| detection of the east and west african kdr mutation in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis from uganda using a new assay based on fret/melt curve analysis. | appropriate monitoring of vector resistance to insecticides is an integral component of planning and evaluation of insecticide use in malaria control programmes. the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides as a result of a mechanism conferring reduced nervous system sensitivity, better known as knockdown resistance (kdr). in an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis, two different substitutions in the para-type sodium channel ... | 2006 | 16504072 |
| absence of the kdr mutation in the molecular 'm' form suggests different pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. | field tests conducted on adult anopheles mosquitoes using standard who procedures, diagnostic kits and test papers in south-western nigeria showed pyrethroid (deltamethrin and permethrin) resistance in adult populations of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. the knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation involved in pyrethroid resistance was only found in the molecular s form of an. gambiae s.s. even in area where both molecular m and s forms occurred in sympatry. the absence of the kdr mutation in the m ... | 2003 | 12753636 |
| antennal sensilla of two female anopheline sibling species with differing host ranges. | volatile odors are important sensory inputs that shape the behaviour of insects, including agricultural pests and disease vectors. anopheles gambiae s.s. is a highly anthropophilic mosquito and is the major vector for human malaria in sub-sahara africa, while anopheles quadriannulatus, largely due to its zoophilic behaviour, is considered a non-vector species in the same region. careful studies of olfaction in these sibling species may lead to insights about the mechanisms that drive host prefer ... | 2006 | 16573828 |
| heated oligonucleotide ligation assay (hola): an affordable single nucleotide polymorphism assay. | most single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) detection requires expensive equipment and reagents. the oligonucleotide ligation assay (ola) is an inexpensive snp assay that detects ligation between a biotinylated "allele-specific detector" and a 3' fluorescein-labeled "reporter" oligonucleotide. no ligation occurs unless the 3' detector nucleotide is complementary to the snp nucleotide. the original ola used chemical denaturation and neutralization. heated ola (hola) instead uses a thermal stable li ... | 2006 | 16619605 |
| inland valley rice production systems and malaria infection and disease in the savannah of côte d'ivoire. | in sub-saharan africa, lowlands developed for rice cultivation favour the development of anopheles gambiae s. l. populations. however, the epidemiological impact is not clearly determined. the importance of malaria was compared in terms of prevalence and parasite density of infections as well as in terms of disease incidence between three agroecosystems: (i) uncultivated lowlands, 'r0', (ii) lowlands with one annual rice cultivation in the rainy season, 'r1' and (iii) developed lowlands with two ... | 2003 | 12753641 |
| evidence for selection of insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase by carbamate-treated nets in anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) from côte d'ivoire. | pyrethroid-treated nets are an efficient tool for reducing malaria transmission and morbidity. the recent evolution of pyrethroid resistance in several anopheles species represents a major threat for the future success of roll back malaria in africa. the possible use of nonpyrethroid insecticides, such as carbamates, on nets is a promising alternative solution because these insecticides are effective against susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of anopheles and culex mosquitoes. unfo ... | 2003 | 14765680 |
| concomitant infections of plasmodium falciparum and wuchereria bancrofti on the kenyan coast. | anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are important vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis, which occur as co-endemic infections along the kenyan coast. however, little is known about the occurrence and prevalence of concomitant infections of the two diseases in mosquito and human populations in these areas. this study reports the prevalence of concomitant infections of plasmodium falciparum and wuchereria bancrofti in mosquito and human populations in jilore and shakahola villages in m ... | 2006 | 16723020 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| multilevel analyses of genetic differentiation in anopheles gambiae s.s. reveal patterns of gene flow important for malaria-fighting mosquito projects. | malaria control projects based on the introduction and spread of transgenes into mosquito populations depend on the extent of isolation between those populations. on the basis of the distribution of paracentric inversions, anopheles gambiae has been subdivided into five subspecific chromosomal forms. estimating gene flow between and within these forms of an. gambiae presents a number of challenges. we compared patterns of genetic divergence (f(st)) between sympatric populations of the bamako and ... | 2005 | 15677750 |
| molecular characterization of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. in madagascar. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles (diptera: culicidae), the primary african malaria vector, has been characterized at the subspecies level in madagascar, where only the molecular form s and haplotype gia occur. the haplotype gic proposed by other authors was not observed amongst the 35 mosquito genomes sequenced. these s/gia characteristics are also found on the comoros archipelago and in continental africa. | 2006 | 16871703 |
| host-seeking strategies of mosquito disease vectors. | disease transmission by arthropods normally requires at least 2 host contacts. during the first, a pathogen (nematode, protozoan, or virus) is acquired along with the blood from an infected vertebrate host. the pathogen penetrates the vector's midgut and infects a variety of tissues, where replication may occur during an extrinsic incubation period lasting 3-30, days depending on vector and parasite physiology and ambient temperature. following salivary-gland infection, the pathogen is usually t ... | 2005 | 16921679 |
| plasmodium falciparum malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to anopheles gambiae: a field study in western kenya. | transmission of the malaria parasite plasmodium is influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. here we conducted a field study at mbita, an area of endemic malaria in western kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. we examined the infectivity of 81 plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquit ... | 2004 | 15074873 |
