| influence of clonal growth on selfing rate in vaccinium myrtillus l. | clonal growth, which allows the multiplication of flowering shoots of the same genet, can lead to a large floral display and may thus increase the rate of selfing through geitonogamy as a consequence of an increase in the number of successively visited flowers. the aim of the present research was to analyse the combined effect of the diversity and intermingling of clones on the rate of selfing in vaccinium myrtillus. four mother plants were selected within patches characterised by contrasting cl ... | 2008 | 18761502 |
| complementarity in mineral nitrogen use among dominant plant species in a subalpine community. | the underlying mechanisms that enable plant species to coexist are poorly understood. complementarity in resource use is among the major mechanisms proposed that could favor species coexistence but is insufficiently documented. in alpine soil, low temperatures are a major constraint for the supply of plant nitrogen. we carried out (15)n labeling of soil mineral n to determine to what extent four major species of a subalpine community compete for n, or develop ionic (nh(4)(+) vs. no(3)(-)) or tem ... | 2007 | 21636372 |
| [analysis of anthocyanin content in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit crude drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography method]. | bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) is rich in flavonoids (major part anthocyanins), tannins, phenolic and organic acids, and other biologically active compounds. anthocianins possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. variation in anthocyanin content of bilberry fruit crude drugs is significant in optimizing collection conditions. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) crude drug samples were collected in july-september of 2006 in natural environment in the territory of lithuania. ultrasonic ... | 2007 | 17768372 |
| new liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection for analysis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in vaccinium myrtillus fruit dry extracts and commercial preparations. | the vaccinium myrtillus fruits (bilberry) are a well-known anthocyanins source, and their extracts are widely used in dietary botanicals and pharmaceutical products for the treatment of vascular and vision disorders. different analytical methods used for standardization of the bilberry extracts and their preparations are available from pharmacopeias and from the literature. however, the methods reported in the literature do not allow the detection of free anthocyanidins, which are markers of poo ... | 2016 | 17760327 |
| [the major sources of daily dietary intake of micronutrients in the adult rural population of the republic of chuvashia]. | the paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of micronutrients in the nutrition of the rural population of the chuvash republic. the importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. all the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual russia-specific products. by reason of the uniform pattern of nutrition in chuvashia, virtual ... | 2007 | 17526227 |
| interactions between gray-sided voles (clethrionomys rufucanus) and bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), their main winter food plant. | we compared the abundance, population structure and palatability of bilberry ramets on vole-free islands, islands with voles but no predators (predator-free islands) and mainland sites with both voles and predators. as expected, bilberry biomass was strongly correlated with the herbivory pressure exerted by the voles, since it was significantly lower on the mainland, and much (>80%) lower on the predator-free islands, than on the vole-free islands. however, another finding, which conflicts with ... | 2007 | 17287954 |
| variation in transfer factor of radiocaesium in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) in clear cut and mature forest sites after the chernobyl accident. | bank voles that were collected between 1986 and 2004 at sites in chernobyl fallout areas of northern sweden showed higher (137)cs activity concentrations at the mature forest sites compared to clear cuts. this difference was not attributed to differences in ground deposition between sites but to differences in aggregated transfer rates to voles. differences in transfer between forest types were evident for all years 1986-2004 but the change occurred at different rates in the two habitats. the ap ... | 2007 | 17137685 |
| bilberry adulteration using the food dye amaranth. | vaccinium myrtillus or bilberry fruit is a commonly used herbal product. the usual method of determining the anthocyanin content is a single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay. using this method, anthocyanin levels of two extracts were found to be 25% as claimed by the manufacturers. when high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was used, however, one extract was found to contain 9% anthocyanins probably not derived from v. myrtillus but from an adulterant. this adulterant was subsequently ... | 2006 | 16968108 |
| explaining bank vole cycles in southern norway 1980-2004 from bilberry reports 1932-1977 and climate. | correlations between mast fruiting of bilberry vaccinium myrtillus and peak levels of clethrionomys-voles have been reported from both norway and finland, but there has been a discussion whether this is a bottom-up or a top-down relationship. in a multiple regression model, 65% of the variation in a bilberry production index calculated from game reports from southern norway 1932-1977 could be explained by the berry index of the two preceding years and climate factors acting during key stages of ... | 2006 | 16344969 |
