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definition and characterization of enzymes for maximal biocatalytic solubilization of prebiotic polysaccharides from potato pulp.potato pulp is a high-volume co-processing product resulting from industrial potato starch manufacturing. potato pulp is particularly rich in pectin, notably galactan branched rhamnogalacturonan i polysaccharides, which are highly bifidogenic when solubilized. the objective of the present study was to characterize and compare four homogalacturonan degrading enzymes capable of catalyzing the required solubilization of these pectinaceous polysaccharides from potato pulp in a 1 min reaction. an add ...201122112514
studies on differential nuclear translocation mechanism and assembly of the three subunits of the arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor nf-y.the eukaryotic transcription factor nf-y consists of three subunits (a, b, and c), which are encoded in arabidopsis thaliana in multigene families consisting of 10, 13, and 13 genes, respectively. in principle, all potential combinations of the subunits are possible for the assembly of the heterotrimeric complex. we aimed at assessing the probability of each subunit to participate in the assembly of nf-y. the evaluation of physical interactions among all members of the nf-y subunit families indi ...201122199235
recombinant production and characterisation of two related gh5 endo-β-1,4-mannanases from aspergillus nidulans fgsc a4 showing distinctly different transglycosylation capacity.the glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5) endo-β-1,4-mannanases mana and manc from aspergillus nidulans fgsc a4 were produced in pichia pastoris x33 and purified in high yields of 120 and 145mg/l, respectively, from the culture supernatants. both enzymes showed increasing catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/k(m)) towards β-1,4 manno-oligosaccharides with the degree of polymerisation (dp) from 4 to 6 and also hydrolysed konjac glucomannan, guar gum and locust bean gum galactomannans. manc had up to two-fol ...201121867780
nuclear transporters in a multinucleated organism: functional and localization analyses in aspergillus nidulans.nuclear transporters mediate bidirectional macromolecule traffic through the nuclear pore complex (npc), thus participating in vital processes of eukaryotic cells. a systematic functional analysis in aspergillus nidulans permitted the identification of 4 essential nuclear transport pathways of a hypothetical number of 14. the absence of phenotypes for most deletants indicates redundant roles for these nuclear receptors. subcellular distribution studies of these carriers show three main distribut ...201121880896
the length of adaptive walks is insensitive to starting fitness in aspergillus nidulans.adaptation involves the successive substitution of beneficial mutations by selection, a process known as an adaptive walk. gradualist models of adaptation, which assume that all mutations are small relative to the distance to a fitness optimum, predict that adaptive walks should be longer when the founding genotype is less well adapted. more recent work modeling adaptation as a sequence of moves in phenotype or genotype space predicts, by contrast, much shorter adaptive walks irrespective of the ...201122023575
conserved and specific responses to hypoxia in aspergillus oryzae and aspergillus nidulans determined by comparative transcriptomics.hypoxia imposes stress on filamentous fungi that require oxygen to proliferate. global transcription analysis of aspergillus oryzae grown under hypoxic conditions found that the expression of about 50% of 4,244 affected genes was either induced or repressed more than 2-fold. a comparison of these genes with the hypoxically regulated genes of aspergillus nidulans based on their predicted amino acid sequences classified them as bi-directional best hit (bbh), one-way best hit (extra homolog, eh), a ...201122170104
a new class of imp dehydrogenase with a role in self-resistance of mycophenolic acid producing fungi.many secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi have potent biological activities, to which the producer organism must be resistant. an example of pharmaceutical interest is mycophenolic acid (mpa), an immunosuppressant molecule produced by several penicillium species. the target of mpa is inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh), which catalyses the rate limiting step in the synthesis of guanine nucleotides. the recent discovery of the mpa biosynthetic gene cluster from penicilli ...201121923907
wild-type mic distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin b and aspergillus spp. for the clsi broth microdilution method (m38-a2 document).although clinical breakpoints have not been established for mold testing, epidemiological cutoff values (ecvs) are available for aspergillus spp. versus the triazoles and caspofungin. wild-type (wt) mic distributions (organisms in a species-drug combination with no acquired resistance mechanisms) were defined in order to establish ecvs for six aspergillus spp. and amphotericin b. two sets (clsi/eucast broth microdilution) of available mics were evaluated: those for a. fumigatus (3,988/833), a. f ...201121876047
identification of the galactitol dehydrogenase, ladb, that is part of the oxido-reductive d-galactose catabolic pathway in aspergillus niger.for the catabolism of d-galactose three different metabolic pathways have been described in filamentous fungi. apart from the leloir pathway and the oxidative pathway, there is an alternative oxido-reductive pathway. this oxido-reductive pathway has similarities to the metabolic pathway of l-arabinose, and in trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) and aspergillus nidulans the same enzyme is employed for the oxidation of l-arabitol and galactitol. here we show evidence that in aspergillus nigerl- ...201122155165
in vivo roles of the basic domain of dynactin p150 in microtubule plus-end tracking and dynein function.microtubule (mt) plus-end-tracking proteins accumulate at mt plus ends for various cellular functions, but their targeting mechanisms are not fully understood (akhmanova a and steinmetz mo. tracking the ends: a dynamic protein network controls the fate of microtubule tips. nat rev mol cell biol 2008;9:309-322.). here, we tested in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans the requirement for plus-end localization of dynactin p150, a protein essential for dynein function. deletion of the n-term ...201122106867
new resources for functional analysis of omics data for the genus aspergillus.detailed and comprehensive genome annotation can be considered a prerequisite for effective analysis and interpretation of omics data. as such, gene ontology (go) annotation has become a well accepted framework for functional annotation. the genus aspergillus comprises fungal species that are important model organisms, plant and human pathogens as well as industrial workhorses. however, go annotation based on both computational predictions and extended manual curation has so far only been availa ...201121974739
Putative stress sensors WscA and WscB are involved in hypo-osmotic and acidic pH stress tolerance in Aspergillus nidulans.Wsc proteins have been identified in fungi and are believed to be stress sensors in the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway. In this study, we characterized the sensor orthologs WscA and WscB in Aspergillus nidulans. Using hemagglutinin-tagged WscA and WscB, we showed both Wsc proteins to be N- and O-glycosylated and localized in the cell wall and membrane, implying that they are potential cell surface sensors. The wscA disruptant (?wscA) strain was characterized by reduced colony and co ...201121926329
