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Decreased frost hardiness of Vaccinium vitis-idaea in reponse to UV-A radiation.The aim was to investigate plant frost hardiness responses to UV radiation, since the few results reported are largely contradictory. It was hypothesized that functional adaptation of life forms could explain these contradictions. Dwarf shrubs and tree seedlings, representing both evergreen and deciduous forms, were tested (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, and its red form f. rubra). The research was performed in Sodankylä, Northern Finland (67ºN), with en ...201122182287
protective effect of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) against doxorubicin-induced oxidative cardiotoxicity in rats.doxorubicin (dox) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. it is associated with serious dose-limiting cardiotoxicity, which is at least partly caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). supplementations with bilberries were effective in reducing oxidative stress in many tissue injuries due their high content of antioxidants. the present study investigated the potential protective effect of bilberry extract against dox-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.201121455099
honeybees increase fruit set in native plant species important for wildlife conservation.honeybee colonies are declining in some parts of the world. this may have important consequences for the pollination of crops and native plant species. in spain, as in other parts of europe, land abandonment has led to a decrease in the number of non professional beekeepers, which aggravates the problem of honeybee decline as a result of bee diseases in this study, we investigated the effects of honeybees on the pollination of three native plant species in northern spain, namely wildcherry prunu ...201121519875
vaccinium myrtillus ameliorates unpredictable chronic mild stress induced depression: possible involvement of nitric oxide pathway.chronic unpredictable stressors can produce a situation similar to clinical depression and such animal models can be used for the preclinical evaluation of antidepressants. nitric oxide, a secondary messenger molecule, has been implicated in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, learning, aggression and depression. vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) extract is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and cytokine production. the present study investigated the role of nitric oxide in ...201122488796
vole preference of bilberry along gradients of simulated moose density and site productivity.browsing by large herbivores might either increase or decrease preference for the plant by other herbivores, depending on the plant response. using a cafeteria test, we studied the preference by root voles (microtus oeconomus [pallas, 1776]) for bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) previously subjected to 4 levels of simulated moose (alces alces [linnaeus, 1758]) density. the different levels of moose density were simulated at population densities relevant for fennoscandian conditions, in exclosure ...201122182326
vulnerability of black grouse hens to goshawk predation: result of food supply or predation facilitation?the plant cycle hypothesis says that poor-quality food affects both herbivorous voles (microtinae spp.) and grouse (tetraonidae spp.) in vole decline years, leading to increased foraging effort in female grouse and thus a higher risk of predation by the goshawk accipiter gentilis. poor-quality food (mainly the bilberry vaccinium myrtillus) for these herbivores is induced by seed masting failure in the previous year, when the bilberry is able to allocate resources for chemical defence (the mast d ...201121181416
inhibition activity of wild berry juice fractions against streptococcus pneumoniae binding to human bronchial cells.bacterial adhesion to the cell surface is a crucial step before infection can take place. inhibition of bacterial binding offers a novel preventive approach against infections. cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) juice has been found to have antiadhesive activity against different bacteria. streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen and the most common cause for pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. in this study the inhibitory activity of cranberry (vaccinium oxycoccos l.), bilberr ...201120625989
phenolics in slovenian bilberries ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) and blueberries ( vaccinium corymbosum l.).phenolics from bilberries ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) sampled from seven different locations and highbush blueberries ( vaccinium corymbosum l.) from one location in slovenia were analyzed. in samples of both species 15 anthocyanins were identified by lc-ms/ms. their contents were expressed as cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents (c3ge); bilberries contained 1210.3 ± 111.5 mg c3ge/100 g fw and blueberries 212.4 ± 14.1 mg c3ge/100 g fw. glycosides of delphinidin and cyanidin were predominant (488.5 vs ...201121574578
guild composition and habitat use of voles in 2 forest landscapes in south-eastern norway.it is widely believed that intensive forestry has influenced small mammal population dynamics, and thereby the entire mammalian community in fennoscandian boreal forests. the nature of these impacts on the different species is subject to debate. we live-trapped voles between 2006 and 2009 in 2 commercially harvested forests in south-eastern norway. we investigated the variation in vole abundance among habitat types (e.g. mature forest and clear-cut) and the hypothesis that graminivorous species ...201122182322
is the degree of clonality of forest herbs dependent on gap age? using fingerprinting approaches to assess optimum successional stages for montane forest herbs.using molecular fingerprinting (amplified fragment length polymorphism [aflp] method), we explored the potential of small-scale population analysis for understanding colonization patterns of herb layer species in forests after canopy disturbance. we investigated three common forest understorey species with different life forms (trientalis europaea, calamagrostis villosa, and vaccinium myrtillus) in the harz mountains in germany in three different gap age classes and undisturbed forest. for two o ...201122393501
exploring the park-people relation: collection of vaccinium myrtillus l. by local people from kopaonik national park in serbia.exploitation of certain resources within a protected area on a sustainable basis could contribute to higher living standards of rural people, particularly those in poor countries, and decrease conflicts between these populations and park authorities. this article presents data from a case study of kopaonik national park (np), serbia, which is a park with natural resources, most notably bilberries, which have always been relied on by local people. vaccinium myrtillus traditionally has been collec ...201121800263
growth and community responses of alpine dwarf shrubs to in situ co₂ enrichment and soil warming.• rising co₂ concentrations and the associated global warming are expected to have large impacts on high-elevation ecosystems, yet long-term multifactor experiments in these environments are rare. • we investigated how growth of dominant dwarf shrub species (vaccinium myrtillus, vaccinium gaultherioides and empetrum hermaphroditum) and community composition in the understorey of larch and pine trees responded to 9 yr of co₂ enrichment and 3 yr of soil warming at the treeline in the swiss alps. • ...201121770945