| antioxidant properties of prepared blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus) extracts. | a blueberry extract (a) and two anthocyanin-derived extracts (b and c) were prepared. the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and anthocyanin-derived pigments of the extracts were determined for the first time. the pigment profile of blueberry extract a corresponded to 15 anthocyanins, whereas extract b was mainly composed of anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adducts of the blueberry original anthocyanins and extract c was mainly composed of the respective vinylpyranoanthocyanin-catechins ... | 2005 | 16104817 |
| anthocyanosides of vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision--a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. | | 2007 | 15530951 |
| growth and reproduction of the alpine grasshopper miramella alpina feeding on co2-enriched dwarf shrubs at treeline. | the consequences for plant-insect interactions of atmospheric changes in alpine ecosystems are not well understood. here, we tested the effects of elevated co(2) on leaf quality in two dwarf shrub species (vaccinium myrtillus and v. uliginosum) and the response of the alpine grasshopper (miramella alpina) feeding on these plants in a field experiment at the alpine treeline (2,180 m a.s.l.) in davos, switzerland. relative growth rates (rgr) of m. alpina nymphs were lower when they were feeding on ... | 2005 | 15480804 |
| effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell growth. | commercially prepared grape (vitis vinifera), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), and chokeberry (aronia meloncarpa e.) anthocyanin-rich extracts (ares) were investigated for their potential chemopreventive activity against colon cancer. the growth of colon-cancer-derived ht-29 and nontumorigenic colonic ncm460 cells exposed to semipurified ares (10-75 microg of monomeric anthocyanin/ml) was monitored for up to 72 h using a sulforhodamine b assay. all extracts inhibited the growth of ht-29 cells, ... | 2004 | 15453676 |
| isolation of two anthocyanin sambubiosides from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography. | high-speed counter-current chromatography (hsccc) was used for the separation of anthocyanins on a preparative scale from bilberry fruit crude extract (vaccinium myrtillus, ericaceae) with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether-n-butanol-acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid (1:4:1:5:0.01, v/v). each injection of 500 mg crude extract yielded 130 mg of pure delphinidin-3-o-sambubioside, and 77 mg of pure cyanidin-3-o-sambubioside. the two anthocyanin disaccharides with a ... | 2004 | 15378879 |
| application of factorial design to the optimization of peroxidase activity in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate/ isooctane. | two cationic peroxidases isolated from vaccinium myrtillus were encapsulated in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate/isooctane. by using a central composite design, some relevant parameters for the enzymatic activity, such as surfactant and water concentration, ph, and buffer molarity, were analyzed. with the results obtained from this experimental planning, the response surface curves were established. the maximum specific activity obtained (0.19 mm/min. mm of enzyme) was ... | 1999 | 15304776 |
| structural dependence of hplc separation pattern of anthocyanins from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.). | an hplc method using isocratic elution was established for the analysis of fifteen anthocyanins contained in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.). separation was attained by using an aqueous solution of 20% methanol containing 0.5% tfa as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 2 ml/min. the detection limit was 0.3 pmol for delphinidin 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside, which is a major anthocyanin in bilberry extract. the reproducibility was 0.19-3.85% (s.e.m) for peak area and 0.64-0.77% (s.e.m) for relati ... | 2004 | 15133222 |
| complete assignment of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) anthocyanins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis. | capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) mobilities of fifteen anthocyanins in bilberry extract were completely characterized. four minor anthocyanins in bilberry extract (malvidin 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (mv 3-ara), peonidin 3-o-beta-d-galactopyranoside (pn 3-gal), peonidin 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (pn 3-ara), and petunidin 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (pt 3-ara)) that remained unidentified in our previous cze study were isolated from the bilberry extract, and the chemical structures we ... | 2004 | 14758008 |
| activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l) leaves. | the effect of solar radiation on flavonoid biosynthesis was studied in bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) leaves. expression of flavonoid pathway genes of bilberry was studied in the upper leaves of bilberry, exposed to direct sunlight, in the shaded leaves growing lower in the same plants and in fruits. bilberry-specific digoxigenin-dutp-labeled cdna fragments of five genes from the general phenylpropanoid pathway coding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and from the flavonoid pathway coding chalcone ... | 2004 | 14666422 |