association between indoor fungi in delhi homes and sensitization in children with respiratory allergy.indoor fungi are potential sensitizing agents in children and their detection and quantification in indoor air are important in the diagnosis and environmental management of fungal allergies. the objective of this investigation was to assess the prevalence of fungal allergies in children in delhi and to study the association between mold counts in the homes of children and their sensitization to respective fungal extracts. fungal concentrations and seasonality were studied at two-week intervals ...201122103346
farnesol-induced cell death in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.foh (farnesol), a non-sterol isoprenoid produced by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, has been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. we have been using aspergillus nidulans and foh as a model system and cell death stimulus, respectively, aiming to understand by which means filamentous fungi are driven towards cell death. here, we review some of our findings about foh-induced cell death in a. nidulans.201121936849
Aspergillus Myosin-v supports polarized growth in the absence of microtubule-based transport.In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, both microtubules and actin filaments are important for polarized growth at the hyphal tip. Less clear is how different microtubule-based and actin-based motors work together to support this growth. Here we examined the role of myosin-V (MYOV) in hyphal growth. MYOV-depleted cells form elongated hyphae, but the rate of hyphal elongation is significantly reduced. In addition, although wild type cells without microtubules still undergo polarized grow ...201122194856
Heterochromatin influences the secondary metabolite profile in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum.Chromatin modifications and heterochromatic marks have been shown to be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism gene clusters in the fungal model system Aspergillus nidulans. We examine here the role of HEP1, the heterochromatin protein homolog of Fusarium graminearum, for the production of secondary metabolites. Deletion of Hep1 in a PH-1 background strongly influences expression of genes required for the production of aurofusarin and the main tricothecene metabolite DON. In the Hep1 ...201122100541
Disruption of Trichoderma reesei cre2, encoding an ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, results in increased cellulase activity.ABSTRACT:201122070776
structural analysis of fungal cerebrosides.of the ceramide monohexosides (cmhs), gluco- and galactosyl-ceramides are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. their structural determination is greatly dependent on the use of mass spectrometric techniques, including fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. nuclear magnetic resonance has also been used successfully. such a combination of techniques, combined with classical analytical ...201122164155
Isolation and characterization of self-fertile suppressors from the sterile nsdD deletion mutant of Aspergillus nidulans.To identify downstream and/or interactive factors of the nsdD gene, which encodes a positive regulator of sexual development of Aspergillus nidulans, suppressor mutants displaying a self-fertile phenotype were isolated from a sterile nsdD deletion mutant. At least five different loci (sndA-E) were identified and genetically analyzed. In the nsdD (+) background, most of the suppressors showed a marked increment of sexual development, even under the stress conditions that n ...201122203574
the velvet gene, fgve1, affects fungal development and positively regulates trichothecene biosynthesis and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.trichothecenes are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) during the infection of crop plants, including wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye and rice. some fungal genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis have been shown to encode regulatory proteins. however, the global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is still enigmatic. in addition to the production of secondary metabolites belonging to the trichothecene family, f. graminear ...201122013911
[general epidemiology of invasive fungal disease.]invasive mycoses associated with high morbidity and mortality rates are increasing among immunocompromised or severely ill patients. candida, cryptococcus, pneumocystis and aspergillus are most prevalent agents with varying distribution as regards geography, patient condition and hospital units. the latest multicentre candidaemia survey conducted in spain, showed c. albicans as the most frequently isolated species followed by c. parapsilosis, c. glabrata, c. tropicalis and c. krusei in contrast ...201122079232
constitutive expression, purification and characterization of a phosphoglucomutase from fusarium oxysporum.the phosphoglucomutase gene from a wild type fusarium oxysporum strain (f3), was homologously expressed, under the control of the constitutive promoter of gpda of aspergillus nidulans. the transformant produced elevated levels of phosphoglucomutase activity compared to the wild type, a fact that facilitated the subsequent purification procedure. the enzyme (fopgm) was purified to homogeneity applying three anion exchange and one gel filtration chromatography steps. the native enzyme revealed a m ...201122112903
heterologous expression system in aspergillus oryzae for fungal biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites.fungal secondary metabolites have been considered promising resources in the search for novel bioactive compounds. given the high potential of fungi as genetic resources, it is essential to find an efficient way to link biosynthetic genes to the product in a heterologous system, because many genes for the secondary metabolite in the original strain are silent under standard laboratory conditions. in a previous study, we constructed a heterologous expression system for a biosynthetic gene cluster ...201122083274
contributions of the peroxisome and β-oxidation cycle to biotin synthesis in fungi.the first step in the synthesis of the bicyclic rings of d-biotin is mediated by 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (aon) synthase, which catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of l-alanine and pimelate thioester. we found that the aspergillus nidulans aon synthase, encoded by the biof gene, is a peroxisomal enzyme with a type 1 peroxisomal targeting sequence (pts1). localization of aon to the peroxisome was essential for biotin synthesis because expression of a cytosolic aon variant or deletion of pexe ...201121998305
rescue of aspergillus nidulans severely debilitating null mutations in escrt-0, i, ii and iii genes by inactivation of a salt-tolerance pathway allows examination of escrt gene roles in ph signalling.the aspergillus pal pathway hijacks escrt proteins into ambient ph signalling complexes. we show that components of escrt-0, escrt-i, escrt-ii and escrt-iii are nearly essential for growth, precluding assessment of null mutants for ph signalling or trafficking. this severely debilitating effect is rescued by loss-of-function mutations in two cation tolerance genes, one of which, slta, encodes a transcription factor whose inactivation promotes hypervacuolation. exploiting a conditional expression ...201122135362
