Publications

effects of insect herbivory on bilberry production and removal of berries by frugivores.	the evolutionary purpose of a fleshy fruit is to attract seed dispersers and get the seeds dispersed by frugivorous animals. for this reason, fruits should be highly rewarding to these mutualists. however, insect herbivory can alter plant reproductive success e.g. by decreasing fruit yield or affecting the attractiveness of the fruits to mutualistic seed dispersers. under natural conditions, we tested the effects of experimental larval-defoliation on berry ripening and consumption of a non-culti ...	0	28374224
red fruits: extraction of antioxidants, phenolic content, and radical scavenging determination: a review.	red fruits, as rich antioxidant foods, have gained over recent years capital importance for consumers and manufacturers. the industrial extraction of the phenolic molecules from this source has been taking place with the conventional solvent extraction method. new non-conventional extraction methods have been devised as environmentally friendly alternatives to the former method, such as ultrasound, microwave, and pressure assisted extractions. the aim of this review is to compile the results of ...	0	28106822
seasonal variations of the phenolic constituents in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) leaves, stems and fruits, and their antioxidant activity.	the seasonal variations of the content and diversity of phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant activity of leaves, stems and fruits of bilberry collected in may, july and september, were evaluated for two consecutive years. uplc/ms(n) analyses showed the predominance of anthocyanins in fruits, caffeic acid derivatives in leaves whereas flavanol oligomers represented more than half of the phenolic compounds in stems. thioacidolysis revealed degrees of polymerization between 2 and 4 and (- ...	0	27451155
occurrence and estimation of pesticide residues in edible minor crops in southeastern poland in 2013-2014.	this paper presents the results of official control of pesticide residues in minor crops collected in southeastern poland in 2013-2014. compliance of used pesticides with applicable law was also verified, and determined residues were compared to maximum residue levels (mrls) provided for in regulation (ec) no. 395/2005. a total of 583 samples of 25 different types of fresh fruit and vegetables were analyzed for pesticide residues. pesticide residues were detected in 158 samples (27.1 % of the an ...	0	27251221
the effect of a natural, standardized bilberry extract (mirtoselect®) in dry eye: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial.	dry eye, a chronic disease of lachrymal fluid and corneo-conjunctival epithelium, could significantly impact visual function, affects quality of life and work productivity. beside several conventional treatments, nutritional supplements based on bilberry extract have been identified as effective contributors to eye health. here, we aim at investigating the bioavailability of a standardized bilberry extract, its ability to alleviate dry eye symptoms and its antioxidant potential.	0	28617532
on the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) as a remedy in typhoid fever and other infectious diseases of the intestine.		1903	20760689
the threatened extinction of the box huckleberry, gaylussacia brachycera.		1919	17801660
[huckleberry, vaccinium myrtillus l. iii..].		1951	13100031
[bilberry, vaccinium myrtillus. ii. pharmacy].		1951	14864058
[the bilberry, vaccinium myrtillus l].		1951	14864029
chemical investigation of vaccinium myrtillus l.		1954	13151987
[wormicide activity of extracts from the dry fruit of black bilberries (vaccinium myrtillus l.), red bilberries (vaccinium vitis idaea l.) and marsh cranberries (oxycoccus quadripetalus gilib.) on (enchytraeus albidus)].		1961	13765813
[study concerning the action of anthocyanoside extracts of vaccinium myrtillus on night vision].		1965	5320417
huckleberry finn. a psychoanalytic study.		1966	4165962
[on the occurrence of salidroside in the leaves of the red whortleberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.)].		1966	5987586
[effect of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides associated with betacarotenes on light sensitivity].		1967	5608903
[determination of tannin in leaves of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.)].		1970	5509888
[enzymatic activities of retina and anthocyanoside extracts of vaccinium myrtillus (lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 5-nucleotidase, phosphoglucose isomerase)].		1970	4329039
[therapeutic value of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in an internal medicine department].		1972	4650528
[phytochemical investigation of leaves and fruits of vaccinium myrtillus (author's transl)].		1973	4779644
the digestion of bulbils (polygonum viviparum l.) and berries (vaccinium myrtillus l. and empetrum sp.) by captive ptarmigan (lagopus mutus).	1. the digestion of three foods favoured by ptarmigan (lagopus mutus) in the wild was studied using captive birds. 2. bulbils of polygonum viviparum l. were a good source of metabolizable energy, protein and phosphorus, but were deficient in sodium. berries of vaccinium myrtillus l. were the most digestible of the three foods, contained enough protein and p for maintenance, but were probably deficient in na. a diet of empetrum sp. berries caused the birds to be in negative nitrogen and p balance ...	1975	1167787
studies on vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. i. vasoprotective and antiinflammatory activity.	a vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides preparation (equivalent to 25% of anthocyanidins) demonstrated significant vasoprotective and antioedema properties in exerimental animals. in rabbits, the skin capillary permeability increase, due to chloroform, was reduced both after i.p. (25--100 mg/kg) and oral administration (200--400 mg/kg) of anthocyanosides. their activity was more lasting in comparison to rutin or mepyramine and this did not seem to be due to a specific antagonism towards inflammato ...	1976	9100
