is seasonal and peaks in september in these villages. ... | 2010 | 20695277 |
| synergy in efficacy of fungal entomopathogens and permethrin against west african insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | increasing incidences of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors are threatening the sustainable use of contemporary chemical vector control measures. fungal entomopathogens provide a possible additional tool for the control of insecticide-resistant malaria mosquitoes. this study investigated the compatibility of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and two mosquito-pathogenic fungi, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae, against a laboratory colony and field population of west africa ... | 2010 | 20711409 |
| reducing plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in africa: a model-based evaluation of intervention strategies. | over the past decade malaria intervention coverage has been scaled up across africa. however, it remains unclear what overall reduction in transmission is achievable using currently available tools. | 2010 | 20711482 |
| wide-scale application of bti/bs biolarvicide in different aquatic habitat types in urban and peri-urban malindi, kenya. | larval control is a major component in mosquito control programs. this study evaluated the wide-scale application of bti/bs biolarvicide (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis [bti] and bacillus sphaericus [bs]) in different aquatic habitats in urban and peri-urban malindi, kenya. this study was done from june 2006 to december 2007. the urban and peri-urban area of malindi town was mapped and categorized in grid cells of 1 km(2). a total of 16 1-km(2) cells were selected based on presence comm ... | 2011 | 20730445 |
| studies of anopheles gambiae s.l (diptera: culicidae) exhibiting different vectorial capacities in lymphatic filariasis transmission in the gomoa district, ghana. | abstract: | 2010 | 20840757 |