| nitrogen acquisition from inorganic and organic sources by boreal forest plants in the field. | a wide range of recent studies have indicated that organic nitrogen may be of great importance to plant nitrogen (n) nutrition. most of these studies have, however, been conducted in laboratory settings, excluding important factors for actual plant uptake, such as competition, mycorrhizal associations and soil interactions. in order to accurately evaluate the importance of different n compounds to plant n nutrition, field studies are crucial. in this study, we investigated short- as well as long ... | 2003 | 12883986 |
| contrasting strategies for uv-b screening in sub-arctic dwarf shrubs. | the content and distribution of uv-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of vaccinium co-existing at a site in north sweden. vaccinium myrtillus l., vaccinium vitis-idaea l., and vaccinium uliginosum l. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to uv-b enhancement. plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of uv-b corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stra ... | 2003 | 12803622 |
| expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development. | the production of anthocyanins in fruit tissues is highly controlled at the developmental level. we have studied the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes during the development of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) fruit in relation to the accumulation of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in wild berries and in color mutants of bilberry. the cdna fragments of five genes from the flavonoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflav ... | 2002 | 12376640 |
| isolation of high quality rna from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit. | a simple and efficient method is described for isolating high quality rna from bilberry fruit. the procedure is based on the use of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (ctab), polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp), and beta-mercaptoethanol in an extraction buffer in order to eliminate the polysaccharides and prevent the oxidation of phenolic compounds. this method is a modification of the one described for pine trees, and yields high-quality rna suitable for cdna based methodologies. this method is applica ... | 2001 | 11725489 |
| comparison of two methods used to analyse lipid peroxidation from vaccinium myrtillus (l.) during snow removal, reacclimation and cold acclimation. | malondialdehyde (mda) concentration is a widely used method to analyse lipid peroxidation in biological material. in plant tissues, however, certain compounds (anthocyanins, carbohydrates) may interfere with measurements which may lead to an overestimation of the mda levels. two methods were compared for analysing lipid peroxidation, either uncorrected or corrected for interfering compounds. the comparison was performed in three separate experiments with respect to cold treatments (snow removal ... | 2001 | 11709587 |
| effect of industrial pollution on soil-to-plant transfer of plutonium in a boreal forest. | plutonium in a forest ecosystem was studied at different distances from the copper and nickel smelter at monchegorsk, kola peninsula, russia. soil and plant samples were collected 7 (site a), 16 (b), 21 (c) and 28 (d) km from the smelter and at a reference site situated in finland, 152 km from monchegorsk. the deposition of cu in litter and in the organic layer decreased from 10700 mg/m2 at site a to 33 mg/m2 at the reference site, the deposition of ni from 14300 to 29 mg/m2. from the reference ... | 2001 | 11669264 |
| airborne heavy metal pollution and its effects on foliar elemental composition of empetrum hermaphroditum and vaccinium myrtillus in sør-varanger, northern norway. | uptake of al, cu, fe, mn, ni, ca, k, mg, p, and s in empetrum nigrum l. ssp. hermaphroditum hagerup and vaccinium myrtillus l. from ni, cu and so2 contaminated sites in sør-varanger, northern norway, were investigated. the primary objective was to study the effect of airborne heavy metal pollution on foliar element composition of these two dwarf shrubs. ni distribution and availability in soils clearly indicate atmospheric deposition of ni particulates in sør-varanger. foliar ni concentrations i ... | 2001 | 11584644 |
| leaf habit influences nitrogen remobilization in vaccinium species. | the effect of n supply on plant growth and leaf demography of a deciduous and an evergreen ericaceae was studied in relation to their internal cycling of n. mature ramets of vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous) and vaccinium vitis-idaea (evergreen) were established in sand culture for 1 year with an adequate supply of a balanced nutrient solution. during one growing season, the plants were given two levels of n supply enriched with 15n and eight sequential destructive harvests were taken. recovery of ... | 2001 | 11432916 |
| a novel plant alpha4-fucosyltransferase (vaccinium myrtillus l.) synthesises the lewis(a) adhesion determinant. | we have partially characterised an alpha4-fucosyltransferase (alpha4-fuct) from vaccinium myrtillus, which catalysed the biosynthesis of the lewis(a) adhesion determinant. the enzyme was stable up to 50 degrees c. the optimum ph was 7.0, both in the presence and in the absence of mn(2+). the enzyme was inhibited by mn(2+) and co(2+), and showed resistance towards inhibition with n-ethylmaleimide. it transferred fucose to n-acetylglucosamine in the type i galbeta3glcnac motif from oligosaccharide ... | 2001 | 11423123 |