The Aspergillus giganteus antifungal protein AFPNN5353 activates the cell wall integrity pathway and perturbs calcium homeostasis.The antifungal protein AFPNN5353 is a defensin-like protein of Aspergillus giganteus. It belongs to a group of secretory proteins with low molecular mass, cationic character and a high content of cysteine residues. The protein inhibits the germination and growth of filamentous ascomycetes, including important human and plant pathogens and the model organsims Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger.201121943024
the polo-like kinase plka in aspergillus nidulans is not essential, but plays important roles during vegetative growth and development.the polo-like kinases (plks) are conserved, multi-functional cell cycle regulators that are induced in many forms of cancer, and play additional roles in metazoan development. we previously identified plka in aspergillus nidulans, the only plk investigated in filamentous fungi to date, and partially characterized its function through overexpression. here, we report the plka null phenotype. surprisingly, plka was not essential, unlike plks in other organisms that contain a single homologue. a sub ...201122140227
Post-synthetic modification of plant cell walls by expression of microbial hydrolases in the apoplast.The systematic creation of defined cell wall modifications in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by expression of microbial hydrolases with known specific activities is a promising approach to examine the impacts of cell wall composition and structure on both plant fitness and cell wall recalcitrance. Moreover, this approach allows the direct evaluation in living plants of hydrolase specificity, which can differ from in vitro specificity. To express genes encoding microbial hydrolases in A. th ...201121910026
Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of AnNitA, the Aspergillus nidulans High-Affinity Nitrite Transporter.High-affinity nitrite influx into mycelia of Aspergillus nidulans has been characterized by use of (13)NO(2)(-), giving average K(m) and V(max) values of 48 ± 8 µM and 228 ± 49 nmol mg(-1) dry weight (DW) h(-1), respectively. Kinetic analysis of a plot that included an additional large number of low-concentration fluxes gave an excellent monophasic fit (r(2) = 0.96), with no indication of sigmoidal kinetics. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models of AnNitA are presented, and the ...201122021238
Transcription of Aspergillus nidulans pacC is modulated by alternative RNA splicing of palB.Fungi have evolved elaborate signal transduction networks for remodeling metabolic pathways to scavenge nutrients, including the secretion of nutritional enzymes. This adaptive response involves the conserved PacC/Pal signal transduction pathway, which mediates the transcriptional response to ambient pH. In this study, we show that transcription of the gene for PacC is modulated in response to nutrient changes, phosphate and carbon sources, and pH. In addition, we show that transcription of pacC ...201121985967
heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of novel pyranose 2-oxidases from the ascomycetes aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus oryzae.a gene encoding a pyranose 2-oxidase (pox; pyranose/oxygen 2-oxidoreductase; glucose 2-oxidase; ec 1.1.3.10) was identified in the genome of the ascomycete aspergillus nidulans. attempts to isolate pox directly from a. nidulans cultures or to homologously overexpress the native pox (under control of the constitutive gpda promoter) in a. nidulans were unsuccessful. cdna encoding pox was synthesized from mrna and expressed in escherichia coli, and the enzyme was subsequently purified and character ...201121968652
molecular characterization of the aspergillus nidulans fbxa encoding an f-box protein involved in xylanase induction.the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans has been used as a fungal model system to study the regulation of xylanase production. these genes are activated at transcriptional level by the master regulator the transcriptional factor xlnr and repressed by carbon catabolite repression (ccr) mediated by the wide-domain repressor crea. here, we screened a collection of 42 a. nidulans f-box deletion mutants grown either in xylose or xylan as the single carbon source in the presence of the glucose ana ...201122142781
Monitoring and assessment of airborne fungi in Kolkata, India, by viable and non-viable air sampling methods.The composition and variability of airborne fungal spores were studied using two complementary sampling methods in an outdoor environment in Kolkata suburb for 2 years, from November 2002 to October 2004. For monitoring the total fungal spore burden in the air, Burkard 7-day volumetric sampler was used, whereas Andersen two-sage viable sampler was used for isolating the cultivable airborne fungi. Among the 37 fungal spore types identified in the air samples, the predominant ones were Cladosporiu ...201121915605
extracellular proteinase formation in carbon starving aspergillus nidulans cultures--physiological function and regulation.extracellular proteinase formation in carbon depleted cultures of the model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans was studied to elucidate its regulation and possible physiological function. as demonstrated by gene deletion, culture optimization, microbial physiological and enzymological experiments, the prta and pepj proteinases of a. nidulans did not appear to play a decisive role in the autolytic decomposition of fungal cells under the conditions we tested. however, carbon starvation induce ...201121953444
Analysis of phytochemical constituents of Eucalyptus citriodora L. responsible for antifungal activity against post-harvest fungi.In vitro antifungal activity and phytochemical constituents of essential oil, aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook leaves were investigated. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins and phenols. Methanolic extract holds all identified biochemical constituents except for the tannin. While these biochemical constituents were found to be absent in essential oil, aqu ...201121999598
Involvement of a helix-loop-helix transcription factor CHC-1 in CO(2)-mediated conidiation suppression in Neurospora crassa.The morphological switch from vegetative growth to conidiation in filamentous fungi is highly regulated, but the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms is limited. In this study, by screening a set of knock-out mutants corresponding to 103 transcription factor encoding genes in Neurospora crassa, a mutant was found to produce abundant conidia in race tubes in which conidiation in the wild-type strain was suppressed. The corresponding gene NCU00749 encodes a protein containing a helix-loop-he ...201122001287
immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential of a mycelial lectin from aspergillus nidulans.lectins bind to surface receptors on target cells, and activate a cascade of events, eventually leading to altered immune status of host. the immunomodulatory potential of purified lectin from aspergillus nidulans was evaluated in swiss albino mice treated intraperitoneally with seven different doses of purified lectin. lectin prevented bsa-induced arthus reaction and systemic anaphylaxis. the enhanced functional ability of macrophages was evident from respiratory burst activity and nitric oxide ...201121590306