| survivorship and distribution of immature anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in banambani village, mali. | we observed the survivorship and distribution of larvae and pupae of anopheles gambiae s.l. giles immature stages in three habitats (rock pools, swamp, and puddles) in banambani village. mali, west africa, during the mid-rainy season of 2000. horizontal life tables were constructed for immatures in the laboratory. times spent in the various immature stages were determined, and laboratory survival was measured. vertical life tables were obtained from each habitat. we found large day-to-day variat ... | 2004 | 15185933 |
| elisa study of oocyst-sporozoite transition in malaria vectors. | intrinsic vector characteristics and environmental factors affect the sporogonic development of p. falciparum in anopheles mosquitoes. we tested for the presence of the circumsporozoite protein, as a marker of the oocyst to sporozoite transition in naturally infected anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus. malaria vectors were collected in a village in the sahel of niger during the rainy and dry seasons. elisa-csp was carried out on abdomen and head/thorax portions from more than 2000 sam ... | 2006 | 17007219 |
| dynamics of the pyrethroid knockdown resistance allele in western kenyan populations of anopheles gambiae in response to insecticide-treated bed net trials. | permethrin and ddt resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. associated with a leucine-serine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was discovered recently in western kenya where a large scale permethrin-impregnated bed net (itn) program has been implemented. collections of an. gambiae s.l. were made from intervention and control villages prior to and after onset of the program. the kdr genotypes were determined using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction di ... | 2004 | 15210997 |
| fumigant toxicity of the essential oils of some african plants against anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. | the essential oils from 15 species of african plants selected by ethnobotanical considerations and field inspection (odour and presence of insects) were screened for fumigant toxicity to anopheles gambiae s.s. in the laboratory. essential oils from 6 species showed varying levels of toxicity, with conyza newii (compositae) and plectranthus marruboides (labiateae) being the most potent. fifty compounds representing approximately 74% of the essential oil of c. newii were identified by gc-ms and gc ... | 2005 | 15830848 |
| on the distribution and genetic differentiation of anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms. | this paper summarises published and unpublished data on the spatial and temporal distribution, and on the genetic characterisation of molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae s.s. the two forms are characterised by a high level of gene-flow restriction, by a largely overlapping geographical and temporal distribution, and by a low degree of genetic differentiation. floating paracentric inversions on chromosome-2 are shown to be shared by the two forms, although with very different frequencies ... | 2005 | 15894192 |
| reduced recombination rate and genetic differentiation between the m and s forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | genetic differentiation between the largely sympatric molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae appears mostly limited to division 6 and part of division 5 of the x chromosome. this region is adjacent to the centromere and includes the rdna that was used to define these forms. this localized differentiation between populations that experience gene flow strongly suggests that this region contains genes responsible for reproductive isolation. regions adjacent to centromeres are known to experie ... | 2006 | 17057242 |
| dosage-dependent effects of permethrin-treated nets on the behaviour of anopheles gambiae and the selection of pyrethroid resistance. | the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s, the major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, is of great concern owing to the importance of pyrethroid-treated nets in the who global strategy for malaria control. the impact of kdr (the main pyrethroid-resistance mechanism) on the behaviour of an. gambiae is not well understood. the objective of this study was to determine whether high or low doses of permethrin differ in their resistance-selection effects. | 2004 | 15242513 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| larval development of the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) in different habitats: a transplantation experiment. | we compared the development of the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. in different larval habitats. first stage larvae (l1s) of wild-caught females were placed into cages in natural habitats of the m form (rice fields) or the s form (puddles/ quarries). each cage was covered with cloth, allowing exchange of water, solutes, and small particles, including microorganisms, and was seeded with 100 l1s of a single form (m or s) or by a mixture of 50:50 of m and s forms. emergence success of bot ... | 2005 | 16119542 |
| variation in an intron sequence of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene correlates with genetic differentiation between anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms. | we present the results of a geographical survey of genetic variation in anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms from ten african countries at intron i of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. we found two major haplotypes separated by a single mutational step, which cosegregate almost completely with the rdna sites that identify m and s, consistent with previous estimates of strong reductions of gene flow between the two forms. we also report ten additional haplotypes stemming from the two ma ... | 2004 | 15271209 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking immunity in three areas with perennial or seasonal endemicity and different levels of transmission. | plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking immunity (tbi) was investigated in 3 different endemic areas. reared anopheles gambiae s.s. were experimentally infected with the blood of gametocyte carriers, either in the presence of autologous plasma (own) or after replacement of the own plasma with a nonimmune serum of ab blood group (control). transmission reduction was defined by a lower level of mosquito infection in the own batch compared with the control. after controlling for the effect of g ... | 2005 | 16354818 |