| content of the flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in finnish berry wines. | the amounts of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were analyzed in 16 red and 2 white berry and grape wines after acid hydrolysis using an rp-hplc method with diode array detection. the red berry wines analyzed were made mainly from black currant, crowberry, and bog whortleberry, i.e., berries rich in flavonols. the red grape wines were made mainly from cabernet sauvignon or merlot grapes in several countries. the white wines studied were gooseberry and white currant wines and chardonnay and r ... | 2000 | 11032478 |
| content of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries. | the amounts of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol aglycons in 25 edible berries were analyzed by an optimized rp-hplc method with uv detection and identified with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. sixteen species of cultivated berries and nine species of wild berries were collected in finland in 1997. quercetin was found in all berries, the contents being highest in bog whortleberry (158 mg/kg, fresh weight), lingonberry (74 and 146 mg/kg), cranberry (83 and ... | 1999 | 10794622 |
| writing the fairy huckleberry finn: william goyen's and truman capote's genderings of male homosexuality. | after rehearsing persisting representations of same-sex desire in the southern renaissance's literary production, this essay charts how novels by truman capote and william goyen reveal contradictory genderings of male homosexuality. capote's other voices, other rooms collapses male gay identity with effeminacy, while goyen's the house of breath replicates this model but also contrasts it with a coexisting and competing one in which masculine men can physically act upon gay desire. thus, contrary ... | 1998 | 9505226 |
| accelerated dehardening in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) induced by a small elevation in air temperature. | the effect of climatic warming on the dehardening potential of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) in a northern boreal environment (65 degrees n) was studied. natural stands of bilberry were heated artificially in winter. no reference point for the heating was set, since the purpose was to follow the fluctuations in ambient air temperatures. these were 2-3 degrees c higher in the heated plots than in the control plots from october to may. frost resistance (lt50) and the ph of cell effusate were m ... | 1997 | 15093348 |
| [polyphenolic composition of the leaf of bilberry]. | dried leaves of 14 harvested batches and one batch from commercial origine of vaccinium myrtillus l present a similar polyphenolic pattern. the mean levels of the harvested batches and the levels of the commercial batch were respectively: total polyphenol compounds 12.98 and 10.62%, tannins 7.84 and 7.43%, total flavonoid compounds 2.98 and 2.20% (spectrophotometry), 1.41 and 1.16% (hplc), quercetin 3-glucuronide 1.02 and 0.83%, hyperoside 0.22 and 0.16%, chlorogenic acid 3.66 and 1.58%. the lev ... | 1996 | 9008904 |
| magnetic circular dichroism studies on vaccinium myrtillus cationic peroxidases. | | 1995 | 7672180 |
| effect of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. | the effects of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides (vma) on ischaemia reperfusion injury were investigated in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. ischaemia was induced by clamping the cheek pouch for 30 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. the microvasculature was visualized by a fluorescence technique. vma [10 mg (100 g body weight)-1] were orally administered for 2 and 4 weeks. the number of adhering leukocytes to venular vessel walls, the perfused capillary length, the increase in per ... | 2015 | 7630857 |
| densities of microtime rodents along a pollution gradient from a copper-nickel smelter. | population densities of microtine rodents were studied along an air pollution gradient in the kola peninsula, russia, by long-term and short-term trapping. the study area is affected by high sulphur dioxide and heavy metal emissions from the severonikel copper-nickel smelter in monchegorsk. the density of clethrionomys rufocanus, the most abundant vole species in the area, was lowest close to the smelter and increased with distance up to the farthest, less polluted trapping sites. clethrionomys ... | 1994 | 28313738 |
| allelopathic potential in bilberry-spruce forests: influence of phenolic compounds on spruce seedlings. | regeneration failure ofpicea abies in a subalpine bilberry-spruce forest was studied in relation to phenolic compounds, their occurrence and toxicity. germination bioassays with natural leachates of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) and spruce showed negative effects on root elongation of spruce seedlings. growth bioassays on litter and humus demonstrated inhibitory effects of these organic layers.p-hydroxyacetophenone, a spruce-specific metabolite, was isolated in spruce throughfall (10(-6) m), in ... | 1994 | 24242299 |
| [the role of whortleberry anthocyanosides in the microcirculation]. | | 1993 | 8290121 |
| phenolic acids in leaves of arctostaphylos uva ursi l., vaccinium vitis idaea l. and vaccinium myrtillus l. | | 1991 | 1798740 |