characterisation of anbest1, a functional anion channel in the plasma membrane of the filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans.two distant homologues of the bestrophin gene family have been identified in the filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans (anbest1 and anbest2). anbest1 was functionally characterised using the patch clamp technique and was shown to be an anion selective channel permeable to citrate. furthermore, anbest1 restored the growth of the pdr12δ yeast mutant on inhibitory concentrations of extracellular propionate, benzoate and sorbate, also consistent with carboxylated organic anion permeation of anbes ...201121596151
asperlin induces g(2)/m arrest through ros generation and atm pathway in human cervical carcinoma cells.we exploited the biological activity of an antibiotic agent asperlin isolated from aspergillus nidulans against human cervical carcinoma cells. we found that asperlin dramatically increased reactive oxygen species (ros) generation accompanied by a significant reduction in cell proliferation. cleavage of caspase-3 and parp and reduction of bcl-2 could also be detected after asperlin treatment to the cells. an anti-oxidant n-acetyl-l-cysteine (nac), however, blocked all the apoptotic effects of as ...201121600879
structure and activity of aspergillus nidulans copper amine oxidase.aspergillus nidulans amine oxidase (anao) has the unusual ability among the family of copper and trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone-containing amine oxidases of being able to oxidize the amine side chains of lysine residues in large peptides and proteins. we show here that in common with the related enzyme from the yeast pichia pastoris, anao can promote the cross-linking of tropoelastin and oxidize the lysine residues in α-casein proteins and tropoelastin. the crystal structure of anao, the first ...201121604787
kinetics of cyclobutane thymine dimer splitting by dna photolyase directly monitored in the uv.cpd photolyase uses light to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (cpds) formed between adjacent pyrimidines in uv-irradiated dna. the enzyme harbors an fad cofactor in fully reduced state (fadh(-)). the cpd repair mechanism involves electron transfer from photoexcited fadh(-) to the cpd, splitting of its intradimer bonds, and electron return to restore catalytically active fadh(-). the two electron transfer processes occur on time scales of 10(-10) and 10(-9) s, respectively. until now, cpd spl ...201121606324
osteomyelitis due to aspergillus species in chronic granulomatous disease: an update of the literature.chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare inherited disorder characterised by inability of phagocytes to kill catalase-positive organisms including certain fungi. aspergillus species are the most frequent fungal pathogens. this study is a systematic review of the reported cases of osteomyelitis due to aspergillus species in cgd patients. retrospective analysis of 46 osteomyelitis cases caused by aspergillus species in 43 cgd patients (three females) published in the english literature (pubme ...201121615532
autophagy induced by rapamycin and carbon-starvation have distinct proteome profiles in aspergillus nidulans.it is hypothesized that autophagy, a global catabolic pathway which is highly conserved from yeast to man, plays an important role in many bioprocesses. though autophagy is known to be induced by either nutrient starvation or treatment with the drug rapamycin, it is not clear whether the two modes of induction have the same long term impact in the cell, particularly in the biotechnologically important filamentous fungi. here, we compare the overall proteomes from the carbon-starved (g-) and rapa ...201121618477
chronic granulomatous disease of childhood: an unusual cause of recurrent uncommon infections in a 61-year-old man.chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare congenital immunodeficiency that affects 1 : 250 000 of the population, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and by granuloma formation. we investigated a 61-year-old man presented with a 20-year history of a relapsing skin rash appearing as mildly pruritic and erythematous plaques affecting various body regions. cutaneous biopsies were taken and sent for histology and tissue culture. leucocyte function was assessed by ...201121623884
regulation of conidiation by light in aspergillus nidulans.light regulates several aspects of the biology of many organisms, including the balance between asexual and sexual development in some fungi. to understand how light regulates fungal development at the molecular level we have used aspergillus nidulans as a model. we have performed a genome-wide expression analysis that has allowed us to identify more than 400 genes upregulated, and more than 100 genes downregulated by light in developmentally competent mycelium. among the upregulated genes were ...201121624998
on the role of microtubules, cell end markers, and septal microtubule organizing centres on site selection for polar growth in aspergillus nidulans.tip growth of filamentous fungi depends on continuous polarized growth and requires the actin and microtubule (mt) cytoskeleton. cortical proteins at polarity sites, also known as cell end markers, play important roles in polarity maintenance. deletion of the cell end marker teaa results in zigzag hyphal morphologies, which is contrary to the normal rectilinear growth pattern. here we studied the role of teaa and mts in the establishment of polarity during tip growth of aspergillus nidulans, inc ...201121640315
role of nitric oxide and flavohemoglobin homologous genes in aspergillus nidulans sexual development and mycotoxin production.flavohemoglobins are widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. these proteins are involved in reducing nitric oxide levels. deletion of the aspergillus nidulans flavohemoglobin gene fhba induced sexual development and decreased sterigmatocystin production. supplementation with a nitric oxide-releasing compound promoted cleistothecial formation and increased nsdd and stea expression, indicating that nitric oxide induces sexual development. this is the first study on the effect of nit ...201121642398
regulated inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint without functional mitotic spindles.the spindle assembly checkpoint (sac) arrests mitosis until bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules to all chromosomes is accomplished. however, when spindle formation is prevented and the sac cannot be satisfied, mammalian cells can eventually overcome the mitotic arrest while the checkpoint is still activated. we find that aspergillus nidulans cells, which are unable to satisfy the sac, inactivate the checkpoint after a defined period of mitotic arrest. such sac inactivation allows normal n ...201121642954
analysis of aspergillus nidulans germination, initial growth and carbon source response by flow cytometry.in this work, flow cytometry was utilized to analyze the initial vegetative growth of the model fungus aspergillus nidulans as measured by the number of events increasing size and internal complexity. it was established the ideal parameters for the analysis of conidial populations, whose growth was followed after germination in glucose or sucrose. while glucose in culture increased growth several magnitudes in comparison to control cultures in saline, growth was less intense in cultures amended ...201121656795