hematoxylin substitutes: a survey of mordant dyes tested and consideration of the relation of their structure to performance as nuclear stains.	in the search for hematoxylin substitutes 26 dyes were more or less extensively tested for performance as nuclear stains, usually in combination with aluminum, chronic, ferrous and ferric salts. reports from the literature on hematoxylin substitutes were also considered, and efforts were made to obtain samples of favorably reported dyes and test them. the reports on anthocyanins include isolated reports on several berry juices and a considerable number of studies on sambucus niger and vaccinium ...	1976	59410
studies on vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. ii. aspects of anthocyanins pharmacokinetics in the rat.	vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins adminstered by i.v. or i.p. route to the rat undergo a rapid body distribution and in part also are easily eliminated such as to fit a three-compartments pharmacokinetic model. the anthocyanins elimination occurs mostly through urine and bile. the slight difference between the amount of anthocyanins eliminated after i.v. and after i.p. application shows a modest liver extracion of these substances. vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins possess a greater affinity for s ...	1976	989354
the effect of iron, tin, aluminium, and chromium on fading, discoloration, and precipitation in berry and red beet juices.	the effect of iron(ii), tin(ii), aluminium(iii), and chromium(iii) on the properties of red whortleberry, blackcurrant, and red beet juices was followed during storage for 10 months at 5 degrees c. the colour and ph changes were studied, and the precipitates formed were weighed and their metal contents assayed. of the metals tested, only tin caused bluish discoloration in the berry juices. in the case of iron, aluminium, and chromium the low ph prevented this type of discoloration. in berry juic ...	1977	16411
[contents of manganese and vitamin c in the fruits of bilberriers and red berries (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and red berries (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.) growing in highly industrialized areas].		1978	694360
a contribution to the species definition in the genus exobasidium (basidiomycetes).	the g + c content of the dna from 25 strains of various species of the parasitic exobasidia (basidiomycetes) ranges from 39.1 to 68.1 mol%. they can be ordered into ten distinct groups. exobasidium vaccinii (65.8-68.1 mol% g + c) lives on various vaccinium species causing mostly local infections. e. splendidum (48.0-51.7 mol% g + c) was found on the same vaccinium species and also on arctostaphylos uva-ursi. e. vaccinii-uliginosi (43.7-47.7 mol% g + c) found on vaccinium uliginosum did not fit i ...	1983	23194593
[anthocyanosides extracted from vitis vinifera, vaccinium myrtillus and pinus maritimus. i. elastase-inhibiting activities in vitro. ii. compared angioprotective activities in vivo].		1983	6553084
studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: action of anthocyanosides.	the initial phase of renal hypertension induced by ligature of the abdominal aorta was accompanied by a transient increase in vascular permeability. this permeability increase has not the same intensity in all parts of the organism: it is greater in the skin and in the aorta wall than in the brain vessels. treatment of rats with a flavonoid-type drug (anthocyanosides of vaccinium myrtillus) for 12 days before the induction of hypertension kept the blood-brain barrier permeability normal and limi ...	1986	3698472
ecophysiological studies on the shrub vaccinium myrtillus l. taken from a wide altitudinal range.	observations have been made on the gas exchange and morphology of vaccinium myrtillus taken from altitudes of 200 m, 610 m and 1,100 m along an altitudinal gradient in central scotland. under saturating irradiance, optimum temperatures and a range of vapour pressure deficits, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with the altitude of origin of the populations. correlated with these increases was an increase in the adaxial stomatal density with altitude. this response to altitude ...	1986	28311503
antiulcer and healing activity of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides.		1987	3582621
antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from vaccinium myrtillus.	the antiulcer effects of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (idb 1027) were assessed in various experimental models. given orally, idb 1027 antagonized gastric ulcerations induced by pylorus ligation, stress, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ethanol, reserpine, histamine and duodenal ulceration induced by mercaptamine (cysteamine). moreover it antagonized chronic gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid. given intraperitoneally, it was more potent than after oral ...	1988	3415709
using tom and huck to develop moral reasoning in adolescents: a strategy for the classroom.	the first part of this article examines some theoretical arguments for teaching moral education in the classroom. this discussion is followed by an investigation into how the use of fiction might enhance this process. finally, a specific strategy using mark twain's novel, the adventures of huckleberry finn, is offered as an example of how this might be done.	1988	3407494
exclusion of birds from bilberry stands: impact on insect larval density and damage to the bilberry.	the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), is the dominant plant in the field layer of many boreal forests in northern sweden. it is utilized by several herbivorous insect larvae as food (i.e. lepidoptera: geometridae, tortricidae and hymenoptera: symphyta). total density of insect larvae was 63% lower where birds had access to larvae compared to exclosures. larvae with a feeding behaviour which exposes them to birds (geometrids and sawflies) showed a pronounced reduction in density when exposed to ...	1989	28312824
effect of nitrogenous air pollutants on changes in protein spectra with the onset of winter in the leaves and shoots of the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.).	electrophoretic profiles of 0.1 m tris-hcl (ph 9.0)-soluble proteins in the leaves and stems of the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) were investigated in the latter part of the growing season (july-october), in a highly-polluted industrial area with serious forest damage (main emissions no(2), so(2), nh(3), urea and fertilizer dust) in oulu, northern finland, and in an unpolluted control forest with the same climatic and edaphic conditions. about ten protein components in the leaves and seven i ...	1990	15092241