| distribution, description, and local knowledge of larval habitats of anopheles gambiae s.l. in a village in western kenya. | a sampling census revealed 104 aquatic habitats of 6 types for anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in a village in western kenya, namely burrow pits, drainage channels, livestock hoof prints, rain pools, tire tracks, and pools in streambeds. most habitats were created by human activity and were highly clustered in dispersion pattern within the village landscape. landscape analysis revealed that six of forty-seven 0.09 km(2) cells superimposed over the village harbored 65% of all habitats. focus group ... | 2006 | 16407345 |
| pupal habitat productivity of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a rural village in western kenya. | the productivity of larval habitats of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae for pupae (the stage preceding adult metamorphosis) is poorly known, yet adult emergence from habitats is the primary determinant of vector density. to assess it, we used absolute sampling methods in four studies involving daily sampling for 25 days in 6 habitat types in a village in western kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. comprised 82.5% of emergent adults and anopheles arabiensis the remainder. pupal production occurred ... | 2006 | 16407346 |
| [insects know no border.]. | one of the major consequences of the joined action of demographic pressure and evolution of human activities lies in enormous increase of transportation, both in frequence and speed; taking advantage of these facilities, some arthropods could increase their geographical distribution and create new health threats. several demonstrative examples are exposed in order to illustrate this anthropic dissemination of the vectors : the introduction of anopheles gambiae s.l. in mauritius island between 18 ... | 1996 | 17292311 |
| lutzomyia longipalpis in brazil: a complex or a single species? a mini-review. | lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of leishmania infantum chagasi, the causative agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl). although there is strong evidence that lu. longipalpis is a species complex, not all data concerning populations from brazil support this hypothesis. the issue is still somewhat controversial for this large part of lu. longipalpis distribution range even though that it is the latin american region contributing to most of the cases of avl. in this mini-review we c ... | 2007 | 17293992 |
| addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria in gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. | combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with artesunate (as) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. we assessed the effect on plasmodium falciparum transmissibility of the addition of as to chloroquine (cq) in an area of the gambia where resistance to cq is increasing. | 2004 | 14728607 |
| species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | we studied the geographical distribution of species, chromosomal, and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) complex in 23 sites in cameroon, central africa. almost all the specimens collected in the four northern-most arid sites were anopheles arabiensis. anopheles melas was found in a rural locality surrounded by mangrove swamps, on the atlantic coast. in total, 1,525 an. gambiae s.s. females were identified down to their molecular form, and inversion polymorphisms ... | 2005 | 16465741 |
| habitat characteristics of anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a kenyan highland. | anopheline larval habitats associated with a swamp, were examined in a highland area (1910 m elevation) of western kenya. a significant association was found between occurrence of anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) larvae and two factors, habitat size and vegetation type. over 80% of an. gambiae s.s. larvae were found in small isolated pools, characterized by short plants, occurring in both swamp margins and roadside ditches. however, anopheles gambiae s.s. was not found in habita ... | 2004 | 15347399 |
| discriminative feeding behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.s. on endemic plants in western kenya. | anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) is known to feed on plant sugars, but this is the first experimental study to consider whether it discriminates between plant species. thirteen perennial plant species were selected on the basis of their local availability within the vicinity of human dwellings and larval habitats of an. gambiae s.s. in western kenya. groups of 100 or 200 mosquitoes were released into cages either with a cutting of one plant type at a time (single-plant assay) or ... | 2007 | 17373953 |
| personal protection of long lasting insecticide-treated nets in areas of anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids. | the development of mosquito nets pre-treated with insecticide, long lasting impregnated nets (llins) that last the life span of the net, is a solution to the difficulty of the re-impregnation of conventional nets. even if they showed a good efficacy in control conditions, their efficacy in the field, particularly in areas with resistance of anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, is not well documented. this study compares wide (olyset) and small (permanet) mesh llins in field conditions, using entomo ... | 2006 | 16472385 |
| evaluation of indoxacarb, an oxadiazine insecticide for the control of pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | owing to the spread of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) and other vector mosquitoes, there is an urgent need to develop alternative insecticides to supplement the pyrethroids for malaria control. indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide initially commercialized by dupont for control of agricultural pests. performance against an. gambiae bearing kdr (pyrethroid and ddt resistance) or ace-1r insensitive acetylcholinesterase (organophosphate and carbamate resistan ... | 2007 | 17427696 |
| mosquito species succession and physicochemical factors affecting their abundance in rice fields in mwea, kenya. | the succession of mosquito species and abiotic factors affecting their distribution and abundance in rice (oryza spp.) fields was investigated over a 16-wk rice growing cycle covering the period between january and may 2006. fifteen experimental rice plots were sampled for mosquito larvae and characterized based on rice height, number of tillers, floating vegetation cover, water depth, water temperature, turbidity, salinity, ph, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and conductivity. microsc ... | 2007 | 17427706 |
| re-emergence of anopheles funestus and its possible effect on malaria transmission on mayotte island, indian ocean. | malaria constitutes a major public health problem on mayotte island, with the major vector being anopheles gambiae s.s. the seeming disappearance of an. funestus, the 2nd vector on the island, was observed 15 years ago. now, the presence of an. funestus during the biting collections performed in november and december 2004 confirms the re-emergence of this vector, which plays an important role in malaria transmission with an. gambiae. | 2005 | 16506577 |