coordination of secondary metabolism and development in fungi: the velvet family of regulatory proteins.filamentous fungi produce a number of small bioactive molecules as part of their secondary metabolism ranging from benign antibiotics such as penicillin to threatening mycotoxins such as aflatoxin. secondary metabolism can be linked to fungal developmental programs in response to various abiotic or biotic external triggers. the velvet family of regulatory proteins plays a key role in coordinating secondary metabolism and differentiation processes such as asexual or sexual sporulation and sclerot ...201121658084
a genome-wide polyketide synthase deletion library uncovers novel genetic links to polyketides and meroterpenoids in aspergillus nidulans.fungi possess an advanced secondary metabolism that is regulated and coordinated in a complex manner depending on environmental challenges. to understand this complexity, a holistic approach is necessary. we initiated such an analysis in the important model fungus aspergillus nidulans by systematically deleting all 32 individual genes encoding polyketide synthases. wild-type and all mutant strains were challenged on different complex media to provoke induction of the secondary metabolism. screen ...201121658102
microtubule dynamics in mitosis in aspergillus nidulans.mitosis in aspergillus nidulans is very rapid, requiring less than 5min at 37°c in germlings (bergen and morris, 1983). in this time the cytoplasmic microtubules (mts) must disassemble, the mitotic spindle assemble, function and disassemble, and cytoplasmic mts reassemble. it follows that cytoplasmic mts must be extremely dynamic in this period and we were interested, in particular, in examining the processes of mt disassembly in prophase and reassembly in anaphase and telophase. we observed a d ...201121807107
dynamics and mechanism of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair by dna photolyase.photolyase uses blue light to restore the major ultraviolet (uv)-induced dna damage, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (cpd), to two normal bases by splitting the cyclobutane ring. our earlier studies showed that the overall repair is completed in 700 ps through a cyclic electron-transfer radical mechanism. however, the two fundamental processes, electron-tunneling pathways and cyclobutane ring splitting, were not resolved. here, we use ultrafast uv absorption spectroscopy to show that the cpd sp ...201121804035
the aspergillus nidulans cenp-e kinesin kipa is able to dimerize and to move processively along microtubules.kinesin molecular motors serve a variety of cellular functions usually in dynamic processes. one characteristic feature of many kinesins is their atp-dependent processive movement along polymerized microtubules. however, many kinesins work as stationary polymerases or depolymerases. therefore, it needs to be determined for each motor, whether it moves processively along microtubules or not. the schizosaccharomyces pombe kinesin-7, tea2, has been shown to be involved in cell end marker transporta ...201121785949
nudc is required for interkinetic nuclear migration and neuronal migration during neocortical development.nudc is a highly conserved protein necessary for cytoplasmic dynein-mediated nuclear migration in aspergillus nidulans. nudc interacts genetically with aspergillus nudf and physically with its mammalian orthologue lis1, which is crucial for nuclear and neuronal migration during brain development. to test for related roles for nudc, we performed in utero electroporation into embryonic rat brain of cdnas encoding shrnas as well as wild-type and mutant forms of nudc. we show here that nudc, like li ...201121771589
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c mediates carbon sensing and vegetative nuclear duplication rates in aspergillus nidulans.in this work, we disrupted one of three putative phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c genes of aspergillus nidulans and studied its effect on carbon source sensing linked to vegetative mitotic nuclear division. we showed that glucose does not affect nuclear division rates during early vegetative conidial germination (6-7 h) in either the wild type or the plca-deficient mutant. only after 8 h of cultivation on glucose did the mutant strain present some decrease in nuclear duplication. however, de ...201121770720
[performance of locked nucleic acid probe real-time polymerase chain reaction in the detection of aspergillus fumigatus].to evaluate the performance of locked nucleic acid (lna) probe real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the detection of aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus).201121756800
experimental evolution of defense against a competitive mold confers reduced sensitivity to fungal toxins but no increased resistance in drosophila larvae.abstract: background: fungal secondary metabolites have been suggested to function as chemical defenses against insect antagonists, i.e. predators and competitors. because insects and fungi often compete for dead organic material, insects may achieve protection against fungi by reducing sensitivity to fungal chemicals. this, in turn, may lead to increased resistance allowing insects better to suppress the spread of antagonistic but non-pathogenic microbes in their habitat. however, it remains co ...201121756302
ehd2 mediates trafficking from the plasma membrane by modulating rac1 activity.ehds, eh domain containing proteins, participate in different stages of endocytosis. ehd2 is a plasma membrane associated, ehd which regulates trafficking from the plasma membrane [1]and recycling [2]. ehd2 has a role in nucleotide dependent membrane remodeling and its atp binding domain is involved in dimerization, which creates a membrane binding region. nucleotide binding is important for association of ehd2 with the plasma membrane, since a nucleotide free mutant (ehd2 t72a) failed to do so ...201121756249
conidial dihydroxynaphthalene melanin of the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus interferes with the host endocytosis pathway.aspergillus fumigatus is the most important air-borne fungal pathogen of humans. the interaction of the pathogen with the host's immune system represents a key process to understand pathogenicity. for elimination of invading microorganisms, they need to be efficiently phagocytosed and located in acidified phagolysosomes. however, as shown previously, a. fumigatus is able to manipulate the formation of functional phagolysosomes. here, we demonstrate that in contrast to pigmentless pksp mutant con ...201121747802
proteomics of eukaryotic microorganisms: the medically and biotechnologically important fungal genus aspergillus.fungal species of the genus aspergillus play significant roles as model organisms in basic research, as "cell factories" for the production of organic acids, pharmaceuticals or industrially important enzymes and as pathogens causing superficial and invasive infections in animals and humans. the release of the genome sequences of several aspergillus sp. has paved the way for global analyses of protein expression in aspergilli including the characterisation of proteins, which have not designated a ...201121726053
a unique regulatory mechanism for d-galactose utilization in aspergillus nidulans.this study describes two novel regulators, galx and galr, that control d-galactose utilization in aspergillus nidulans. this system is unique for a. nidulans since no galr homologs were found in other ascomycetes. galr, but not galx, shares significant sequence identity with the arabinanolytic and xylanolytic regulators arar and xlnr, but galx is more distantly related.201121821745