tooth brushing, oil pulling and tissue regeneration: a review of holistic approaches to oral health.even though dentistry was not a specialized branch of ayurveda, it is included in its shalakya tantra (system of surgery). problems such as deformities of the oral cavity, plaques and infections were managed in ancient india. traditional medicine can treat various infectious and chronic conditions. research has shown that all kinds of chewing sticks described in ancient ayurveda texts have medicinal and anti-cariogenic properties. its oil pulling (kaval, gandush) practice is claimed to cure abou ...201121760690
palaeomagnetic analysis of the sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries.palaeomagnetic analysis was conducted on speleothems from members 1-5 at sterkfontein cave, south africa. palaeomagnetic analysis of siltstone and speleothem from the bulk of member 4 indicate a reversed magnetic polarity that dates the deposits and its australopithecus africanus fossils to between 2.58 and ~2.16 ma. further confirmation of this age comes in the form of two short normal polarity events correlated to the rèunion (~2.16 ma) and huckleberry ridge (~2.05 ma) events in speleothem cap ...201121392817
phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of a natural hybrid between bilberry and lingonberry (vaccinium × intermedium ruthe).hybridization between species plays an important role in the evolution of secondary metabolites and in the formation of combinations of existing secondary metabolites in plants. we have investigated the content of phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of vaccinium×intermedium ruthe, which is a rare natural hybrid between bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.). the berries and flowers of the hybrid showed characteristics inherited from both parent species ...201121382629
transfer of elements relevant to radioactive waste from soil to five boreal plant species.in long-term safety assessment models for radioactive waste disposal, uptake of radionuclides by plants is an important process with possible adverse effects in ecosystems. cobalt-60, (59,63)ni, (93)mo, and (210)pb are examples of long-living radionuclides present in nuclear waste. the soil-to-plant transfer of stable cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and lead and their distribution across plant parts were investigated in blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus), may lily (maianthemum bifolium), narrow buckler ...201121190719
effects of temperature and photoperiod on yield and chemical composition of northern and southern clones of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.).after pollination outdoors, individual bilberry plants from two northern and two southern clones were studied for climatic effects on berry yield and quality in a controlled phytotrone experiment at 12 and 18 °c. at each temperature, the following light treatments were tested: (1) 12 h natural light, (2) 24 h natural light, and (3) 24 h natural light plus red light. the first experimental year there was no difference in yield between temperatures; however, the second experimental year the berry ...201223033879
bilberries potentially alleviate stress-related retinal gene expression induced by a high-fat diet in mice.obesity- and diabetes-associated visual impairment and vascular dysfunctions are increasing as causes of vision loss. the detailed mechanisms of how obesity and diabetes affect eye health are still largely unknown, but animal models have been useful in exploring the effects of potential protective compounds, i.e., compounds characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. these properties occur in anthocyanins, and bilberries (european wild blueberries, vaccinium myrtillus) are a m ...201222993483
bilberries reduce low-grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome.low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of cardiometabolic risk. bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus) are rich in polyphenols with potential anti-inflammatory properties. we studied the impact of bilberries on inflammation and gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in subjects with metabolic syndrome.201222961907
element interactions and soil properties affecting the soil-to-plant transfer of six elements relevant to radioactive waste in boreal forest.cobalt (co), lead (pb), molybdenum (mo), nickel (ni), uranium (u), and zinc (zn) are among the elements that have radioactive isotopes in radioactive waste. soil-to-plant transfer is a key process for possible adverse effects if these radionuclides are accidentally released into the environment. the present study aimed at investigating factors affecting such transfer in boreal forest. the plant species studied were blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus), may lily (maianthemum bifolium), narrow buckler ...201222130976
absence of snow cover reduces understory plant cover and alters plant community composition in boreal forests.snow regimes affect biogeochemistry of boreal ecosystems and are altered by climate change. the effects on plant communities, however, are largely unexplored despite their influence on relevant processes. here, the impact of snow cover on understory community composition and below-ground production in a boreal picea abies forest was investigated using a long-term (8-year) snow cover manipulation experiment consisting of the treatments: snow removal, increased insulation (styrofoam pellets), and ...201221850524
nitrogen niches revealed through species and functional group removal in a boreal shrub community.most theories attempting to explain the coexistence of species in local communities make fundamental assumptions regarding whether neighbors exhibit competitive, neutral, or positive resource-use interactions; however, few long-term data from naturally assembled plant communities exist to test these assumptions. we utilized a 13-year experiment consisting of factorial removal of three shrub species (vaccinium myrtillus, v. vitis-idaea, and empetrum hermaphroditum) and factorial removal of two fu ...201222919915
ascorbic acid metabolism during bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit development.bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) possesses a high antioxidant capacity in berries due to the presence of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid (asa). accumulation of asa and the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes of the main asa biosynthetic route and of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, as well as the activities of the enzymes involved in asa oxidation and recycling were investigated for the first time during the development and ripening of bilberry fruit. the results showed that the asa lev ...201222608079
impacts of winter icing events on the growth, phenology and physiology of sub-arctic dwarf shrubs.the arctic is experiencing the greatest climate change in winter, including increases in freeze-thaw cycles that can result in ice encasement of vegetation. ice encasement can expose plants to hypoxia and greater temperature extremes, but currently the impacts of icing on plants in the field remain little understood. with this in mind, a unique field manipulation experiment was established in heathland in northern sweden with ice encasement simulated in early march 2008, 2009 and 2010 until natu ...201222568724