| the development of plasmodium falciparum in experimentally infected anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) under ambient microhabitat temperature in western kenya. | the effect of microhabitat temperature variation on the early development of plasmodium falciparum in experimentally infected anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) was studied. batches of mosquitoes were fed artificially on gametocyteamic blood obtained from human volunteers and then held in five environmental conditions described as: (1) incubator maintained at constant temperature of 28 +/- 1 degrees c as control; (2) temperature unregulated laboratory environment; (3) screen house; (4) ... | 2004 | 15350861 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |
| larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated. | 2007 | 17519000 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae from mozambique. | malaria control in the southern part of mozambique is currently by indoor residual spraying with a carbamate insecticide and by pyrethroid-treated bed-nets distributed to pregnant women and children under five in northern mozambique. the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis patton to pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphorus insecticides was determined by world health organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests at 17 localities in mozambique, f ... | 2006 | 16619611 |
| microbial larvicides for malaria control in the gambia. | mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (ivm) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in the gambia. | 2007 | 17555570 |
| anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) oviposition in response to agarose media and cultured bacterial volatiles. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles accepted a range of agarose gels, varying from 0.5 to 8% (wt:vol), for oviposition; laid more eggs on 0.5% agarose gels than on moist filter paper or on drier agarose; and laid equal numbers of eggs on 0.5% agarose gels and distilled water. larvae hatched on agarose gel substrates and crawled onto the surface of moist agarose gels, but they tended only to burst the egg cap and remain within the egg case on drier gels. a mixture of cultured bacteria, originating from ... | 2006 | 16739407 |
| transposable element dynamics of the hat element herves in the human malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | transposable elements are being considered as genetic drive agents for introducing phenotype-altering genes into populations of vectors of human disease. the dynamics of endogenous elements will assist in predicting the behavior of introduced elements. transposable element display was used to estimate the site-occupancy frequency distribution of herves in six populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. the site-occupancy distribution data suggest that the element has been recently active within the sa ... | 2007 | 17603116 |
| hat element population genetics in anopheles gambiae s.l. in mozambique. | herves is a functional class ii transposable element in anopheles gambiae belonging to the hat superfamily of elements. class ii transposable elements are used as gene vectors in this species and are also being considered as genetic drive agents for spreading desirable genes through natural populations as part of an effort to control malaria transmission. in this study, herves was investigated in populations of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis and anopheles merus in mozambique over a ... | 2006 | 16850223 |
| olfactory coding in antennal neurons of the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | olfactory receptor neurons (orns) in the antenna of insects serve to encode odors in action potential activity conducted to the olfactory lobe of the deuterocerebrum. we performed an analysis of the electrophysiological responses of olfactory neurons in the antennae of the female malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. and investigated the effect of blood feeding on responsiveness. forty-four chemicals that are known to be present in human volatile emanations were used as odor stimuli. we identi ... | 2006 | 16963500 |
| relationship between malaria and filariasis transmission indices in an endemic area along the kenyan coast. | an entomological survey was conducted to determine the relationship between malaria and lymphatic filariasis transmission by anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus in two inland villages along the kenyan coast. | 2006 | 16967820 |
| dyeing process may alter the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets. | the biological efficacy as judged by mortality against anopheles gambiae s.s. of three net samples, one white and two colored, treated with deltamethrin by conventional dipping was compared. efficacy as well as chemical analysis results showed that uptake of insecticide by white net material was much higher than by colored nets. after a single wash, efficacy of colored nets was reduced significantly below 80% mortality, which is the minimum acceptable level for a field application. this unexpect ... | 2006 | 17017222 |
| laboratory tests of oviposition by the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, on dark soil as influenced by presence or absence of vegetation. | physical objects like vegetation can influence oviposition by mosquitoes on soil or water substrates. anopheles gambiae s. l. is generally thought to utilize puddles over bare soil as its prime larval habitat and to avoid standing water populated with vegetation. in kisian, kenya near kisumu, water often pools in grassy drainage areas both during and after periods of infrequent rains, when typical puddle habitats become scarce because of drying. this raised the question of whether an. gambiae ha ... | 2006 | 17038187 |
| interindividual variation in the attractiveness of human odours to the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae s. s. | differences between human individuals in their attractiveness to female mosquitoes have been reported repeatedly, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. skin emanations from 27 human individuals, collected on glass marbles, were tested against ammonia in a dual-choice olfactometer to establish their degrees of attractiveness to anthropophilic anopheles gambiae s.s. giles (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes. ammonia was used as a standard odour source because of its proven attractiven ... | 2006 | 17044878 |