backbone and sidechain (1)h, (13)c and (15)n chemical shift assignments of the hydrophobin dewa from aspergillus nidulans.hydrophobins are proteins secreted by filamentous fungi that are able to self-assemble into monolayers at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces. the layers are amphipathic and can reverse the wettability of surfaces. hydrophobins have several roles in fungal development, including the formation of coatings on fungal structures to render them hydrophobic. here we report the backbone and sidechain assignments for the class i hydrophobin dewa from the fungus aspergillus nidulans.201121845363
two induced fungal polyketide pathways converge into antiproliferative spiroanthrones. 201121698737
redundant ability of phagocytes to kill aspergillus species. 201121689849
bacteria-induced natural product formation in the fungus aspergillus nidulans requires saga/ada-mediated histone acetylation.sequence analyses of fungal genomes have revealed that the potential of fungi to produce secondary metabolites is greatly underestimated. in fact, most gene clusters coding for the biosynthesis of antibiotics, toxins, or pigments are silent under standard laboratory conditions. hence, it is one of the major challenges in microbiology to uncover the mechanisms required for pathway activation. recently, we discovered that intimate physical interaction of the important model fungus aspergillus nidu ...201121825172
roles of the aspergillus nidulans udp-galactofuranose transporter, ugta in hyphal morphogenesis, cell wall architecture, conidiation, and drug sensitivity.galactofuranose (galf) is the 5-member-ring form of galactose found in the walls of fungi including aspergillus, but not in mammals. udp-galactofuranose mutase (ugma, anid_3112.1) generates udp-galf from udp-galactopyranose (6-member ring form). ugma-gfp is cytoplasmic, so the udp-galf residues it produces must be transported into an endomembrane compartment prior to incorporation into cell wall components. anid_3113.1 (which we call ugta) was identified as being likely to encode the a. nidulans ...201121693196
substrate specifity profiling of the aspergillus fumigatus proteolytic secretome reveals consensus motifs with predominance of ile/leu and phe/tyr.the filamentous fungus aspergillus fumigatus (af) can cause devastating infections in immunocompromised individuals. early diagnosis improves patient outcomes but remains challenging because of the limitations of current methods. to augment the clinician's toolkit for rapid diagnosis of af infections, we are investigating af secreted proteases as novel diagnostic targets. the af genome encodes up to 100 secreted proteases, but fewer than 15 of these enzymes have been characterized thus far. give ...201121695046
improved pectinase production in penicillium griseoroseum recombinant strains.aims:ôçé to obtain recombinant strains of penicillium griseoroseum that produce high levels of pectin lyase (pl) and polygalacturonase (pg) simultaneously. methods and results:ôçé a strain with high production of pl was transformed with the plasmid pan52pgg2, containing the gene encoding pg of p.-ágriseoroseum, under control of the gpd promoter gene from aspergillus nidulans. southern blot analysis demonstrated that all strain had at least one copy of pan52pgg2 integrated into the genome. the re ...201121726361
mutational analysis and modeling reveal functionally critical residues in transmembrane segments 1 and 3 of the uapa transporter.earlier, we identified mutations in the first transmembrane segment (tms1) of uapa, a uric acid-xanthine transporter in aspergillus nidulans, that affect its turnover and subcellular localization. here, we use one of these mutations (h86d) and a novel mutation (i74d) as well as genetic suppressors of them, to show that tms1 is a key domain for proper folding, trafficking and turnover. kinetic analysis of mutants further revealed that partial misfolding and deficient trafficking of uapa does not ...201121722649
the mpkb map kinase plays a role in post-karyogamy processes as well as in hyphal anastomosis during sexual development in aspergillus nidulans.two genes encoding map kinase homologs, designated as mpkb and mpkc, were isolated from aspergillus nidulans by pcr with degenerate primers. deletion and over-expression mutants of mpkc showed no detectable phenotypes under any external stress tested. deletion of mpkb caused pleiotropic phenotypes including a failure in forming cleistothecia under any induction conditions for sexual development, increased h++lle cell production, slow hyphal growth and aberrant conidiophore morphology. over-expre ...201121717328
Osmotic stabilizer-coupled suppression of NDR defects is dependent on the calcium-calcineurin signaling cascade in Aspergillus nidulans.Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity are coordinated by signaling pathways such as NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) protein-kinase signaling and calcium signaling pathway. The NDR family of kinase is structurally related to the human myotonic dystrophy kinase, which, when impaired, confers a disease that involves changes in cytoarchitecture and ion homeostasis. CotA kinase, a member of the NDR protein kinase family, forms a complex with MobB to regulate cell polarized growth in Aspergillus n ...201121741477
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of UDP-glucose-4-epimerase from Aspergillus nidulans.UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (GALE) from Aspergillus nidulans was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified via His-tag affinity chromatography and cocrystallized with UDP-galactose using the microbatch method. The crystals diffracted to 2.4ÔÇà+à resolution using synchrotron radiation on the Canadian Light Source 08ID-1 beamline. Examination of the data with d*TREK revealed nonmerohedral twinning, from which a single lattice was ultimately extracted for processing. The final space group was found t ...201121821886
The d-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway in Botrytis cinerea.d-galacturonic acid is the most abundant component of pectin, one of the major polysaccharide constituents of plant cell walls. Galacturonic acid potentially is an important carbon source for microorganisms living on (decaying) plant material. A catabolic pathway was proposed in filamentous fungi, comprising three enzymatic steps, involving d-galacturonate reductase, l-galactonate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonate aldolase. We describe the functional, biochemical and genetic characte ...201121683149
Engineering of an "Unnatural" Natural Product by Swapping Polyketide Synthase Domains in Aspergillus nidulans.An StcA-AfoE hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS), generated by swapping the AfoE (asperfuranone biosynthesis) SAT domain with the StcA (sterigmatocystin biosynthesis) SAT domian, produced a major new metabolite with the same chain length as the native AfoE product. Structure elucidation allowed us to propose a likely pathway, and feeding studies supported the hypothesis that the chain length of PKS metabolites may be under precise control of KS and PT domains.201121815681
the p25 subunit of the dynactin complex is required for dynein-early endosome interaction.cytoplasmic dynein transports various cellular cargoes including early endosomes, but how dynein is linked to early endosomes is unclear. we find that the aspergillus nidulans orthologue of the p25 subunit of dynactin is critical for dynein-mediated early endosome movement but not for dynein-mediated nuclear distribution. in the absence of nudf/lis1, p25 deletion abolished the localization of dynein-dynactin to the hyphal tip where early endosomes abnormally accumulate but did not prevent dynein ...201121708978