modulation of inflammatory gene expression by a bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract and single anthocyanins considering their limited stability under cell culture conditions.studies with nonintestinal models indicate that anthocyanin-rich extracts can modulate inflammatory gene expression and may help prevent development of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). this work investigated the influence of a bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract (be) and comprising anthocyanins on pro-inflammatory genes in ifn-γ/il-1β/tnf-α stimulated human colon epithelial cells (t84) by qrt-pcr and cytokine arrays. moreover, the stability of selected anthocyanins under cell culture co ...201222913378
enhanced uv-b and elevated co(2) impacts sub-arctic shrub berry abundance, quality and seed germination.this study investigated the effects of long-term-enhanced uv-b, and combined uv-b with elevated co(2) on dwarf shrub berry characteristics in a sub-arctic heath community. germination of vaccinium myrtillus was enhanced in seeds produced at elevated uv-b, but seed numbers and berry size were unaffected. elevated uv-b and co(2) stimulated the abundance of v. myrtillus berries, whilst uv-b alone stimulated the berry abundance of v. vitis-idaea and empetrum hermaphroditum. enhanced uv-b reduced con ...201222864699
development of a novel adsorptive membrane chromatographic method for the fractionation of polyphenols from bilberry.a novel membrane chromatographic method with a membrane adsorber (sartobind s) has been developed on the laboratory scale that allows a fractionation of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) constituents into the following three groups of polyphenols: anthocyanins, copigments, and polymers. by using this methodology, a pure anthocyanin fraction free of other copigments and polymeric phenols can be obtained. using this approach, it provides fractions allowing a more thorough testing of the biological ef ...201222309451
preparation and comparative release characteristics of three anthocyanin encapsulation systems.bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and their major polyphenolic constituents, anthocyanins, have preventive activities inter alia against colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. however, anthocyanins are sensitive to environmental conditions; thus their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract is an important determinant of their in vivo activity. in the study reported here, the potential benefits of encapsulating an anthocyanin rich bilberry extract (be) on anthocyanin stability wer ...201222224434
anthocyanins, but not anthocyanidins, from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) alleviate pruritus via inhibition of mast cell degranulation.we have previously reported that bilberry anthocyanins exhibit an anti-pruritic effect in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis. it has been reported that anthocyanins are particularly sensitive to thermal treatment and are easily hydrolyzed to anthocyanidins when exposed to high temperatures. the objective of this study was to compare the anti-pruritic effect of anthocyanin-rich quality-controlled bilberry extract and anthocyanidin-rich degraded extract using a mouse model of allergic co ...201223164040
triterpenoid content of berries and leaves of bilberry vaccinium myrtillus from finland and poland.triterpenoid compounds found in free and ester forms in extracts of entire fruits and leaves and in fruit and leaf cuticular waxes of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) collected in finland and poland were identified and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to a flame ionization detector (gc-ms/fid). the main bilberry triterpenoid profile consisted of α- and β-amyrin, α- and β-amyrenone, campesterol, cholesterol, citrostadienol (in berries), cycloartanol, erythrodiol, lupeo ...201223157739
high performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthocyanins in bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.), blueberries (vaccinium corymbosum l.), and corresponding juices.in the present study the anthocyanin content of commercially available bilberry juices and fresh fruits were quantified by using 15 authentic anthocyanin standards via high performance liquid chromatography with an ultra-violet detector (hplc-uv/vis). delphinidin-3-o-glucopyranoside, delphinidin-3-o-galactopyranoside, and cyanidin-3-o-arabinopyranoside were the major anthocyanins found in juices, nectar, and fresh bilberries. in contrast, fresh blueberries had higher concentrations of malvidin-3 ...201222394068
management of gastrointestinal mucositis due to cancer therapies in pediatric patients: results of a case series with samital(®).gastrointestinal mucositis is a common debilitating complication of chemotherapy and one for which there is currently no effective long-term treatment.201223148620
children's hedonic response to berry products: effect of chemical composition of berries and htas2r38 genotype on liking.the hedonic response of 104 healthy children, recruited from day-care centres and schools, to 12 different berry products with varying content of added sugar was studied. the berries used as ingredients were blackcurrant (ribes nigrum), sea buckthorn (hippophaë rhamnoides), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea). another aim of the study was to study the effects of the chemical composition of berries as well as children's htas2r38 taste receptor genotypes on liki ...201222953845
gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pesticides residues in produce using concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection.in the present work, the feasibility of the combined use of concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection (csr-lvi) and interspersed calibration for pesticide residue analysis was investigated. splitless injections of 5-20 μl extracts containing 0.25-1g sample per ml(-1) were made into a carbofrit packed liner and a 0.53 mm i.d., uncoated and deactivated retention gap. the determination was achieved by gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (gc-qqq-ms/ms). the evaluati ...201222204933
simulated moose (alces alces l.) browsing increases accumulation of secondary metabolites in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) along gradients of habitat productivity and solar radiation.we have addressed the impact of moose (alces alces l.) on accumulation of secondary metabolites, lignin, and nitrogen in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) along gradients of habitat productivity and solar radiation. the study was conducted within a long-term research project on direct and indirect impacts of moose on the ecosystem. in the experiment, browsing, defecation, and urination corresponding to four different moose densities were simulated for eight years before bilberry tissue was colle ...201223143636
the abundance and pollen foraging behaviour of bumble bees in relation to population size of whortleberry (vaccinium uliginosum).habitat fragmentation can have severe effects on plant pollinator interactions, for example changing the foraging behaviour of pollinators. to date, the impact of plant population size on pollen collection by pollinators has not yet been investigated. from 2008 to 2010, we monitored nine bumble bee species (bombus campestris, bombus hortorum s.l., bombus hypnorum, bombus lapidarius, bombus pascuorum, bombus pratorum, bombus soroensis, bombus terrestris s.l., bombus vestalis s.l.) on vaccinium ul ...201223209721
adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews.this overview of systematic reviews (srs) aims to evaluate critically the evidence regarding the adverse effects of herbal medicines (hms). five electronic databases were searched to identify all relevant srs, with 50 srs of 50 different hms meeting our inclusion criteria. most had only minor weaknesses in methods. serious adverse effects were noted only for four hms: herbae pulvis standardisatus, larrea tridentate, piper methysticum and cassia senna. the most severe adverse effects were liver o ...201323472485