effect of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins on triiodothyronine transport into brain in the rat.		1990	2097646
vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides pharmacokinetics in rats.	the pharmacokinetics of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides (vma) have been investigated in male rats. after intravenous administration anthocyanosides undergo a rapid body distribution and their disappearance from the blood is suitably fitted by a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. the elimination occurs mostly through urine and bile. after a single oral administration the plasma concentrations of anthocyanosides reach peak level after 15 min and then rapidly decline within 2 h. the exten ...	1991	2043174
how and why should we standardize phytopharmaceutical drugs for clinical validation?	standardized extracts are needed to carry out reliable clinical trials. the standardization of an extract does not include only a whole of analytical controls: it requires also a thorough description of the starting drug and of the whole extraction process, both basic items for the constancy of the quality of an extract. another not minor aspect in the standardization of an extract is its nomenclature which must include all the necessary data for a clear definition (drug, physical state, solvent ...	1991	1881157
phenolic acids in leaves of arctostaphylos uva ursi l., vaccinium vitis idaea l. and vaccinium myrtillus l.		1991	1798740
effects of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion.	the effects of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides (myrtocyan, vma; cas 84082-34-8) on arteriolar vasomotion were assessed in cheek pouch microcirculation of anesthetized hamsters and in skeletal muscle microvasculature of unanesthetized hamster skin fold window preparation. intravenously injected vma induced vasomotion in cheek pouch arterioles and terminal arterioles with higher frequency in smaller vessels. in the skeletal muscle arteriolar networks vma increased vasomotion frequency and ampl ...	1991	1796918
determination of vitamin c and organic acids in various fruits by hplc.	liquid chromatographic methodology for determination of vitamin c and organic acids in different fruits (whortleberry, blackberry, red currant, black currant, raspberry, babaco, feijoa, kiwano, passion fruit, red and yellow tamarillos, medlar, and persimmon) cultivated in galicia, spain are developed. both methods use a c18 column and an rp-18 precolumn for the stationary phase. high-performance-liquid-chromatographic-(hplc-) grade water is brought to ph 2.2 with sulphuric acid for the mobile ph ...	1992	1474131
[the antiviral action of medicinal plant extracts in experimental tick-borne encephalitis].	some mechanisms of inducing resistance to experimental infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus were studied in experimental mice treated with aqueous extracts of berries of vaccinium vitis-idaea, black currant, vaccinium myrtillus, and of greater celandine grass. the condition of the immune system organs (spleen and thymus) after treatment with the extracts under study was analysed. a correlation was found between the degree of developing resistance to infection, virus accumulation in the b ...	1993	8236942
habitat selection by capercaillie in summer and autumn: is bilberry important?	the use of habitat by female and male adult capercaillie tetrao urogallus during summer and autumn was studied by comparing the distribution of radio locations of birds with the availability of habitat at forest stand, home range and landscape level in an area of the bavarian alps, germany. capercaillie preferred forests with structural features typical of their main distribution range, the boreal forest: they selected large patches of old forest with moderate canopy cover of about 50%, and a we ...	1993	28312950
[the role of whortleberry anthocyanosides in the microcirculation].		1993	8290121
densities of microtime rodents along a pollution gradient from a copper-nickel smelter.	population densities of microtine rodents were studied along an air pollution gradient in the kola peninsula, russia, by long-term and short-term trapping. the study area is affected by high sulphur dioxide and heavy metal emissions from the severonikel copper-nickel smelter in monchegorsk. the density of clethrionomys rufocanus, the most abundant vole species in the area, was lowest close to the smelter and increased with distance up to the farthest, less polluted trapping sites. clethrionomys ...	1994	28313738
allelopathic potential in bilberry-spruce forests: influence of phenolic compounds on spruce seedlings.	regeneration failure ofpicea abies in a subalpine bilberry-spruce forest was studied in relation to phenolic compounds, their occurrence and toxicity. germination bioassays with natural leachates of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) and spruce showed negative effects on root elongation of spruce seedlings. growth bioassays on litter and humus demonstrated inhibitory effects of these organic layers.p-hydroxyacetophenone, a spruce-specific metabolite, was isolated in spruce throughfall (10(-6) m), in ...	1994	24242299
magnetic circular dichroism studies on vaccinium myrtillus cationic peroxidases.		1995	7672180
densities of ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) on moorland vegetation communities in the uk.	unfed (questing) ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by blanket dragging on a monthly basis from heather-dominated, vaccinium-dominated and bracken-dominated vegetation communities from two different biogeographical regions of the uk (the quantock hills in somerset, south west england and the north york moors, north east england) throughout the spring and summer months of 1991 and 1992. eighteen sites were monitored across the two regions and a total of 1920 blanket drags were carried out. vacci ...	1995	8575270