| malaria in bulambya, ileje district, south-west tanzania. | this study was carried out to determine malaria situation in bulambya division, ileje district in southwest tanzania. outpatient attendance records from 1999 to 2002 were examined for malaria cases in eleven health facilities. a cross-sectional study to determine malaria prevalence and its potential vectors was done in may 2004. blood samples were collected from 502 schoolchildren from 16 primary schools and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. indoor resting mosquitoes were collected ... | 2006 | 17058795 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| ecological zones rather than molecular forms predict genetic differentiation in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. in ghana. | the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. is rapidly becoming a model for studies on the evolution of reproductive isolation. debate has centered on the taxonomic status of two forms (denoted m and s) within the nominal taxon identified by point mutations in the x-linked rdna region. evidence is accumulating that there are significant barriers to gene flow between these forms, but that the barriers are not complete throughout the entire range of their distribution. we sampled populations from ... | 2007 | 17110481 |
| [pyrethroid and ddt resistance of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) in five agricultural ecosystems from côte-d'ivoire]. | the promotion of pyrethroid impregnated bednets among the populations is a major activity of the national malaria vector control programs in african tropical countries. however pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae, a major malaria vector, has been observed in several parts of côte-d'ivoire since 1993. as insecticides used in agriculture against pests are frequently considered as important factors responsible for resistance in malaria vectors, we have evaluated insecticide resistance of an. ... | 2006 | 17111979 |
| dynamics of knockdown pyrethroid insecticide resistance alleles in a field population of anopheles gambiae s.s. in southwestern nigeria. | pyrethroid insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles is mainly associated with reduced target site sensitivity arising from a single point mutation in the sodium channel gene, often referred to as knockdown resistance (kdr). this resistance mechanism is widespread in west africa and was reported for the first time in nigeria in 2002. here we present changes in the susceptibility/resistance status of the molecular 'm' and 's' forms of an. gambiae and the frequency of th ... | 2007 | 17896620 |
| life on the edge: african malaria mosquito (anopheles gambiae s. l.) larvae are amphibious. | anopheles gambiae s.l. is the main vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa. here, an estimated 1 million people die every year from this disease. despite considerable research on an. gambiae that increasingly explores sub-organismal phenomena, important facets of the field biology of this deadly insect are yet being discovered. in the current study, we used simple observational tools to reveal that the habitat of larval an. gambiae is not limited within the boundaries of temporary mud puddles, a ... | 2007 | 17139499 |
| evaluating genetic differentiation of anopheles arabiensis in relation to larval habitats in kenya. | anopheles arabiensis, an important vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa shows great versatility in utilizing a broad range of larval habitats. most studies on the population genetic structure of this species have focused on adult mosquitoes collected mainly indoors and have found populations within relatively short distances to be panmictic. various authors suggested that the incipient speciation between the chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. in west africa involved adaptation to dif ... | 2007 | 17188943 |
| bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission -- and the relationship to human infection -- in an endemic community of coastal tanzania. | the house-to-house variation in wuchereria bancrofti vector abundance and transmission intensity, and the relationship of these parameters to human infection, were investigated in an endemic community in coastal tanzania. vector mosquitoes were collected in light traps set up in 50 randomly selected households once weekly for 1 year. they were identified, dissected and checked for filarial larvae. vector densities and transmission potentials varied markedly between households, both for all vecto ... | 2007 | 17244409 |
| estimating dispersal and survival of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus along the kenyan coast by using mark-release-recapture methods. | mark-release-recapture (mrr) experiments were conducted with emerging anopheles gambiae s.l. and anophelesfunestus giles at jaribuni and mtepeni in kilifi, along the kenyan coast. of 739 and 1246 anopheles released at jaribuni and mtepeni, 24.6 and 4.33% were recaptured, respectively. the daily survival probability was 0.96 for an. funestus and 0.95 for an. gambiae in jaribuni and 0.83 and 0.95, respectively, in mtepeni. the maximum flight distance recorded was 661 m. the high survival probabili ... | 2007 | 18047189 |
| longitudinal survey of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid (kdr) in mali, west africa, and evidence of its emergence in the bamako form of anopheles gambiae s.s. | studies aimed at monitoring the spread of knockdown resistance to pyrethroids (kdr) in time and space are particularly useful for detecting barriers to gene flow among the chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae. we used a recently developed polymerase chain reaction assay to estimate changes in kdr frequency that occurred in several mixed-form populations from mali, west africa, in the past decade. we found that the kdr allele significantly increased in frequency in most population ... | 2007 | 17255234 |
| a role for mansonia uniformis mosquitoes in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in uganda? | the possible role of mansonia uniformis mosquitoes in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis was assessed in an endemic area of uganda, by examining their diurnal biting cycle, host preference and ability to support the development of experimental and natural wuchereria bancrofti infections. anopheles gambiae s.l. served as controls. human landing catches revealed that outdoor biting peaked early in the evening (19:00-20:00h), while indoor biting peaked around midnight (23:00-24:00h). by far t ... | 2007 | 17316535 |
| identification of field caught anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis by taqman single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. | identification of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis from field-collected anopheles gambiae s.l. is often necessary in basic and applied research, and in operational control programmes. the currently accepted method involves use of standard polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal dna (rdna) from the 3' 28s to 5' intergenic spacer region of the genome, and visual confirmation of amplicons of predicted size on agarose gels, after electrophoresis. this report describes dev ... | 2007 | 17326831 |