a c-repeat binding factor transcriptional activator (cbf/dreb1) from european bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) induces freezing tolerance when expressed in arabidopsis thaliana.freezing stress affects all plants from temperate zones to the poles. global climate change means such freezing events are becoming less predictable. this in turn reduces the ability of plants to predict the approaching low temperatures and cold acclimate. this has consequences for crop yields and distribution of wild plant species. c-repeat binding factors (cbfs) are transcription factors previously shown to play a vital role in the acclimation process of arabidopsis thaliana, controlling the e ...201323349799
a simple gc-ms method for the screening of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acid contents in commercial botanicals used as food supplement ingredients.the occurrence of triterpene pentacyclic acids in plants is extensive, but little is known about their availability in commercial extracts. a simple gc-ms method for the simultaneous determination of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids was developed and applied to 38 different commercial plant extracts sold as ingredients for dietary supplements. a suitable protocol was set up to perform routine control of a diverse array of samples with different botanical, chemical and ...201323122121
effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) in combination with lactic acid bacteria on intestinal oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion in mouse.intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) results in oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue injuries. the present study investigates the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of a dietary supplement of bilberry, either alone or in combination with lactobacillus plantarum reso56, l. plantarum heal19, or pediococcus acidilactici jam046, in an i/r-induced model for oxidative stress in mice. a bilberry diet without addition of bacteria significantly decreased both lipid peroxidation (p = 0.001 ...201323488931
samital®: a new botanical drug for the treatment of mucositis induced by oncological therapies.samital(®) (indena spa, milan, italy) is a new multicomponent and multiacting botanical formulation rationally designed for the relief of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in oncological patients. each of the individual botanical constituents of samital-standardized extracts of vaccinium myrtillus, macleaya cordata and echinacea angustifolia have a long history of clinical use that corroborates their safety and activity in samital. a number of pilot trials in oncological ...201324156331
relationship between polyphenol content and anti-influenza viral effects of berries.berries are known to have many kinds of biological activities. we focused on their antiviral effect, which has not yet been well evaluated.201323355221
bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis - an open pilot study.a significant fraction of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) is not sufficiently controlled with conventional therapy or suffers from therapy related side effects. anthocyanins, highly abundant in bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus), were shown to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. we aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of bilberries in active uc.201322883440
direct effects of vaccinium myrtillus l. fruit extracts on rat heart mitochondrial functions.in this study, the direct influence of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) fruit extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) rich in anthocyanins on the oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat heart mitochondria was investigated in vitro. higher concentrations of bilberry extracts concentration-dependently inhibited mitochondrial state 3 respiration (by 23%-61%) with pyruvate plus malate, mildly (by 1.2- to 1.3-fold) uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation, and increased (by 30%-87%) the state 4 respiration r ...201322628017
effect of microformulation on the bioactivity of an anthocyanin-rich bilberry pomace extract ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) in vitro.in cell culture were compared the different release rates of anthocyanins from a bilberry pomace extract encapsulated either in food grade whey protein-based matrix capsules (wpc) or in pectin amid-based hollow spherical capsules (phs). the impact of the formulations on typical anthocyanin-associated biological end points such as inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) and suppression of cell growth in ht29 colon carcinoma cells was assessed. the purpose was to find whether the ...201323581244
nutritional profile and productivity of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) in different habitats of a protected area of the eastern italian alps.plant productivity and fruit quality in terms of occurrence of mineral elements and metabolites were determined on wild bilberry growing in open and forest stands in a protected area of n-italy. plant productivity was significantly higher in open stands (3 ± 2.5 compared with 0.03 ± 0.05 fruits per plant) suggesting that both collections in the wild and semi-wild cultivation should be planned in open habitats. results obtained by ionomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that high quality fruit ...201323573813
outcomes in patients with nonerosive reflux disease treated with a proton pump inhibitor and alginic acid ± glycyrrhetinic acid and anthocyanosides.the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of alginic acid alone versus alginic acid combined with low doses of pure glycyrrhetinic acid and bilberry anthocyanosides as an addon to conventional proton pump inhibitor therapy in relieving symptoms associated with nonerosive reflux disease.201323569394
changes in the abscisic acid levels and related gene expression during fruit development and ripening in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.).abscisic acid (aba) is a natural plant hormone playing an important role in many physiological processes including fruit ripening and is also recently found to be potential for biomedical applications. this study was aimed to measure aba levels and its biosynthesis in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), which is one of the best sources of anthocyanins. five aba biosynthetic genes were isolated from bilberry and their expression profiles were studied in bilberry tissues, particularly during berry ...201323850079
phenolic distribution in liquid preparations of vaccinium myrtillus l. and vaccinium vitis idaea l.liquid preparations such as tinctures and 'bud extracts' of bilberry and lingonberry are typical products used in some european countries but they have not been widely studied to date.201323868799
bergman spaces of natural g-manifolds.let g be a unimodular lie group, x a compact manifold with boundary, and m the total space of a principal bundle [formula: see text] so that m is also a strongly pseudoconvex complex manifold. in this work, we show that if there exists a point [formula: see text] such that [formula: see text] is contained in the complex tangent space [formula: see text] of bm at p, then the bergman space of m is large. natural examples include the gauged g-complexifications of heinzner, huckleberry, and kutzsche ...201324222924