the gata-type transcriptional activator gat1 regulates nitrogen uptake and metabolism in the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.nitrogen uptake and metabolism are essential to microbial growth. gat1 belongs to a conserved family of zinc finger containing transcriptional regulators known as gata-factors. these factors activate the transcription of nitrogen catabolite repression (ncr) sensitive genes when preferred nitrogen sources are absent or limiting. cryptococcus neoformans gat1 is an ortholog to the aspergillus nidulans area and candida albicans gat1 genes. in an attempt to define the function of this transcriptional ...201120673806
characterization of the aspergillus nidulans biotin biosynthetic gene cluster and use of the bioda gene as a new transformation marker.the genes involved in the biosynthesis of biotin were identified in the hyphal fungus aspergillus nidulans through homology searches and complementation of escherichia coli biotin-auxotrophic mutants. whereas the 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid synthase and dethiobiotin synthetase are encoded by distinct genes in bacteria and the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, both activities are performed in a. nidulans by a single enzyme, encoded by the bifunctional gene bioda. such a bifunctional bioda gene is a ...201120713166
the human ku autoantigen shares amino acid sequence homology with fungal, but not bacterial and viral, proteins.context: molecular mimicry between autoantigens and microbial antigens is a possible triggering mechanism of autoimmunity. human ku is a dna-associated autoantigen targeted by autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders; available data are consistent with a role of molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of anti-ku autoimmunity, but no research exist on this topic. objective: we aimed to define the most probable microbial triggers of anti-ku autoimmunity via ...201120718578
functional characterization of rho gtpases in aspergillus niger uncovers conserved and diverged roles of rho proteins within filamentous fungi.rho gtpases are signalling molecules regulating morphology and multiple cellular functions including metabolism and vesicular trafficking. to understand the connection between polarized growth and secretion in the industrial model organism aspergillus niger, we investigated the function of all rho family members in this organism. we identified six rho gtpases in its genome and used loss-of-function studies to dissect their functions. while rhoa is crucial for polarity establishment and viability ...201121205013
acon-3, the neurospora crassa ortholog of the developmental modifier, meda, complements the conidiation defect of the aspergillus nidulans mutant.aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa are ascomycetes that produce asexual spores through morphologically distinct processes. meda, a protein with unknown function, is required for normal asexual and sexual development in a. nidulans. we determined that the n. crassa ortholog of meda is acon-3, a gene required for early conidiophore development and female fertility. to test hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of asexual development in distinct fungal lineages it is important to unders ...201121220038
characterization of aspergillus nidulans rabc/rab6.the aspergillus nidulans golgi is not stacked. early and late golgi equivalents (ges) are intermingled but can be resolved by epifluorescence microscopy. rabc, the aspergillus ortholog of mammalian rab6, is present across the golgi, preferentially associated with early ges near the tip and with late ges in tip-distal regions. rabc? mutants, showing markedly impaired apical extension, have conspicuously fragmented, brefeldin a-insensitive early and late ges, indicating that the golgi network orga ...201121226815
roles of the his-asp phosphorelay signal transduction system in controlling cell growth and development in aspergillus nidulans.the his-asp phosphorelay signal transduction system has been identified in most organisms, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and plants, except for animals. this system is important in adaptation to stress, control of cell growth, and induction of development in response to environmental changes. on the basis of genomic information, it has been found that aspergillus nidulans, a model species of fungi, includes 15 histidine kinases (hks), one histidine-containing phosphotransmitter protein (hpt ...201121228462
characterization of the conserved phosphorylation site in the aspergillus nidulans response regulator srra.ssk1- and skn7-type response regulators are widely conserved in fungal his-asp phosphorelay (two-component) signaling systems. srra, a skn7-type rr of aspergillus nidulans, is implicated not only in oxidative stress responses but also in osmotic adaptation, conidia production (asexual development), inhibition by fungicides, and cell wall stress resistance. here, we characterized srra, focusing on the role of the conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain, which is essential for phosphore ...201121229249
effect of endoxylanase and a-l-arabinofuranosidase supplementation on the enzymatic hydrolysis of steam exploded wheat straw.the cost and hydrolytic efficiency of enzymes are major factors that restrict the commercialization of the bioethanol production process from lignocellulosic biomass. hemicellulases and other accessory enzymes are becoming crucial to increase enzymatic hydrolysis (eh) yields at low cellulase dosages. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of two recombinant hemicellulolytic enzymes on the eh of steam pretreated wheat straw. pretreatments at two severity conditions were performed and the ...201121262567
independent duplications of a-amylase in different strains of aspergillus oryzae.aspergillus oryzae is a filamentous fungus that has arisen through the ancient domestication of aspergillus flavus for making traditional oriental foods and beverages. in the many centuries a. oryzae has been used for fermenting the starch in rice to simple sugars, it has undergone selection for increased secretion of starch-degrading enzymes. in particular, all a. oryzae strains investigated thus far have two or more copies of a gene encoding a-amylase, whereas a. flavus has only one. here we i ...201121277379
the cytoskeletal protein ndel1 regulates dynamin 2 gtpase activity.cytoskeleton dynamics, membranes trafficking and positioning are essential for the proper functioning of any mammalian cell. the identification of the molecules and mechanisms that allow these cellular processes to interface is vital for understanding cell behaviors. ndel1, the mammalian homolog of the aspergillus nidulans nude, organizes the cytoskeleton and regulates molecular motors, thereby impacting on the positioning of membranes. hypothetically, ndel1 can act in concert with enzymes contr ...201121283621
role of carnitine acetyltransferases in acetyl coenzyme a metabolism in aspergillus nidulans.the flow of carbon metabolites between cellular compartments is an essential feature of fungal metabolism. during growth on ethanol, acetate, or fatty acids, acetyl units must enter the mitochondrion for metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) in the cytoplasm is essential for the biosynthetic reactions and for protein acetylation. acetyl-coa is produced in the cytoplasm by acetyl-coa synthetase during growth on acetate and ethanol while ß-oxidation of fat ...201121296915