| comparative analysis of epicuticular lipid profiles of sympatric and allopatric field populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms and an. arabiensis from burkina faso (west africa). | we analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (gc-fid) the epicuticular lipid profiles of field females of the major afro-tropical malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. the samples were collected in three villages in burkina faso (west africa), where an. gambiae m and s molecular forms and an. arabiensis live sympatrically. the aim was to compare the cuticular hydrocarbon (chc) composition of individual field specimens of these three ta ... | 2007 | 17368202 |
| [presence and risk of transmission of wuchereria bancrofti is a reality in rural mali: the case of the town of bariambani in the cirle of kati]. | previous studies on lymphatic filariasis in mali showed high infection rate in rural area. this study was aimed to find wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in human peripheral blood and larvae in vectors. for that purpose we carried out an entomological, clinical and parasitological study in banambani a village located at 25 km from bamako the capital city. the parasitological and clinical study was a single cross sectional study including night blood thick smear and physical examination. the ento ... | 2006 | 17390523 |
| ovipositional periodicity of caged anopheles gambiae individuals. | abstract: | 2008 | 18221544 |
| larval habitats of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) influences vector competence to plasmodium falciparum parasites. | the origin of highly competent malaria vectors has been linked to productive larval habitats in the field, but there isn't solid quantitative or qualitative data to support it. to test this, the effect of larval habitat soil substrates on larval development time, pupation rates and vector competence of anopheles gambiae to plasmodium falciparum were examined. | 2007 | 17470293 |
| malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of bioko, equatorial guinea. | a comprehensive malaria control intervention was initiated in february 2004 on bioko island, equatorial guinea. this manuscript reports on the continuous entomological monitoring of the indoor residual spray (irs) programme during the first two years of its implementation. | 2007 | 17474975 |
| the association between distance to water pipes and water bodies positive for anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the urban community of malindi, kenya. | the increasing risk of mosquito-borne diseases in african urban environments has been partly attributed to failed planning and resource underdevelopment. though engineered systems may reduce mosquito proliferation, there are few studies describing this relationship. this study investigates how engineered systems such as roads and piped water systems affect the odds of anopheline immatures (i.e., larvae and pupae) occurring in water bodies located in malindi, kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. (giles) ... | 2007 | 18260524 |
| high spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the gambia, west africa, using landsat tm satellite imagery. | understanding local variability in malaria transmission risk is critically important when designing intervention or vaccine trials. using a combination of field data, satellite image analysis, and gis modeling, we developed a high-resolution map of malaria entomological inoculation rates (eir) in the gambia, west africa. the analyses are based on the variation in exposure to malaria parasites experienced in 48 villages in 1996 and 21 villages in 1997. the entomological inoculation rate (eir) var ... | 2007 | 17488908 |
| effectiveness of permanet in côte d'ivoire rural areas and residual activity on a knockdown-resistant strain of anopheles gambiae. | the effectiveness of long-lasting preimpregnated nets of permanet type (deltamethrin, 50 mg/m2) erected in households in rural areas of côte d'ivoire was tested on two laboratory strains of anopheles gambiae s.s.: the kisumu susceptible strain and the vk per pyrethroids resistant strain with >70% kdr allelic frequency. treated nets were distributed in households in three villages of danan6 forest area in western part of côte d'ivoire. in each village, a net was sampled for bioassays. three perma ... | 2007 | 17547237 |
| water quality and immatures of the m and s forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis in a malian village. | the associations between the immatures of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), its m and s forms, and anopheles arabiensis among and within larval breeding habitats in banambani, mali were investigated under varying conditions of water quality and rainfall. the intent was to elucidate on niche partitioning of these taxa. | 2006 | 16646991 |
| a simple method for sampling indoor-resting malaria mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in africa. | sampling indoor resting african malaria vectors is traditionally done by hand catches with oral or mechanical aspirators and pyrethrum spray catches (pscs). in this study, we designed and briefly evaluated an inexpensive but practical alternative by using a cloth resting box or wicker resting basket and a ceiling net. evaluations were performed in greenhouse and field situations in rural kenya by comparing capture rates of anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus (giles) in these traps to h ... | 2006 | 16739403 |
| spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western kenya highlands. | information on the spatial relationships between disease vectors and environmental factors is fundamental to vector-borne disease control. although it is well known that mosquito abundance is associated with the amount of rainfall and thus the number of larval breeding sites, the spatial relationship between larval habitat availability and adult mosquito abundance is not clear. we investigated the impact of environmental heterogeneity and larval habitats on the spatial distribution of anopheles ... | 2007 | 17620627 |
| a preliminary test of the protective efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of anopheles gambiae metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in north cameroon. | a trial of permethrin-treated nets (ptns) versus untreated nets (utns) was conducted in pitoa (north cameroon), where the main malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles arabiensis, show metabolic-based permethrin resistance. the deterrent effect of permethrin greatly reduced a. gambiae biting rate inside rooms where ptns were installed. after 3 months of net use, malaria reinfection rate was significantly lower in children sleeping under a ptn, but no such effect was observed after 6 ... | 2007 | 17632192 |