marking twain.the first of the following two narratives is a personal reflection by the instructor of "narrative approaches to bioethics," an elective in the phd program at the albert gnaegi center for health care ethics at saint louis university. the author argues that perhaps the primary goal of medical ethics education should be to show how to construct plausible and defensible interpretations of human experience and sensibly resolve the problems that these happenings occasion. to that end, the author enga ...201324101300
anti-hyperglycemic effect of vaccinium arctostaphylos in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial.type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common disease. preliminary data indicate that vaccinium arctostaphylos l. (caucasian whortleberry) has a potential effect in glycemic control. thus, the efficacy and safety of a standardized whortleberry fruit hydroalcoholic extract in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients were studied.201323727759
an alpine treeline in a carbon dioxide-rich world: synthesis of a nine-year free-air carbon dioxide enrichment study.we evaluated the impacts of elevated co2 in a treeline ecosystem in the swiss alps in a 9-year free-air co2 enrichment (face) study. we present new data and synthesize plant and soil results from the entire experimental period. light-saturated photosynthesis (a max) of ca. 35-year-old larix decidua and pinus uncinata was stimulated by elevated co2 throughout the experiment. slight down-regulation of photosynthesis in pinus was consistent with starch accumulation in needle tissue. above-ground gr ...201323340765
a comparative study of heavy metal accumulation and antioxidant responses in vaccinium myrtillus l. leaves in polluted and non-polluted areas.the purpose of this study was to explore a possible relationship between the availability of metals in soil (cd, fe, mn, pb and zn) and their concentrations in leaves of vaccinium myrtillus l. as a species which has been reported to be a successful colonist of acid-and-heavy metal-contaminated soil. analysis also concerned the antioxidant response of plants from three heavily polluted (immediate vicinity of: zinc smelter, iron smelter and power plant) and three relatively clean sites (nature res ...201323319337
a single supplement of a standardised bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract (36 % wet weight anthocyanins) modifies glycaemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and lifestyle.dietary strategies for alleviating health complications associated with type 2 diabetes (t2d) are being pursued as alternatives to pharmaceutical interventions. berries such as bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.) that are rich in polyphenols may influence carbohydrate digestion and absorption and thus postprandial glycaemia. in addition, berries have been reported to alter incretins as well as to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may also affect postprandial glycaemia. the p ...201325191571
is the antioxidative effectiveness of a bilberry extract influenced by encapsulation?bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.) have been suggested to have preventive properties against diseases associated with oxidative stress such as colon cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases. therefore the gastrointestinal tract is regarded as a potential target for prevention. in this study the antioxidative properties of a commercially available anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (be) were investigated in comparison with four different be-loaded microcapsule systems. as markers to describe the ant ...201424395460
increased spring freezing vulnerability for alpine shrubs under early snowmelt.alpine dwarf shrub communities are phenologically linked with snowmelt timing, so early spring exposure may increase risk of freezing damage during early development, and consequently reduce seasonal growth. we examined whether environmental factors (duration of snow cover, elevation) influenced size and the vulnerability of shrubs to spring freezing along elevational gradients and snow microhabitats by modelling the past frequency of spring freezing events. we sampled biomass and measured the s ...201424435708
improved lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients taking vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit hydroalcoholic extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.dyslipidemia is a common contributory cause of cardiovascular disease. vaccinium arctostaphylos l. (caucasian whortleberry) fruit is rich of anthocyanins. anthocyanins may exert cardioprotective effects by various mechanisms such as favorably modulating dyslipidemia. therefore, in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with hyperlipidemic (hypercholesterolemic and/or hypertriglyceridemic) patients aged 20-60 years, the effects of taking a standardized whortleberry fruit h ...201423686894
health effects of vaccinium myrtillus l.: evaluation of efficacy and technological strategies for preservation of active ingredients.bilberries are a rich dietary source of various phytonutrients, including anthocyanins which contribute greatly to their antioxidant capacity and have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biomedical functions. these include protection against cardiovascular disorders, age-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and several degenerative diseases. berry anthocyanins also improve neuronal and cognitive brain functions, ocular health as well as protecting genomic dna integrity. in recent years, ...201425052033
bilberry adulteration: identification and chemical profiling of anthocyanins by different analytical methods.extracts of the bilberry fruit have protective effects against retinopathy and vascular complications; therefore, they are important ingredients in food supplements. recently, there have been several reported cases of adulteration. thus, to characterize the anthocyanin profile, and the relative percentages of these pigments, this study analyzed bilberry fruits from different countries by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and a mass spectrometer detector. a total of 15 antho ...201425365784
pharmacopeial hplc identification methods are not sufficient to detect adulterations in commercial bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) extracts. anthocyanin profile provides additional clues.current pharmacopeias provide hplc anthocyanin profiles to identify commercial bilberry extracts. however, the pharmacopeial identification protocols may not be sufficient enough to distinguish genuine bilberry extracts from adulterated material. this is primarily due to the non-inclusion of literature-reported anthocyanin profile and compositional variations in bilberry when sourced from different geographical regions. using anthocyanin profiles of both authentic bilberry extracts and literatur ...201425250894
metabolite profiling of polyphenols in vaccinium berries and determination of their chemopreventive properties.a detailed investigation on the chemical composition and chemopreventive activity of vaccinium floribundum kunth berries was carried out in comparison with vaccinium myrtillus l. berry polyphenols were extracted by using two sequential dynamic maceration steps, which enabled to maximize the yields of secondary metabolites. in particular, phenolic acids and flavonols were extracted from berries using ethyl acetate (etoac), whereas anthocyanins were extracted from the residue with 0.6m hcl in meth ...201424316426
vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived extracts as potential antistaphylococcal agents.due to constantly increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens and participation of the biofilms they make in various types of infections, a development of alternative therapeutic strategies becomes an urgent need. taking advantage of the biological activity of plant-derived compounds can solve this problem. in this study antimicrobial, including those synergistic with classic antibiotics, and cytotoxic properties of newly-obtained extracts from vaccinium myrtillus leaves (vle) and frangula aln ...201424649485
wild blueberries (vaccinium myrtillus) alleviate inflammation and hypertension associated with developing obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet.low-grade metabolic inflammation and hypertension are primary mechanisms involved in obesity-associated adverse health effects. berries, especially nordic wild blueberries (hereafter referred to as bilberries), represent an important source of dietary anthocyanins, a group of polyphenols with potential beneficial effects to combat obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.201425501421
protective effect of vaccinium myrtillus extract against uva- and uvb-induced damage in a human keratinocyte cell line (hacat cells).recently, the field of skin protection have shown a considerable interest in the use of botanicals. vaccinium myrtillus contains several polyphenols and anthocyanins with multiple pharmacological properties. the purpose of our study was to examine whether a water-soluble v. myrtillus extract (dry matter 12.4%; total polyphenols 339.3mg/100 g fw; total anthocyanins 297.4 mg/100 g fw) was able to reduce uva- and uvb-induced damage using a human keratinocyte cell line (hacat). hacat cells were pret ...201424577051
protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro.blue light is a high-energy or short-wavelength visible light, which induces retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea) contain high amounts of polyphenols (anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins) and thus confer health benefits. this study aimed to determine the protective effects and mechanism of action of bilberry extract (b-ext) and lingonberry extract (l-ext) and thei ...201424690313
a cosmeceutical formulation based on boswellic acids for the treatment of erythematous eczema and psoriasis.boswellic acids (bas) show anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and asthma. a topical administration route is currently used to deliver active compounds in psoriatic and eczematous patients. in this double-blind study we compare a novel ba formulation (containing bosexil(®), inci [international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients]: lecithin, boswellia serrata resin extract) with a placebo formulation. a third arm of ...201425419153
characterization of metabolite profiles of leaves of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.).leaves of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.) are potential raw materials for food and health care products. targeted (hplc-dad, hplc-ms, and gc-fid) and nontargeted ((1)h nmr) approaches were applied to study the metabolomic profiles of these leaves. chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic compound in bilberry leaves and arbutin in lingonberry leaves. flavonol glycosides were another major group of phenolics in bilberry [5-28 mg/g dm (dry mass)] and ling ...201425408277
growth and phenology of three dwarf shrub species in a six-year soil warming experiment at the alpine treeline.global warming can have substantial impacts on the phenological and growth patterns of alpine and arctic species, resulting in shifts in plant community composition and ecosystem dynamics. we evaluated the effects of a six-year experimental soil warming treatment (+4°c, 2007-2012) on the phenology and growth of three co-dominant dwarf shrub species growing in the understory of larix decidua and pinus uncinata at treeline in the swiss alps. we monitored vegetative and reproductive phenology of va ...201424956273
protective effect of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) on cisplatin induced ovarian damage in rat.cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents but injury may occur at higher doses. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bilberry on cisplatin induced toxic effects in rat ovary. twenty-one female wistar-albino rats were utilized to form three groups: in group 1 (control group), each rat received intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of 0.9 % nacl saline solution during 10-days. in group 2 (cisplatin group), a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg b.w. cisplatin was given. in g ...201423959170
nitrogen-addition effects on leaf traits and photosynthetic carbon gain of boreal forest understory shrubs.boreal coniferous forests are characterized by fairly open canopies where understory vegetation is an important component of ecosystem c and n cycling. we used an ecophysiological approach to study the effects of n additions on uptake and partitioning of c and n in two dominant understory shrubs: deciduous vaccinium myrtillus in a picea abies stand and evergreen vaccinium vitis-idaea in a pinus sylvestris stand in northern sweden. n was added to these stands for 16 and 8 years, respectively, at ...201424705693
the (137)cs accumulation by forest-derived products in the gomel region.this paper reports basic features of the (137)cs uptake by forest-derived products in the gomel region. even with the soil contamination density of 37 kbq m(-2) the radionuclide contents in 20-30% of mushrooms and berries were found to be higher than the admissible levels. the (137)cs contamination density of soil, site type and meteorological parameters were observed as the major factors which govern the radiocaesium uptake by mushrooms and berries. the (137)cs contents in forest-derived produc ...201423453660
variability of procyanidin type a- and -b trimers content in aerial parts of some vaccinium species and cultivars.based on the ethnopharmacological data showing that either wild bilberry leaves or whole aerial parts of the plants have been used as antidiabetic drugs, it can be hypothesized that the controversial results of various clinical and animal investigations may be caused by different contents of the active principles in different aerial parts of the bilberry/blueberry (vaccinium spp.) plants, as well as by their geographical and seasonal variability. the aim of this study was to compare the content ...201425115086
distinguishing vaccinium species by chemical fingerprinting based on nmr spectra, validated with spectra collected in different laboratories.a method was developed to distinguish vaccinium species based on leaf extracts using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. reference spectra were measured on leaf extracts from several species, including lowbush blueberry (vaccinium angustifolium), oval leaf huckleberry (vaccinium ovalifolium), and cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon). using principal component analysis, these leaf extracts were resolved in the scores plot. analysis of variance statistical tests demonstrated that the three group ...201424963620
monochromatic light increases anthocyanin content during fruit development in bilberry.light is one of the most significant environmental factors affecting to the accumulation of flavonoids in fruits. the composition of the light spectrum has been shown to affect the production of phenolic compounds during fruit ripening. however, specific information on the biosynthesis of flavonoids in fruits in response to different wavelengths of light is still scarce. in the present study bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruits, which are known to be rich with anthocyanin compounds, were ill ...201425511869