novel lipid-lowering properties of vaccinium myrtillus l. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate.	vaccinium myrtillus l. (blueberry) leaf infusions are traditionally used as a folk medicine treatment of diabetes. to further define this therapeutical action, a dried hydroalcoholic extract of the leaf was administered orally to streptozotocin-diabetic rats for 4 days. plasma glucose levels were consistently found to drop by about 26% at two different stages of diabetes. unexpectedly, plasma triglyceride (tg) were also decreased by 39% following treatment. subsequent to the latter observation, ...	1996	8948058
an evaluation of ratio systems in radioecological studies.	replicate samples of soil, juncus squarrosus and calluna vulgaris were taken within a grid system on an organic peatland soil site in ireland. a similar sampling survey was carried out on an organic rich forest soil site in sweden, where vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium vitis-idaea with corresponding soil samples were taken within a picea abies stand. the data were used to investigate the relationship between soil and plant 137cs content and to examine the validity of using ratios to describe t ...	1996	8567289
effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) litter on seed germination and early seedling growth of four boreal tree species.	laboratory and greenhouse bioassays were used to test for inhibitory effects of senescent and decomposed leaves and aqueous extract from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) against seed germination and seedling growth of aspen (populus tremula l.), birch (betula pendula roth.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), and norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.]. aqueous extracts from bilberry leaves were inhibitory to aspen seed germination and seedling growth and also induced root damage and growth abno ...	1996	24227618
[polyphenolic composition of the leaf of bilberry].	dried leaves of 14 harvested batches and one batch from commercial origine of vaccinium myrtillus l present a similar polyphenolic pattern. the mean levels of the harvested batches and the levels of the commercial batch were respectively: total polyphenol compounds 12.98 and 10.62%, tannins 7.84 and 7.43%, total flavonoid compounds 2.98 and 2.20% (spectrophotometry), 1.41 and 1.16% (hplc), quercetin 3-glucuronide 1.02 and 0.83%, hyperoside 0.22 and 0.16%, chlorogenic acid 3.66 and 1.58%. the lev ...	1996	9008904
accelerated dehardening in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) induced by a small elevation in air temperature.	the effect of climatic warming on the dehardening potential of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) in a northern boreal environment (65 degrees n) was studied. natural stands of bilberry were heated artificially in winter. no reference point for the heating was set, since the purpose was to follow the fluctuations in ambient air temperatures. these were 2-3 degrees c higher in the heated plots than in the control plots from october to may. frost resistance (lt50) and the ph of cell effusate were m ...	1997	15093348
antioxidant action of vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations.	oxidative modifications of low density lipoproteins (ldl) are now recognised as one of the major processes in atherogenesis. various drugs, as well as a number of natural products, have been proposed to inhibit such processes. among the naturally-occurring constituents of plants which appear to possess antioxidant activity are polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids. the aqueous extract of vaccinium myrtillus is rich in such molecules. in this report, we describe the in vitro antioxidative pot ...	1997	9182074
identification of the human lewis(a) carbohydrate motif in a secretory peroxidase from a plant cell suspension culture (vaccinium myrtillus l.).	this paper reports for the first time the presence of the human lewis(a) type determinant in glycoproteins secreted by plant cells. a single glycopeptide was identified in the tryptic hydrolysis of the peroxidase vmpxc1 from vaccinium myrtillus l. by hplc/esi-ms. the oligosaccharide structures were elucidated by esi-ms-ms and by methylation analysis before and after removal of fucose by mild acid hydrolysis. the major structure determined is of the biantennary plant complex type containing the o ...	1997	9350993
extracts of ginkgo biloba l. leaves and vaccinium myrtillus l. fruits prevent photo induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol.	oxidation of low density lipoproteins (ldl) favours cholesterol loading in macrophages and formation of "foam cells", typical of the early atheroma lesions. ldl cholesterol oxidation generates oxysterols, extremely cytotoxic molecular species with diverse biological activities. vegetable polyphenols are dietary components of pharmacological interest for their anti-oxidant properties. ginkgo biloba l. (gingkoaceae) leaves and vaccinium myrtillus l. (ericaceae) fruits are known for their beneficia ...	1997	23195191
large brood sizes of pied flycatcher, sparrowhawk and goshawk in peak microtine years: support for the mast depression hypothesis.	the mast depression hypothesis (mdh) proposes that cyclic population fluctuations of microtines and other herbivores are an effect of cyclic seed cropping of plants. this is because high seed crops, termed masts, are produced at the expense of chemical defence against herbivores. it has generally been assumed that bird-hunting raptors produce high numbers of offspring when microtine prey are abundant because of reduced competition from generalist predators. however, this may also be caused by hi ...	1998	28307513
the charcoal effect in boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences.	wildfire is the principal disturbance regime in northern boreal forests, where it has important rejuvenating effects on soil properties and encourages tree seedling regeneration and growth. one possible agent of this rejuvenation is fire-produced charcoal, which adsorbs secondary metabolites such as humus phenolics produced by ericaceous vegetation in the absence of fire, which retard nutrient cycling and tree seedling growth. we investigated short-term ecological effects of charcoal on the bore ...	1998	28308435