the paf gene product modulates asexual development in penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum secretes a low molecular weight, cationic and cysteine-rich protein (paf). it has growth inhibitory activity against the model organism aspergillus nidulans and numerous zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi but shows only minimal conditional antifungal activity against the producing organism itself. in this study we provide evidence for an additional function of paf which is distinct from the antifungal activity against putative ecologically concurrent microorganisms. our data ...201121298690
aspergillus nidulans transcription factor atfa interacts with the mapk saka to regulate general stress responses, development and spore functions.fungi utilize a phosphorelay system coupled to a map kinase module for sensing and processing environmental signals. in aspergillus nidulans, response regulator sska transmits osmotic and oxidative stress signals to the stress mapk (sapk) saka. using a genetic approach together with gfp tagging and molecular bifluorescence we show that saka and atf/creb transcription factor atfa define a general stress-signalling pathway that plays differential roles in oxidative stress responses during growth a ...201121320182
human nek6 is a monomeric mostly globular kinase with an unfolded short n-terminal domain.the nima-related kinases (neks) are widespread among eukaryotes. in mammalians they represent an evolutionarily conserved family of 11 serine/threonine kinases, with 40-45% amino acid sequence identity to the aspergillus nidulans mitotic regulator nima within their catalytic domains. neks have cell cycle-related functions and were recently described as related to pathologies, particularly cancer, consisting in potential chemotherapeutic targets. human nek6, -7 and -9 are involved in the control ...201121320329
simultaneous detection and identification of aspergillus and mucorales species in tissues collected from patients with fungal rhinosinusitis.rapid detection and differentiation of aspergillus and mucorales species in fungal rhinosinusitis diagnosis are desirable, since the clinical management and prognosis associated with the two taxa are fundamentally different. we describe an assay based on a combination of broad-range pcr amplification and reverse line blot hybridization (pcr/rlb) to detect and differentiate the pathogens causing fungal rhinosinusitis, which include five aspergillus species (a. fumigatus, a. flavus, a. niger, a. t ...201121325541
restoration of anti-aspergillus defense by neutrophil extracellular traps in human chronic granulomatous disease after gene therapy is calprotectin-dependent.aspergillus spp infection is a potentially lethal disease in patients with neutropenia or impaired neutrophil function. we showed previously that aspergillus hyphae, too large for neutrophil phagocytosis, are inhibited by reactive oxygen species-dependent neutrophil extracellular trap (net) formation. this process is defective in chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) because of impaired phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) oxidase function.201121376380
fluorinated substrates result in variable leakage of a reaction intermediate during catalysis by dehydroquinate synthase.incubation of (3s)-3-fluoro-3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate with dehydroquinate (dhq) synthase from three phylogenetically distinct sources resulted in the production of (6s)-6-fluorodhq and its epimer 1-epi-(6s)-6-fluorodhq. the differences in the product ratios of the reactions catalysed by each enzyme imply that 1-epi-(6s)-6-fluorodhq formation occurs by an unusual partial leakage of a reaction intermediate from the enzyme.201121387027
the aspergillus nidulans cenp-e kinesin motor kipa interacts with the fungal homologue of the centromere-associated protein cenp-h at the kinetochore.chromosome segregation is an essential process for nuclear and cell division. the microtubule cytoskeleton, molecular motors and protein complexes at the microtubule plus ends and at kinetochores play crucial roles in the segregation process. here we identified kata (kipatarget protein, homologue of cenp-h) as a kinesin-7 (kipa, homologue of human cenp-e) interacting protein in aspergillus nidulans. kata located at the kinetochore during the whole cell cycle and colocalized with kipa and partial ...201121392133
agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated transformation of the aquatic fungus blastocladiella emersonii.agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used for plant dna transformation and more recently, has also been used to transform yeast, filamentous fungi and even human cells. using this technique, we developed the first transformation protocol for the saprobic aquatic fungus blastocladiella emersonii, a blastocladiomycete localized at the base of fungal phylogenetic tree, which has been shown as a promising and interesting model of study of cellular function and differentiation. we constructed binary t ...201121396477
versatile enzyme expression and characterization system for aspergillus nidulans, with the penicillium brevicompactum polyketide synthase gene from the mycophenolic acid gene cluster as a test case.assigning functions to newly discovered genes constitutes one of the major challenges en route to fully exploiting the data becoming available from the genome sequencing initiatives. heterologous expression in an appropriate host is central in functional genomics studies. in this context, filamentous fungi offer many advantages over bacterial and yeast systems. to facilitate the use of filamentous fungi in functional genomics, we present a versatile cloning system that allows a gene of interest ...201121398493
how protein kinases co-ordinate mitosis in animal cells.mitosis is associated with profound changes in cell physiology and a spectacular surge in protein phosphorylation. to accomplish these, a remarkably large portion of the kinome is involved in the process. in the present review, we will focus on classic mitotic kinases, such as cyclin-dependent kinases, polo-like kinases and aurora kinases, as well as more recently characterized players such as nima (never in mitosis in aspergillus nidulans)-related kinases, greatwall and haspin. together, these ...201121406064
completing the purine utilisation pathway of aspergillus nidulans.we have previously identified by classical genetics and biochemistry, all the genes of aspergillus nidulans predicted to be involved in purine utilisation, together with cognate regulatory genes and one gene encoding a novel xanthine hydroxylation activity. in this article we complete the description of the purine utilisation pathway with the identification of the two genes (uax and uaw) encoding the enzymes catalysing the conversion of the product of urate oxidation by urate oxidase, 5-hydroxyi ...201121419234
wild-type mic distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for caspofungin and aspergillus spp. for the clsi broth microdilution method (m38-a2 document).clinical breakpoints have not been established for mold testing. epidemiologic cutoff values (ecvs) are available for six aspergillus spp. and the triazoles, but not for caspofungin. wild-type (wt) minimal effective concentration (mec) distributions (organisms in a species-drug combination with no acquired resistance mechanisms) were defined in order to establish ecvs for six aspergillus spp. and caspofungin. the number of available isolates was as follows: 1,691 a. fumigatus, 432 a. flavus, 192 ...201121422219
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