promising results of cranberry in the prevention of oral candida biofilms.in the context of dental caries prevention by natural foodstuff sources, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of dry commercial extracts of cranberry fruit (vaccinium macrocarpon aiton) and two other red fruits (vaccinium myrtillus l. and malpighia punicifolia l.) were assessed on candida albicans and candida glabrata yeasts. when added to the culture medium, the cranberry extract displayed a significant anti-adhesion activity against candida spp. when used at low concentrations. in addition, t ...201424623607
anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins-rich extract from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) on croton oil-induced ear edema and propionibacterium acnes plus lps-induced liver damage in mice.bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) has been known to play a protective role in human health due to its high anthocyanin content. this study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of bilberry extract (be, containing 42.04% anthocyanin) on propionibacterium acnes (p. acnes) plus lipopolysaccharide (lps) induced liver injury and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. results showed that be could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and liver inflammation provoked by p. acnes plus lps, ...201424548119
effect of plant extracts on h2o2-induced inflammatory gene expression in macrophages.arctium lappa (al), camellia sinensis (cs), echinacea angustifolia, eleutherococcus senticosus, panax ginseng (pg), and vaccinium myrtillus (vm) are plants traditionally used in many herbal formulations for the treatment of various conditions. although they are well known and already studied for their anti-inflammatory properties, their effects on h2o2-stimulated macrophages are a novel area of study.201425075197
biological availability of (238)u, (234)u and (226)ra for wild berries and meadow grasses in natural ecosystems of belarus.this work is devoted to investigation of behavior of (234)u, (238)u and (226)ra by determining the soil to plant transfer under different natural conditions such as forest or swamped areas and meadow lands with different soil types. the paper summarizes the data on investigation of uranium and radium uptake by wild berries and natural meadow grasses in the typical conditions of belarus. parameters characterizing the biological availability of (234)u, (238)u and (226)ra for bilberry (vaccinium my ...201423871250
pollinator behaviour on a food-deceptive orchid calypso bulbosa and coflowering species.food deception as a pollination strategy has inspired many studies over the last few decades. pollinator deception has evolved in many orchids possibly to enhance outcrossing. food-deceptive orchids usually have low pollinator visitation rates as compared to rewarding species. they may benefit in visitations from the presence (magnet-species hypothesis) or, alternatively, absence of coflowering rewarding species (competition hypothesis). we present data on pollinator visitations on a deceptive, ...201525861675
the potential of dark septate endophytes to form root symbioses with ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal middle european forest plants.the unresolved ecophysiological significance of dark septate endophytes (dse) may be in part due to existence of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species in the most common phialocephala fortinii s. l.--acephala applanata species complex (pac). we inoculated three middle european forest plants (european blueberry, norway spruce and silver birch) with 16 strains of eight pac cryptic species and other dse and ectomycorrhizal/ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and focused on intraradical structures ...201525905493
essential and non-essential elements in natural vegetation in southern norway: contribution from different sources.concentrations of essential and non-essential elements in five widespread species of natural boreal vegetation were studied with respect to seasonal variation and contribution from different sources. the plant species included in the study were betula pubescens, sorbus aucuparia, vaccinium myrtillus, vaccinium uliginosum, calluna vulgaris and deschampsia flexuosa. concentrations of elements essential to plants remained essentially constant or decreased slightly throughout the growing season. con ...201525268568
salinity-induced expression of hkt may be crucial for na(+) exclusion in the leaf blade of huckleberry (solanum scabrum mill.), but not of eggplant (solanum melongena l.).reduced na(+) accumulation in the leaf blade is an important aspect of salinity tolerance and high affinity k(+) transporters (hkts) are known to play a significant role in the process. huckleberry and eggplant have previously been shown to display 'excluder' and 'includer' characteristics, respectively, under salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. here, we isolated the cdna of the hkt homologs, solanum scabrum hkt (sshkt) from huckleberry and solanum melongena hk ...201525796329
a cross-cultural comparison of folk plant uses among albanians, bosniaks, gorani and turks living in south kosovo.kosovo represents a unique hotspot of biological and cultural diversity in europe, which allows for interesting cross-cultural ethnobotanical studies. the aims of this study were twofold: 1) to document the state of traditional knowledge related to local (esp. wild) plant uses for food, medicine, and handicrafts in south kosovo; and 2) to examine how communities of different ethnic groups in the region (albanians, bosniaks/gorani, and turks) relate to and value wild botanical taxa in their ecosy ...201525964167
application of pulsed electric field in the production of juice and extraction of bioactive compounds from blueberry fruits and their by-products.the influence of pulsed electric field (pef) pre-treatment of blueberry fruits (vaccinium myrtillus l.), both on the extraction yield and antioxidant properties of juice obtained by pressing and on the on the recovery of bioactive compounds from berry by-products (press cake) by extraction with solvent, was investigated. pef treatments carried out at field strengths of 1, 3, and 5 kv/cm and an energy input of 10 kj/kg achieved a cell disintegration index (z p ) of 0.70, 0.80, and 0.87, respectiv ...201526345006
vaccinium myrtillus extract prevents or delays the onset of diabetes--induced blood-retinal barrier breakdown.many dietary supplements have been sold through advertising their large number of beneficial effects. the aim of this study was to determine whether bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus) help to prevent diabetes-induced retinal vascular dysfunction in vivo. v. myrtillus extract (vme; 100 mg/kg) was orally administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 6 weeks. all diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia, and vme did not affect the blood glucose levels and body weight during the experiments. i ...201525582181
highly selective separation and purification of anthocyanins from bilberry based on a macroporous polymeric adsorbent.powdered bilberry extract (united states pharmacopoeia, usp35-nf30), which is prepared from ripe bilberry fruits (vaccinium myrtillus l.), is the main ingredient of drugs alleviating visual fatigue and diabetic retinopathy because of the rich anthocyanins (purity of 36%). in this study, a method based on a macroporous polymeric adsorbent was established to obtain anthocyanin compounds from bilberry, in which the purity of the anthocyanins was improved to 96%, conducive to further pharmacological ...201525786117