writing the fairy huckleberry finn: william goyen's and truman capote's genderings of male homosexuality.	after rehearsing persisting representations of same-sex desire in the southern renaissance's literary production, this essay charts how novels by truman capote and william goyen reveal contradictory genderings of male homosexuality. capote's other voices, other rooms collapses male gay identity with effeminacy, while goyen's the house of breath replicates this model but also contrasts it with a coexisting and competing one in which masculine men can physically act upon gay desire. thus, contrary ...	1998	9505226
content of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries.	the amounts of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol aglycons in 25 edible berries were analyzed by an optimized rp-hplc method with uv detection and identified with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. sixteen species of cultivated berries and nine species of wild berries were collected in finland in 1997. quercetin was found in all berries, the contents being highest in bog whortleberry (158 mg/kg, fresh weight), lingonberry (74 and 146 mg/kg), cranberry (83 and ...	1999	10794622
structure of the microbial communities in coniferous forest soils in relation to site fertility and stand development stage.	> abstract the structure, biomass, and activity of the microbial community in the humus layer of boreal coniferous forest stands of different fertility were studied. the scots pine dominated ct (calluna vulgaris type) represented the lowest fertility, while vt (vaccinium vitis-idaéa type), mt (vaccinium myrtillus type), and omt (oxalis acetocella-vaccinium myrtillus type) following this order, were more fertile types. the microbial community was studied more closely by sampling a succession grad ...	1999	10441709
range-body mass interactions of a northern ungulate - a test of hypothesis.	summer diet, summer temperature, length of the growth season and animal density appeared to best explain annual and regional differences in calf and yearling body mass in moose from southeastern norway. in general animals inhabiting steep, alpine landscapes had less body mass than animals using flat, low-altitude habitats. autumn body mass of calves and yearlings decreased with increasing snow depth during the preceding winter and spring. however, calf body mass was more influenced by the summer ...	1999	28307755
soil to plant uptake of fallout 137cs by plants from boreal areas polluted by industrial emissions from smelters.	to study the impact of industrial pollution on the soil-to-plant uptake of fallout-radiocesium in a boreal forest ecosystem, four study sites were selected at distances of 7, 16, 21 and 28 km from the large copper-nickel smelter at monchegorsk on the kola peninsula (russia). at each site, soil and selected plant species were sampled from five plots and analysed separately for 137cs and 40k. the data show that the root-uptake of 137cs, as characterised by the median aggregated transfer-factor t(a ...	1999	10507160
application of factorial design to the optimization of peroxidase activity in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate/ isooctane.	two cationic peroxidases isolated from vaccinium myrtillus were encapsulated in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate/isooctane. by using a central composite design, some relevant parameters for the enzymatic activity, such as surfactant and water concentration, ph, and buffer molarity, were analyzed. with the results obtained from this experimental planning, the response surface curves were established. the maximum specific activity obtained (0.19 mm/min. mm of enzyme) was ...	1999	15304776
in vivo sequential study of skeletal muscle capillary permeability in diabetic rats: effect of anthocyanosides.	alterations in the capillary filtration of macromolecules are well documented in diabetic patients and experimental diabetes. various flavonoids including anthocyanosides and ginkgo biloba extracts have been shown to be effective against experimentally induced capillary hyperfiltration. the aim of the present study was to test the effects of anthocyanosides on capillary filtration in diabetic rats. for this purpose, we have validated the use of our previously described in vivo method for measure ...	2000	10909999
electrospray characterization of selected medicinal plant extracts.	extracts of selected medicinal plants were examined by electrospray mass spectrometry (esi-ms). this technique allowed identification of the main components of each extract, thereby providing a typical finger-print of the examined plants. more specifically, anthocyanins (vaccinium myrtillus), isoflavones (glycine max, soybean), flavonol-glycosides and terpenes (ginkgo biloba), triterpenes (centella asiatica), caffeoyl-quinic acids (cynara scolymus, artichoke), ginsenosides (panax ginseng), catec ...	2000	10898155
content of the flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in finnish berry wines.	the amounts of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were analyzed in 16 red and 2 white berry and grape wines after acid hydrolysis using an rp-hplc method with diode array detection. the red berry wines analyzed were made mainly from black currant, crowberry, and bog whortleberry, i.e., berries rich in flavonols. the red grape wines were made mainly from cabernet sauvignon or merlot grapes in several countries. the white wines studied were gooseberry and white currant wines and chardonnay and r ...	2000	11032478
leaf habit influences nitrogen remobilization in vaccinium species.	the effect of n supply on plant growth and leaf demography of a deciduous and an evergreen ericaceae was studied in relation to their internal cycling of n. mature ramets of vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous) and vaccinium vitis-idaea (evergreen) were established in sand culture for 1 year with an adequate supply of a balanced nutrient solution. during one growing season, the plants were given two levels of n supply enriched with 15n and eight sequential destructive harvests were taken. recovery of ...	2001	11432916