| effects of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion. | the effects of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides (myrtocyan, vma; cas 84082-34-8) on arteriolar vasomotion were assessed in cheek pouch microcirculation of anesthetized hamsters and in skeletal muscle microvasculature of unanesthetized hamster skin fold window preparation. intravenously injected vma induced vasomotion in cheek pouch arterioles and terminal arterioles with higher frequency in smaller vessels. in the skeletal muscle arteriolar networks vma increased vasomotion frequency and ampl ... | 1991 | 1796918 |
| how and why should we standardize phytopharmaceutical drugs for clinical validation? | standardized extracts are needed to carry out reliable clinical trials. the standardization of an extract does not include only a whole of analytical controls: it requires also a thorough description of the starting drug and of the whole extraction process, both basic items for the constancy of the quality of an extract. another not minor aspect in the standardization of an extract is its nomenclature which must include all the necessary data for a clear definition (drug, physical state, solvent ... | 1991 | 1881157 |
| effect of nitrogenous air pollutants on changes in protein spectra with the onset of winter in the leaves and shoots of the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.). | electrophoretic profiles of 0.1 m tris-hcl (ph 9.0)-soluble proteins in the leaves and stems of the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) were investigated in the latter part of the growing season (july-october), in a highly-polluted industrial area with serious forest damage (main emissions no(2), so(2), nh(3), urea and fertilizer dust) in oulu, northern finland, and in an unpolluted control forest with the same climatic and edaphic conditions. about ten protein components in the leaves and seven i ... | 1990 | 15092241 |
| exclusion of birds from bilberry stands: impact on insect larval density and damage to the bilberry. | the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), is the dominant plant in the field layer of many boreal forests in northern sweden. it is utilized by several herbivorous insect larvae as food (i.e. lepidoptera: geometridae, tortricidae and hymenoptera: symphyta). total density of insect larvae was 63% lower where birds had access to larvae compared to exclosures. larvae with a feeding behaviour which exposes them to birds (geometrids and sawflies) showed a pronounced reduction in density when exposed to ... | 1989 | 28312824 |
| using tom and huck to develop moral reasoning in adolescents: a strategy for the classroom. | the first part of this article examines some theoretical arguments for teaching moral education in the classroom. this discussion is followed by an investigation into how the use of fiction might enhance this process. finally, a specific strategy using mark twain's novel, the adventures of huckleberry finn, is offered as an example of how this might be done. | 1988 | 3407494 |
| ecophysiological studies on the shrub vaccinium myrtillus l. taken from a wide altitudinal range. | observations have been made on the gas exchange and morphology of vaccinium myrtillus taken from altitudes of 200 m, 610 m and 1,100 m along an altitudinal gradient in central scotland. under saturating irradiance, optimum temperatures and a range of vapour pressure deficits, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with the altitude of origin of the populations. correlated with these increases was an increase in the adaxial stomatal density with altitude. this response to altitude ... | 1986 | 28311503 |
| [contents of manganese and vitamin c in the fruits of bilberriers and red berries (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and red berries (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.) growing in highly industrialized areas]. | | 1978 | 694360 |
| [phytochemical investigation of leaves and fruits of vaccinium myrtillus (author's transl)]. | | 1973 | 4779644 |
| [therapeutic value of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in an internal medicine department]. | | 1972 | 4650528 |
| [determination of tannin in leaves of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.)]. | | 1970 | 5509888 |
| [effect of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides associated with betacarotenes on light sensitivity]. | | 1967 | 5608903 |
| huckleberry finn. a psychoanalytic study. | | 1966 | 4165962 |
| [on the occurrence of salidroside in the leaves of the red whortleberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.)]. | | 1966 | 5987586 |
| [study concerning the action of anthocyanoside extracts of vaccinium myrtillus on night vision]. | | 1965 | 5320417 |
| [wormicide activity of extracts from the dry fruit of black bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.), red bilberries (vaccinium vitis idaea l.) and marsh cranberries (oxycoccus quadripetalus gilib.) on (enchytraeus albidus)]. | | 1961 | 13765813 |
| [rational utilization of vaccinium myrtillus berries]. | | 2009 | 13208192 |
| chemical investigation of vaccinium myrtillus l. | | 1954 | 13151987 |
| [huckleberry, vaccinium myrtillus l. iii..]. | | 1951 | 13100031 |
| [bilberry, vaccinium myrtillus. ii. pharmacy]. | | 1951 | 14864058 |
| [the bilberry, vaccinium myrtillus l]. | | 1951 | 14864029 |
| the threatened extinction of the box huckleberry, gaylussacia brachycera. | | 1919 | 17801660 |
| on the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) as a remedy in typhoid fever and other infectious diseases of the intestine. | | 1903 | 20760689 |