genetic diversity and population structure of an important wild berry crop.the success of plant breeding in the coming years will be associated with access to new sources of variation, which will include landraces and wild relatives of crop species. in order to access the reservoir of favourable alleles within wild germplasm, knowledge about the genetic diversity and the population structure of wild species is needed. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) is one of the most important wild crops growing in the forests of northern european countries, noted for its nutritional p ...201526483325
effects of vaccinium berries on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.the beneficial effects of anthocyanins consumption on cardiovascular risk are supported by mechanistic and epidemiologic evidence. in order to explore the effects of vaccinium berries rich in anthocyanins on serum lipids, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials (rcts). sixteen studies with 1109 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. significant heterogeneity confirmed differential effects between vaccinium subclasses. the whortleberry group is significantly s ...201526345230
influence of accelerated solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the anthocyanin profile of different vaccinium species in the context of statistical models for authentication.anthocyanins are frequently discussed as marker compounds for fruit product authenticity. proper analysis including sample preparation for the determination of anthocyanin concentrations is crucial for the comparability of authenticity data. the present study determined the influence of accelerated solvent extraction (ase) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (uae), using two different solvent compositions on the anthocyanin profile of bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.), lowbush blueberries (vacc ...201526330254
anthocyanin profile in berries of wild and cultivated vaccinium spp. along altitudinal gradients in the alps.vaccinium spp. berries provide some of the best natural sources of anthocyanins. in the wild bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), a clear increasing trend in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been reported toward northern latitudes of europe, but studies related to altitude have given contradictory results. the present study focused on the anthocyanin composition in wild bilberries and highbush blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum l. cv. brigitta blue) growing along altitudinal gradients in the alps of nort ...201526373665
a "clearcut" case? brown bear selection of coarse woody debris and carpenter ants on clearcuts.forest management alters habitat characteristics, resulting in various effects among and within species. it is crucial to understand how habitat alteration through forest management (e.g. clearcutting) affects animal populations, particularly with unknown future conditions (e.g. climate change). in sweden, brown bears (ursus arctos) forage on carpenter ants (camponotus herculeanus) during summer, and may select for this food source within clearcuts. to assess carpenter ant occurrence and brown b ...201526190890
inferring the origin of rare fruit distillates from compositional data using multivariate statistical analyses and the identification of new flavour constituents.in serbia, delicatessen fruit alcoholic drinks are produced from autochthonous fruit-bearing species such as cornelian cherry, blackberry, elderberry, wild strawberry, european wild apple, european blueberry and blackthorn fruits. there are no chemical data on many of these and herein we analysed volatile minor constituents of these rare fruit distillates. our second goal was to determine possible chemical markers of these distillates through a statistical/multivariate treatment of the herein ob ...201525043621
vegetation shift from deciduous to evergreen dwarf shrubs in response to selective herbivory offsets carbon losses: evidence from 19 years of warming and simulated herbivory in the subarctic tundra.selective herbivory of palatable plant species provides a competitive advantage for unpalatable plant species, which often have slow growth rates and produce slowly decomposable litter. we hypothesized that through a shift in the vegetation community from palatable, deciduous dwarf shrubs to unpalatable, evergreen dwarf shrubs, selective herbivory may counteract the increased shrub abundance that is otherwise found in tundra ecosystems, in turn interacting with the responses of ecosystem carbon ...201525950664
characteristics of physico-chemical properties of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) jams with added herbs.low-sugar bilberry jams without added herbs and those with added mentha (1 %) and lemon balm (1 %) were examined for levels of selected physico-chemical indicators, antioxidant activity, colour and texture. jams were obtained by two methods: cooked in an open pan and cooked in a vacuum evaporator. 100 g fresh mass contained 0.076-0.481 mg hmf, 5.8-7.1 mg vitamin c, 176-232 mg total polyphenols, 122-156 mg total flavonoids, 73-96 mg total anthocyanins, with antioxidant activity per 1 g of 405-575 ...201525892779
[effectiveness of phytotherapy in supportive treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus billberry (vaccinium myrtillus)].the billberry is well-known for its tasty blue-dyeing fruits. historically the leaves and fruits were used to treat diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dementia and cancer. antidiabetic properties of the plant are attributed mostly to the content of anthocyanins and polyphenols. these compounds have proven their antidiabetic potential in various studies. their mechanism of action is an increase in insulin secretion (anthocyanin pelargonidin), reduction of insulin resistance (anthocyanin cyanidin- ...201526084642
complexes of dextran sulfate and anthocyanins from vaccinium myrtillus: formation and stability.to improve the stability and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins (atc), complexes of dextran sulfate (desu) and atc extracted from vaccinium myrtillus were formed during electrostatic interaction between sulfo groups of desu and cationic moieties of atc. at the optimal weight ratio desu/atc=0.4 g/g, the amount of atc introduced into a complex depended on the total concentration of the reagents. about 1.7 g of atc per g of desu could be incorporated into a complex. the formation of desu/atc comp ...201526050890
soil warming and co2 enrichment induce biomass shifts in alpine tree line vegetation.responses of alpine tree line ecosystems to increasing atmospheric co2 concentrations and global warming are poorly understood. we used an experiment at the swiss tree line to investigate changes in vegetation biomass after 9 years of free air co2 enrichment (+200 ppm; 2001-2009) and 6 years of soil warming (+4 °c; 2007-2012). the study contained two key tree line species, larix decidua and pinus uncinata, both approximately 40 years old, growing in heath vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs. in ...201525471674
[vaccinium myrtillus]. 201525702253
dwarf shrub hydraulics: two vaccinium species (vaccinium myrtillus, vaccinium vitis-idaea) of the european alps compared.vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium vitis-idaea are two dwarf shrubs widespread in the european alps. we studied the hydraulics of these species hypothesizing that (1) the hydraulic architecture of dwarf shrubs differs from trees, (2) hydraulic properties reflect the species' ecological amplitude and (3) hydraulic properties vary spatially and seasonally. key hydraulic parameters (osmotic potential, turgor loss point, xylem hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, stomata ...201525677081
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