| spectrum of metabolic-based resistance to ddt and pyrethroids in anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from cameroon. | some populations of anopheles gambiae s.l. from cameroon were reported to develop resistance to ddt or pyrethroids but were free of the kdr mutation "leucine-phenylalanine" (leu-phe). this study reports on the metabolic activity of non-specific esterases (nses), mixed function oxidases (mfos), and glutathione s-transferases (gsts), three enzyme systems commonly involved in insecticide resistance. biochemical assays were performed in ddt or pyrethroid-resistant populations of an. gambiae s.l. fro ... | 2007 | 17633433 |
| african water storage pots for the delivery of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae to the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles funestus. | we studied the use of african water storage pots for point source application of metarhizium anisopliae against the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. funestus. clay pots were shown to be attractive resting sites for male and female an. gambiae s.s. and were not repellent after impregnation with fungus. m. anisopliae was highly infective and virulent after spray application inside pots. at a dosage of 4 x 10(10) conidia/m(2), an average of 95 +/- 1.2% of an. gambiae s.s. obtained a f ... | 2008 | 18541768 |
| efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an african village. | larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. however, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk. la ... | 2008 | 18651964 |
| impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in accra, ghana. | to investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. local transmission was implicated as anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. the predominant anopheles species was anopheles gambiae s.s.. the relative proportion of molecular forms within a subset of specimens was 86% s-form and 14% m-form. anopheles spp. and culex quinque ... | 2008 | 18680565 |
| malaria mosquito control using edible fish in western kenya: preliminary findings of a controlled study. | biological control methods are once again being given much research focus for malaria vector control. this is largely due to the emerging threat of strong resistance to pesticides. larvivorous fish have been used for over 100 years in mosquito control and many species have proved effective. in the western kenyan highlands the larvivorous fish oreochromis niloticus l. (perciformes: cichlidae) (formerly tilapia nilotica) is commonly farmed and eaten but has not been previously tested in the field ... | 2007 | 17688686 |
| nature beats nurture: a case study of the physiological fitness of free-living and laboratory-reared male anopheles gambiae s.l. | laboratory experimentation forms the basis for most of our knowledge of the biology of many organisms, in particular insects. however, the accuracy with which laboratory-derived estimates of insect life history and behaviour can predict their fitness and population dynamics in the wild is rarely validated. such comparison is especially important in cases where laboratory-derived information is used to formulate and implement strategies for the genetic control of insects in nature. we have conduc ... | 2007 | 17690243 |
| structural characterization of acetylcholinesterase 1 from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | acetylcholinesterase (ache) plays a key role in cholinergic impulse transmission, and it is the target enzyme for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. two genes, acei and aceii, have been characterized from different insect species, and point mutations in either gene can lead to significant resistance to these classes of insecticides. in this report, we describe the partial characterization of the acei gene from lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) (diptera: psychodidae), and we show tha ... | 2007 | 17695019 |
| preliminary field testing of a long-lasting insecticide-treated hammock against anopheles gambiae and mansonia spp. (diptera: culicidae) in west africa. | the efficacy of an experimental long-lasting insecticide-treated hammock (llih) with a long-lasting treated net used as a blanket and made of the same fabric (polyethylene) was tested in a concrete block experimental hut, against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. and the arbovirus vectors and nuisance mosquitoes mansonia africana (theobald) and mansonia uniformis (theobald). the llih was treated with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. it was evaluated concurrently with ignited mosqui ... | 2007 | 17695020 |
| insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms. | sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ... | 2008 | 18724871 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| anopheles gambiae complex along the gambia river, with particular reference to the molecular forms of an. gambiae s.s. | the geographic and temporal distribution of m and s molecular forms of the major afrotropical malaria vector species anopheles gambiae s.s. at the western extreme of their range of distribution has never been investigated in detail. | 2008 | 18803885 |
| evaluation of antibody response to plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of anopheles gambiae s.l or anopheles funestus vectors. | in sub-saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by anopheles. gambiae s.l. and anopheles. funestus vectors. the immune response status to plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of anopheles vectors (an. funestus vs an. gambiae s.l.). | 2007 | 17764568 |
| evidence of increasing leu-phe knockdown resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae from niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation. | at the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout niger. a large number of studies in africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. the distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) leu-phe mutati ... | 2008 | 18817574 |
| efficacy of pyrethroid-treated nets against malaria vectors and nuisance-biting mosquitoes in tanzania in areas with long-term insecticide-treated net use. | to measure pyrethroid susceptibility in populations of malaria vectors and nuisance-biting mosquitoes in tanzania and to test the biological efficacy of current insecticide formulations used for net treatment. | 2007 | 17875017 |
| mosquito larval habitats and public health implications in abeokuta, ogun state, nigeria. | the larval habitats of mosquitoes were investigated in abeokuta, nigeria in order to determine the breeding sites of the existing mosquito fauna and its possible public health implications on the residents of the city. the habitats were sampled between august 2005 and july 2006 using plastic dippers and a pipette. the habitats were grouped as ground pools/ponds, gutters/open drains, tyres, domestic containers and treeholes/ leaf axils. ten species of mosquitoes were encountered in the five habit ... | 2008 | 18846789 |