a novel plant alpha4-fucosyltransferase (vaccinium myrtillus l.) synthesises the lewis(a) adhesion determinant.	we have partially characterised an alpha4-fucosyltransferase (alpha4-fuct) from vaccinium myrtillus, which catalysed the biosynthesis of the lewis(a) adhesion determinant. the enzyme was stable up to 50 degrees c. the optimum ph was 7.0, both in the presence and in the absence of mn(2+). the enzyme was inhibited by mn(2+) and co(2+), and showed resistance towards inhibition with n-ethylmaleimide. it transferred fucose to n-acetylglucosamine in the type i galbeta3glcnac motif from oligosaccharide ...	2001	11423123
effect of industrial pollution on soil-to-plant transfer of plutonium in a boreal forest.	plutonium in a forest ecosystem was studied at different distances from the copper and nickel smelter at monchegorsk, kola peninsula, russia. soil and plant samples were collected 7 (site a), 16 (b), 21 (c) and 28 (d) km from the smelter and at a reference site situated in finland, 152 km from monchegorsk. the deposition of cu in litter and in the organic layer decreased from 10700 mg/m2 at site a to 33 mg/m2 at the reference site, the deposition of ni from 14300 to 29 mg/m2. from the reference ...	2001	11669264
airborne heavy metal pollution and its effects on foliar elemental composition of empetrum hermaphroditum and vaccinium myrtillus in sør-varanger, northern norway.	uptake of al, cu, fe, mn, ni, ca, k, mg, p, and s in empetrum nigrum l. ssp. hermaphroditum hagerup and vaccinium myrtillus l. from ni, cu and so2 contaminated sites in sør-varanger, northern norway, were investigated. the primary objective was to study the effect of airborne heavy metal pollution on foliar element composition of these two dwarf shrubs. ni distribution and availability in soils clearly indicate atmospheric deposition of ni particulates in sør-varanger. foliar ni concentrations i ...	2001	11584644
isolation of high quality rna from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit.	a simple and efficient method is described for isolating high quality rna from bilberry fruit. the procedure is based on the use of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (ctab), polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp), and beta-mercaptoethanol in an extraction buffer in order to eliminate the polysaccharides and prevent the oxidation of phenolic compounds. this method is a modification of the one described for pine trees, and yields high-quality rna suitable for cdna based methodologies. this method is applica ...	2001	11725489
comparison of two methods used to analyse lipid peroxidation from vaccinium myrtillus (l.) during snow removal, reacclimation and cold acclimation.	malondialdehyde (mda) concentration is a widely used method to analyse lipid peroxidation in biological material. in plant tissues, however, certain compounds (anthocyanins, carbohydrates) may interfere with measurements which may lead to an overestimation of the mda levels. two methods were compared for analysing lipid peroxidation, either uncorrected or corrected for interfering compounds. the comparison was performed in three separate experiments with respect to cold treatments (snow removal ...	2001	11709587
influence of extreme pollution on the inorganic chemical composition of some plants.	leaves of nine different plant species (terrestrial moss: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi, blueberry: vaccinium myrtillus, cowberry: vaccinium vitis-idaea, crowberry: empetrum nigrum, birch: betula pubescens, willow: salix spp., pine: pinus sylvestris, and spruce: picea abies) have been collected from up to nine catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1,500,000 km2 area in northern europe. additional soil samples were taken from the o-horizon and the c-horizon at each plant sampl ...	2001	11706797
monograph. vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry).		2001	11703171
comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in northern europe.	leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, empetrum nigrum; birch, betula pubescens; willow, salix spp.; pine, pinus sylvestris and spruce, picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in northern europe. soil samples were taken of the o-horizon and of the ...	2001	11669279
effect of 'antidiabetis' herbal preparation on serum glucose and fructosamine in nod mice.	the antihyperglycemic effect of the antidiabetis herbal preparation ((myrtilli folium (vaccinium myrtillus l.), taraxaci radix (taraxacum officinale web.), cichorii radix (cichorium intybus l.), juniperi fructus (juniperus communis l.), centaurii herba (centaurium umbellatum gilib.), phaseoli pericarpium (phaseolus vulgaris), millefollii herba (achillea millefolium l.), morii folium (morus nigra l.), valeriane radix (valleriana officinalis l.), urticae herba et radix (urtica dioica l.)), patent ...	2001	11297848
determination of anthocyanidins in berries and red wine by high-performance liquid chromatography.	a high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) method for the determination of anthocyanidins from berries and red wine is described. delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin contents of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), black currant (ribes nigrum), strawberry (fragaria ananassa cv. jonsok), and a cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera) red wine were determined. the aglycon forms of the anthocyanins present in the samples were revealed by acid hydrolysis. a reversed ph ...	2001	11559107
identification of anthocyanins in berries by narrow-bore high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization detection.	qualitative determination of anthocyanins in extracts of red fruits by narrow-bore hplc/esi-ms was carried out. this method was used to investigate anthocyanin contents of black bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), blackberry (rubus sp.), and mulberry (morus nigra). an ultraviolet diode array and a mass spectrometer with esi source were used for detection. anthocyanin identifications were made by using retention time data and uv-vis and mass spectra and comparing them with those of commercially av ...	2001	11513700
chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications.	chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) is an illness characterized by persistent and relapsing fatigue, often accompanied by numerous symptoms involving various body systems. the etiology of cfs remains unclear; however, a number of recent studies have shown oxidative stress may be involved in its pathogenesis. the role of oxidative stress in cfs is an important area for current and future research as it suggests the use of antioxidants in the management of cfs. specifically, the dietary supplements glu ...	2001	11703165
berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity.	phenolic profiles of a total of 26 berry samples, together with 2 apple samples, were analyzed without hydrolysis of glycosides with hplc. the phenolic contents among different berry genera varied considerably. anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in bilberry, bog-whortleberry, and cranberry, but in cowberries, belonging also to the family ericaceae genus vaccinium, flavanols and procyanidins predominated. in the family rosaceae genus rubus (cloudberry and red raspberry), the main ph ...	2001	11513713
native vaccinium spp. and gaylussacia spp. infested by rhagoletis mendax (diptera: tephritidae) in the great lakes region: a potential source of inoculum for infestation of cultivated blueberries.	in this study, we addressed the question of whether or not native stands of blueberry (vaccinium spp.) and/or huckleberry (gaylussacia spp.) support populations of blueberry maggot, rhagoletis mendax curran, in the great lakes region. infestation of commercial blueberries by the blueberry maggot, r. mendax, is a serious problem in many areas where blueberries are grown. in the past 10-20 yr, commercial bighbush blueberry, vaccinium corymbosum l., production has expanded into places such as south ...	2001	11777039
nitrate reductase activity in some subarctic species and uv influence in the foliage of betula pendula roth. seedlings.	nitrate reductase (nr) activity was studied in the foliage of five subarctic species: mature trees of european white birch (betula pubescens erch. s.s.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst), ericaceous shrub bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), naturally growing in a forest, and seed-grown silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings in an ultraviolet (uv) exclusion field experiment at the pallas-ounastunturi national park in finnish lapland (68 degrees n). mean ...	2002	11846159
[importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus].	diabetes complications, especially late (chronic) ones, are the main reasons of invalidity and early mortality. the most threatening diabetes complications are vascular and metabolic complications (diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy, cataract, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy). good diabetes control is very important, because in early stages these changes are reversible. in order to decrease the number of diabetes complications and to postpone their development, the use ...	2002	12532704
expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development.	the production of anthocyanins in fruit tissues is highly controlled at the developmental level. we have studied the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes during the development of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) fruit in relation to the accumulation of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in wild berries and in color mutants of bilberry. the cdna fragments of five genes from the flavonoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflav ...	2002	12376640
nitrogen acquisition from inorganic and organic sources by boreal forest plants in the field.	a wide range of recent studies have indicated that organic nitrogen may be of great importance to plant nitrogen (n) nutrition. most of these studies have, however, been conducted in laboratory settings, excluding important factors for actual plant uptake, such as competition, mycorrhizal associations and soil interactions. in order to accurately evaluate the importance of different n compounds to plant n nutrition, field studies are crucial. in this study, we investigated short- as well as long ...	2003	12883986
contrasting strategies for uv-b screening in sub-arctic dwarf shrubs.	the content and distribution of uv-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of vaccinium co-existing at a site in north sweden. vaccinium myrtillus l., vaccinium vitis-idaea l., and vaccinium uliginosum l. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to uv-b enhancement. plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of uv-b corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stra ...	2003	12803622
induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) and the anthocyanins.	among ethanol extracts of 10 edible berries, bilberry extract was found to be the most effective at inhibiting the growth of hl60 human leukemia cells and hct116 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro. bilberry extract induced apoptotic cell bodies and nucleosomal dna fragmentation in hl60 cells. the proportion of apoptotic cells induced by bilberry extract in hct116 was much lower than that in hl60 cells, and dna fragmentation was not induced in the former. of the extracts tested, that from bilbe ...	2003	12502387
regional differences in the occurrence of understorey species reflect nitrogen deposition in swedish forests.	possible links between the occurrence of vaccinium myrtillus, v. vitis-idaea and deschampsia flexuosa and rates of nitrogen deposition were investigated in 557 coniferous forest stands. in areas with high n-deposition, v. myrtillus was less frequent, less abundant and more susceptible to the leaf pathogen valdensia heterodoxa than in areas with lower levels of n-deposition. the occurrence of v. vitis-idaea was also strongly negatively correlated with increasing n-deposition, but no such trend wa ...	2003	12733792
pathogenicity of phytophthora infestans on solanaceous and asteraceous plant species in cameroon.	experiments were conducted to detect potential hosts of phytophthora infestans, causal agent of potato late blight. isolates of p. infestans recovered from garden huckleberry (solanum scabrum), potato (s. tuberosum) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) were inoculated on detached leaves of 12 solanaceous and 14 asteraceous plant species collected in and around potato fields in the western highlands of cameroon. the inoculated leaves were maintained in petri dishes in the laboratory for 7 days at ...	2003	15151295
glutathione s-transferases and malondialdehyde in the liver of nod mice on short-term treatment with plant mixture extract p-9801091.	changes in the concentration of glutathione s-transferases (gsts) and malondialdehyde (mda) were assessed in the liver of normal and diabetic nod mice with and without treatment with the plant extract p-9801091. the plant extract p-9801091 is an antihyperglycaemic preparation containing myrtilli folium (vaccinium myrtillus l.), taraxaci radix (taraxacum of fi cinale web.), cichorii radix (cichorium intybus l.), juniperi fructus (juniperus communis l.), centaurii herba (centaurium umbellatum gili ...	2003	12722130
resveratrol in raw and baked blueberries and bilberries.	resveratrol in the fruits of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), the lowbush "wild" blueberry (vaccinium angustifolium aiton), the rabbiteye blueberry (vaccinium ashei reade), and the highbush blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum l.) were measured using a new assay based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). the lc-ms/ms assay provided lower limits of detection than previous methods for resveratrol measurement, 90 fmol of trans-resveratrol injected on-column, a ...	2003	13129286
inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation in liposomes by berry phenolics.	the antioxidant activity of berry phenolics (at concentrations of 1.4, 4.2, and 8.4 mug of purified extracts/ml of liposome sample) such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins from raspberry (rubus idaeus), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea), and black currant (ribes nigrum) was investigated in a lactalbumin-liposome system. the extent of protein oxidation was measured by determining the loss of tryptophan fluorescence and formation of protein carb ...	2004	15563229
resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in vaccinium berries.	a study was conducted to determine the presence of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in vaccinium berries. samples representing selections and cultivars of 10 species from mississippi, north carolina, oregon, and canada were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. resveratrol was found in vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry), vaccinium arboretum (sparkleberry), vaccinium ashei (rabbiteye blueberry), vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), vaccinium elliottii (elliot ...	2004	15264904
lc/pda/esi-ms profiling and radical scavenging activity of anthocyanins in various berries.	anthocyanin extracts of two blueberries, vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and vaccinium ashei (rabbiteye blueberry), and of three other berries, ribes nigrum (black currant), aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry), and sambucus nigra (elderberry), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (lc/pda/esi-ms). both bilberry and rabbiteye blueberry contained 15 identical anthocyanins with different distributio ...	2004	15577184
comparison of anthocyanin pigment and other phenolic compounds of vaccinium membranaceum and vaccinium ovatum native to the pacific northwest of north america.	two huckleberry species, vaccinium membranaceum and vaccinium ovatum, native to pacific northwestern north america, were evaluated for their total, and individual, anthocyanin and polyphenolic compositions. vaccinium ovatum had greater total anthocyanin (acy), total phenolics (tp), oxygen radical absorbing capacity (orac), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (frap) than did v. membranaceum. the ph and degrees brix were also higher in v. ovatum. berry extracts from each species were separat ...	2004	15537315
effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell growth.	commercially prepared grape (vitis vinifera), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), and chokeberry (aronia meloncarpa e.) anthocyanin-rich extracts (ares) were investigated for their potential chemopreventive activity against colon cancer. the growth of colon-cancer-derived ht-29 and nontumorigenic colonic ncm460 cells exposed to semipurified ares (10-75 microg of monomeric anthocyanin/ml) was monitored for up to 72 h using a sulforhodamine b assay. all extracts inhibited the growth of ht-29 cells, ...	2004	15453676
isolation of two anthocyanin sambubiosides from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography.	high-speed counter-current chromatography (hsccc) was used for the separation of anthocyanins on a preparative scale from bilberry fruit crude extract (vaccinium myrtillus, ericaceae) with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether-n-butanol-acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid (1:4:1:5:0.01, v/v). each injection of 500 mg crude extract yielded 130 mg of pure delphinidin-3-o-sambubioside, and 77 mg of pure cyanidin-3-o-sambubioside. the two anthocyanin disaccharides with a ...	2004	15378879
nitrogen-induced changes in phenolics of vaccinium myrtillus--implications for interaction with a parasitic fungus.	the effects of nitrogen (n) fertilization on the phenolic status of vaccinium myrtillus leaves were studied to assess whether n amendment affects the potentially defensive phenolic metabolites in a way that could have consequences for the interaction with a parasitic fungus (valdensia heterodoxa). healthy (symptomless) and v. heterodoxa-infected leaves were collected from plants grown in the understorey of a boreal coniferous forest, where they received no additional n or either a moderate or a ...	2004	15609829
anthocyanins and glutathione s-transferase activities in response to low temperature and frost hardening in vaccinium myrtillus (l.).	anthocyanin (acy) contents and gst activities of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) were investigated in two experiments conducted in june (exp. i: active growth) and in august september (exp. ii: beginning of frost hardening) in northern finland (65 degrees n). bilberry plants were subjected to +2 degrees c and +18 degrees c in exp. i or +5/0 degrees c (day/night) and +18/+13 degrees c (day/night) in exp. ii. gst activities were assessed using either 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb) or trans-c ...	2004	15384401