| survivorship of immature stages of anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in natural habitats in western kenya highlands. | we examined the survivorship of anopheles gambiae s.l. giles (diptera: culicidae) larvae and habitat productivity in three major habitat types in the western kenya highlands. the age-specific distribution was determined for larvae and pupae, and survivorship curves were constructed. larval-to-pupal survivorship was 6.8% in drainage ditches, 4.3% in cow hoofprints, and 1.8% in disused goldmines, respectively. high mortality rates were observed in all developmental stages. the estimated daily surv ... | 2007 | 17915505 |
| characterization of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1r) in anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): resistance levels and dominance. | characterization of insecticide resistance provides data on the evolutionary processes involved in the adaptation of insects to environmental changes. studying the dominance status and resistance level represents a great interest, in terms of understanding resistance evolution in the field to eventually adapt vector control. resistance and dominance levels conferred by the g119s mutation of acetylcholinesterase (ace-1r) of the mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) were studied for ... | 2007 | 17915512 |
| genetic population structure of anopheles gambiae in equatorial guinea. | patterns of genetic structure among mosquito vector populations in islands have received particular attention as these are considered potentially suitable sites for experimental trials on transgenic-based malaria control strategies. in this study, levels of genetic differentiation have been estimated between populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from the islands of bioko and annobón, and from continental equatorial guinea (eg) and gabon. | 2007 | 17937805 |
| mixture for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. | the spread of resistance to pyrethroids in the major afrotropical malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. necessitates the development of new strategies to control resistant mosquito populations. to test the efficacy of nets treated with repellent and insecticide against susceptible and insecticide-resistant an. gambiae mosquito populations, we impregnated mosquito bed nets with an insect repellent mixed with a low dose of organophosphorous insecticide and tested them in a rice-growing area near ... | 2008 | 18976553 |
| evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in tanzania. | evaluation of mosquito responses towards different trap-bait combinations in field trials is a time-consuming process that can be shortened by experiments in contained semi-field systems. possible use of the bg sentinel (bgs) trap to sample anopheles gambiae s.s. was evaluated. the efficiency of this trap was compared with that of the mosquito magnet-x (mm-x) trap, when baited with foot odour alone or combinations of foot odour with carbon dioxide (co2) or lemongrass as behaviour-modifying cues. | 2008 | 18980669 |
| spatial targeted vector control in the highlands of burundi and its impact on malaria transmission. | prevention of malaria epidemics is a priority for african countries. the 2000 malaria epidemic in burundi prompted the government to implement measures for preventing future outbreaks. case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy and malaria surveillance were nationally improved. a vector control programme was initiated in one of the most affected highland provinces. the focal distribution of malaria vectors in the highlands was the starting point for designing a targeted vector co ... | 2007 | 18053166 |
| abandoning small-scale fish farming in western kenya leads to higher malaria vector abundance. | fishponds become abandoned due to lack of access to both young fish and technical support and faster economic returns from other activities. certain conditions found in abandoned fishponds, such as absence of fish and presence of aquatic vegetation, are conducive to the presence of malaria vectors. we conducted a district-wide fishpond census to determine the maintenance status and mosquito populations of fishponds in kisii central district in western kenya. two hundred and sixty one fishponds w ... | 2008 | 18068136 |
| anopheles gambiae s.s. breeding in polluted water bodies in urban lagos, southwestern nigeria. | urban malaria is on the rise in nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activities. a study was undertaken in lagos, nigeria to study the anopheles breeding in polluted water bodies. | 2007 | 18092529 |
| expression of the cytochrome p450s, cyp6p3 and cyp6m2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from southern benin and nigeria. | insecticide resistance in anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. this is particularly true in benin where pyrethroid resistance has been linked to the failure of insecticide treated bed nets. the role of mutations in the insecticide target sites in conferring resistance has been clearly established. in this study, the contribution of other potential resistance mechanisms was investigated in anopheles gambiae s.s. from a number of localities in southern ben ... | 2008 | 19014539 |
| distribution and chromosomal characterization of the anopheles gambiae complex in angola. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex (n = 1,336) were sampled (2001-2005) across angola to identify taxa, study inversion polymorphisms, and detect the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum. anopheles gambiae s.s. was found in all sites; it was characterized as m-form in localities of the tropical dry and semi-desertic belts, whereas the s-form was predominant in comparatively more humid and less anthropized sites. both forms were characterized by low degrees of chromosomal po ... | 2008 | 18187801 |
| dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in northern cameroon. | to explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups of insecticides used in public health and agriculture, in close match with the large-scale cotton spraying programme implemented in the cotton-growing area of north cameroon. | 2008 | 18248566 |
| indoors man-biting mosquitoes and their implication on malaria transmission in mpwapwa and iringa districts, tanzania. | entomological surveys were carried out in six villages at different altitudes in mpwapwa and iringa districts in central tanzania in march 2002. a total of 1291 mosquitoes were collected. of these, 887 mosquitoes were collected by light traps and 404 by indoor pyrethrum spray catch technique. seventy-nine percent (1026) were anopheles gambiae s.l., 0.2% (n = 3) were an. funestus, and 20.3% (n = 262) were culex quinquefasciatus. other species including cx cinereus, an. coustani and aedes spp acco ... | 2006 | 18254504 |